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Are We Becoming the Enemy?Are We Becoming the Enemy?
z Lt. William Lt. William CalleyCalley,,Platoon LeaderPlatoon Leader
z Mylai MassacreMylai Massacre, 1968, 1968z 200-500 unarmed 200-500 unarmed
villagersvillagers
Charlie Company, 1Charlie Company, 1stst Battalion, 20 Battalion, 20thth InfantryInfantry
Democratic Democratic Convention in Convention in Chicago, 1968Chicago, 1968
Student Student Protestors Protestors
at Univ. of CA at Univ. of CA in Berkeley, 1968in Berkeley, 1968
Anti-War Demonstrations
Anti-War Demonstrations
Anti-War Demonstrations
Anti-War Demonstrations
z May 4, May 4, 19701970
z 4 students 4 students shot dead.shot dead.
z 11 11 students students woundedwounded
Kent State UniversityKent State University
z Jackson StateJackson StateUniversityUniversity
z May 10, 1970May 10, 1970
z 2 dead; 12 2 dead; 12 woundedwounded
Nixon on VietnamNixon on Vietnam
z Nixon’s 1968 Campaign promised an Nixon’s 1968 Campaign promised an end to the war: end to the war: Peace with HonorPeace with HonorP Appealed to the great Appealed to the great
“Silent Majority”“Silent Majority”z VietnamizationVietnamizationz Expansion of the Expansion of the
conflict conflict The “Secret War” The “Secret War”P CambodiaCambodiaP LaosLaos
z Agent OrangeAgent Orange(chemical defoliant)(chemical defoliant)
“Pentagon Papers,” 1971“Pentagon Papers,” 1971
z Former defense analyst Former defense analyst Daniel EllsbergDaniel Ellsbergleaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts leaked govt. docs. regarding war efforts during Johnson’s administration to the during Johnson’s administration to the New York TimesNew York Times..
z Docs.Docs. Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People Govt. misled Congress & Amer. People regarding its intentions in Vietnam during regarding its intentions in Vietnam during mid-1960s.mid-1960s.P Primary reason for fighting not to Primary reason for fighting not to
eliminate communism, but eliminate communism, but to avoid to avoid humiliating defeathumiliating defeat. .
P New York Times v. United StatesNew York Times v. United States (1971) (1971) **
The Ceasefire, 1973The Ceasefire, 1973
z Peace is at handPeace is at hand Kissinger, 1972 Kissinger, 1972P North Vietnam attacks SouthNorth Vietnam attacks SouthP Most Massive U.S. bombing Most Massive U.S. bombing
commencescommences
z 1973: Ceasefire signed between1973: Ceasefire signed between P U.S., South Vietnam, & North U.S., South Vietnam, & North
VietnamVietnam
z Peace with honorPeace with honor (President Nixon) (President Nixon)
Peace Negotiations
Peace Negotiations
z US & US & Vietnamese Vietnamese
argue for argue for 5 months 5 months over the over the size of thesize of theconferenceconferencetable!table!
Dr. Henry KissingerDr. Henry Kissinger & Le Duc Le Duc ThoTho
The Ceasefire, 1973The Ceasefire, 1973
z Conditions:Conditions:
1.1.U.S. to remove all troopsU.S. to remove all troops2.2.North Vietnam could leave North Vietnam could leave
troops already in S.V.troops already in S.V.3.3.North Vietnam would resume North Vietnam would resume
warwar4.4.No provision for POWs or No provision for POWs or
MIAsMIAsz Last American troops left South Last American troops left South
Vietnam on March 29, 1973Vietnam on March 29, 1973z 1975: North Vietnam defeats South 1975: North Vietnam defeats South
VietnamVietnamz Saigon renamed Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh City
The Fall of SaigonThe Fall of Saigon
South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Attempt to Flee the CountryAttempt to Flee the Country
The Fall of Saigon
The Fall of Saigon
America Abandons Its America Abandons Its EmbassyEmbassy
April 30, 1975April 30, 1975
The Fall of Saigon
The Fall of Saigon
North Vietnamese North Vietnamese at the Presidential Palaceat the Presidential Palace
The CostsThe Costs
1.1. 3,000,000 Vietnamese killed3,000,000 Vietnamese killed2.2. 58,000 Americans killed; 58,000 Americans killed;
300,000 wounded300,000 wounded3.3. Under-funding of Great Society Under-funding of Great Society
programsprograms4.4. $150,000,000,000 in U.S. $150,000,000,000 in U.S.
spendingspending5.5. U.S. morale, self-confidence, U.S. morale, self-confidence,
trust of government, decimatedtrust of government, decimated
The ImpactThe Impact
z 2626thth Amendment Amendment: 18-year-olds vote: 18-year-olds votez Nixon abolished the draftNixon abolished the draft
all-volunteer armyall-volunteer armyz War Powers Act, War Powers Act, 19731973 ٭٭
P President must notify Congress within President must notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying military force48 hours of deploying military force
P President must withdraw forces President must withdraw forces unless he gains Congressional unless he gains Congressional approval within 90 daysapproval within 90 days
z Disregard for Veterans Disregard for Veterans seen as seen as “baby killers”“baby killers”
z POW/MIA issue lingeredPOW/MIA issue lingered
Some American POWs Returned from the “Hanoi Hilton”
Some American POWs Returned from the “Hanoi Hilton”
Senator John Senator John McCainMcCain(R-AZ)(R-AZ)
2,583 American 2,583 American POWs / MIAsPOWs / MIAs
still unaccounted for still unaccounted for today.today.
If we have to fight, weIf we have to fight, we will fight. You will kill will fight. You will kill ten of our men and we will kill ten of our men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be one of yours, and in the end it will be youyou who tires of it. who tires of it.
AndAndin the End….in the End….
AndAndin the End….in the End….
Ho Chi Ho Chi Minh:Minh: