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Are they really out to get us?
Examining Interpersonal Perceptions in an Intergroup
Context
Social Perceptions
Self-perception:Does Mr. Smoker think he
is smart?
Other perception:Is Mr. Smoker smart?
Metaperception: Does Dr. Nonsmoker think
that I am smart?
Usually predicted by self perception
Background Social Perceptions
What forms them? Are they accurate?
Intergroup perceptions Social identity differences
Why are intergroup perceptions special? In-group & out-group bias Social stigma Sources in perceptions
Who cares?
Mr. Smoker’s Metaperception
Dr. Nonsmoker’s Perception
?
Why SRM? Multiple sources in perceptions
Social context
Perceptions not independent Sources function at dyad and group level
Multiple Information Levels
Target
A B C D
Perceiver
A X X X
B X X X
C X X X
D X X X
Multiple Sources
Perceiver
Target
Relationship
Error
Social Category, Interpersonal Perception, & Interpersonal
Accuracy
Santuzzi (2007)
Smoking Stigma Stigma = negative evaluation
Identified by behavior
Relatively concealable
No history … yet
Research QuestionsDo smokers think nonsmokers see them
differently?
Do nonsmokers actually see smokers differently?
Are smokers accurate?
Social Category & SRM Smokers & Nonsmokers
4-person groups (g = 24) 3 group compositions Zero-acquaintance
Self-perception 9 evaluative adjectives 5-point response scale
10-minute interactions Evaluation & metaperception Round-robin
Social Interaction Structure
ADCBA
DCB
In-group Perceptions Out-group Perceptions
Data Structure
Target
A B C D
Perceiver
A Y Y Y
B X Y Y
C X X Y
D X X X
Target
A B C D
Perceiver
A - Y Y
B - Y Y
C X X -
D X X -
Asymmetric BlockRound-Robin
What I expected to see Perceiver and relationship variance
Evaluative ratings Zero-acquaintance
In-group v. out-group differences Biased perceptions & metaperceptions
Stigma is different
Smoking Attitudes
-0.44
-1.46
-2.9
-2.4
-1.9
-1.4
-0.9
-0.4
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6Sm
okin
g A
ttit
ude
Smokers Nonsmokers
Variance Partitioning: In-group Perceptions
Nonsmokers Smokers
Perceiver Target Relationship Perceiver Target Relationship
Evaluation .18*(.16)
.02(.04)
.06*(.06)
.13*(.07)
.07(.10)
.06*(.05)
Metaperception
.17*(.10)
.00(.02)
.02(.03)
.16*(.14)
.01(.04)
.04*(.02)
Variance Partitioning: Out-group Perceptions
Mixed
Nonsmokers Smokers
Perceiver Target Relationship Perceiver Target Relationship
Evaluation .30*(.28)
.08(.25)
.11*(.19)
.16*(.49)
.03(.23)
.10*(.16)
Metaperception .28*(.18)
.05(.09)
.04(.09)
.06(.34)
.03(.17)
.04(.09)
Meta-Accuracy: Sans SRM
Smokers Nonsmokers
Smokers .95* .28
Nonsmokers .87* .86*
TARGET EVALUATION
PE
RC
EIV
ER
M
ETA
PE
RC
ETIO
N
Meta-Accuracy Correlations
egbaY
egbaY
SxNNSMetaSmo
NxSSNEvalNonsmo
ker_
ker_
Do Smokers know how Nonsmokers actually view them?
a = perceiver effect
b = target effect
g = relationship effect
e = error
Meta-Accuracy Correlations: Generalized Accuracy
Smokers Nonsmokers
Smokers .18 -.83
Nonsmokers 1.00 .44
TARGET EVALUATION
PE
RC
EIV
ER
M
ETA
PE
RC
EPTIO
N
Conclusions Source patterns
Individual & relationship sources in evaluation Differences in metaperception (smokers)
Bias or Accuracy? Smokers less accurate ONLY in mixed groups
Why different pattern? Identity differences motivate? Concern directed toward me? Did self-perception do it?
Design Considerations Population base rate
Fewer (self-identified) smokers
Order of interactions
Shared v. unshared contexts
Inferences from mixed contexts Compare to homogeneous situations
Thanks!Janet Ruscher
Ron LandisEd O’Neal
David KennyNyla Branscombe
Reviewer 1Reviewer 2& the APA