International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
„Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality: Organization, Reputation and Sanction matter!“
Dr. Dagmar Simon
Head of Research Group Science Policy Studies
Source: Kyoto University, Equality Promotion Center Figure 1
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 2
Proportion of female researchers, 2013
11.9 11.9 12.4 13 13 13.6 13.8
12 12.9 13.1 14.9 15.6 15.8 16.7
29 30.2
31.6 31.5 30.7 31.4 31.9
35.8 35.1 35.7
27.8 28 27.4 27.8 27.4 26.9 25.6
21.3 23.2
24.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Japan
Korea
Finland
Sweden
France
Germany
Women researchers as a percentage of total researchers
Source: OECD 2013, selected countries No Figures available for the US, no figures for OECD on average
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 3
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 4
Proportions of men and women in a typical academic career, students and academic staff, 2002 - 2010
Source: EC, She Figures 2012, figure 3.1
Proportion of females in selected salary grades (professors)
Quelle: Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz GWK, Chancengleichheit in Wissenschaft und Forschung, 16. Fortschreibung des Datenmaterials (2010/2011), S. 15.
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 5
Development of German Gender Equality Policy in Academia
(Zimmermann, forthcoming) Phase 1: Discover inequality and help women (1980s)
Appointment of Gender Equality Officers and Development of official plans for women‘s advancement at the universities
Official, state-mandated data collection on the status of women
Institutionalization of Gender Equality as a formal aim in univerisity programs
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 6
Phase 2: Introduce gender mainstreaming to academia (late 1990s)
Shift toward more structural equality measures, nationally and internationally (EU)
Gender incorporated in the regular operations of policies and organizations
Discourse defined women‘s underrepresentation in the professorate and STEM careers as the problem
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 7
Phase 3: Develop a Narrative of Inclusive Excellence
Gender as a „hot topic“ in the context of EU-funded initiatives for supporting research
Gender mainstreaming as an official guideline for the 6th Eurropean Commisssion‘s Framework Programme
Discourse on Gender and international competition
Narrative connecting research excellence with gender: opportunity for constructing new national initiatives
8 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
Source: GWK 2012, table 1.1.p.1 / 1.1. p 2 / 1.1. p. 3
Women in Science, Germany 1992 to 2011, all disciplines
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 9
Gender Equality Policy in Science (Germany): Integration into Universities, Connecting Excellence and Equity
Professors’ program of the Federal Government and the States
Research-oriented Standards on Gender Equality of the German Research Foundation
Flexible target rate of the Joint Science Conference regarding non-university research institutions
“Offensive for Equal Opportunities” of the Science Council
Gender Balance as central themes of Horizon 2020
10 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
Differentiation, profile development and excellence in German Universities
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 11
Profile development as a process of differentiation induced by science policy
Financial difficulties and growth of the performance of national science systems
Design of universities as actors (competence of accountability to the Federal States)
Strengthening of internal hierarchical relationships, debilitation of universities’ self-administration
Nevertheless: high degrees of professorial autonomy
Debate on the emergence and formalization of organizations (Meier/Krücken 2006)
Change of Universities as Organizations
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 12
Adaption and transformation of new challenges from the outer world into the inner world of the organization.
Change (scientific institutions): social, legal, political and symbolic regulations including social practices in the universities’ everyday life, shaping, legitimizing and reproducing gender hierarchies of the universities‘ organization and their claim to power.
The university as a specific institution: organization and profession.
Profile Development from the Professors‘ Viewpoints
Source: Flink T, Rogge JC, Roßmann S & Simon D (2012): Angleichung durch Vielfalt. Deutsche Universitäten auf der Suche nach Profill. In: WZBrief Bildung 22(12): 5.
N = 2538
Total Excellence Unis Excellence Unis (3rd Stream) Other Unis Unis of Applied Sciences
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 13
Organization University
From a „loose coupled system“ to an „Organization“ ?
Universities as corporative actors, developing capabilities to collectively act (internally and externally)
Limited capability for the university management to “act” on behalf of the whole university: transformation processes cannot be prevailed against decentralized actors (professors) (meaning of the differentiation of science)
External interventions, in order to enforce far-reaching change, as (potentially) intended?
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 14
Findings of Science and Gender Research
15 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
In the discourse of “New Public-Management” and the process of profile development at universities: strengthening of university management, but nevertheless strong position of the faculties (scientific disciplines) in the power relationship within universities.
Sustainable change of gender relations in university requires a cultural change of the institution.
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 16
Proportion of women and men, Germany 2002 and 2010, Arts
Source: GWK 2012, table 1.2.2./1.2.4.
Proportion of women and men, Germany 2003 and 2010, Engineering
Source: GWK 2012, table 1.4.2./1.4.4.
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 17
Source: Kyoto University, Equality Promotion Center Figure 3
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 18
Gender Ratio of university researchers in Japan, 2012
Research-oriented Standards on Gender Equality
19 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
Focus of research-oriented equality standards is under responsibility of the universities, esp. of their presidencies
Integration into organizational action
Responsibility of the faculties/departments
Obligatory guidelines of personal responsibility for the increase of the number of researchers on every hierarchical level
Success Factors of Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality
20 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
Positive development from 2009 – 2013: classification of
22 universities in stadium 4,
27 universities in stadium 3,
18 universities in stadium 2.
In total (2011 – 2013) 21 universities could improve, but the development of women's proportion is disillusioning, especially regarding professorships
Responsibility of the organization (university management and faculties)
Reputation
Sanction
Standards on Gender Equality: How to Continue?
21 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
Introduction of a two-stage request, oriented towards a cascade model
1. Enquiring participating scientists holding different levels of qualification in every coordinated application having universities as applicants.
2. A formalized annual inquiry on the level of universities and departments.
Impact study of research-oriented equality standards
Policy on Equality Policy and Organizational Learning
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 22
Organizations are depending on automated and internalized „mental maps“. Successfully tested counselling systems must be „replaced“ by new proposals of different orientations (Riegraf).
Importance of guidelines, positioning of the university management.
A (first) Résumé(1)
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 23
Differentiation and university profile development processes can offer a starting-point for career development and equal opportunities policy
Importance of faculties/ discipline
Importance of reputation
Importance of external incentives and sanctions
A (first) Résumé (2)
Gender and Excellence
International norms and national policies
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 24
A (first) Résumé (3)
Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014 25
Equality politic aims at a structural change of perception mechanisms of organizations, decision-making structures and processes that, again and again, leads to oppositions, contradictions and ambivalence.
Cultural change, but how???
New and Old Actors of Equality?
26 Dr. Dagmar Simon "Research-Oriented Standards on Gender Equality"
International Symposium on Career Ways in Science and Academia in Germany and Japan
Tokyo, 20 September 2014
The German Council of Science and Humanities and the German Research Foundation
University Management
Equal Opportunities Commissioner
Thank you for your attention!
Contact: Dr. Dagmar Simon [email protected] WZB Berlin Social Science Center Research Group Science Policy Studies Reichpietschufer 50 10785 Berlin
Phone: +49 (0)30 – 25491 – 588