ARGEO COUNTRY REPORT GEOTHERMAL ...theargeo.org/presentations/countryupdates/Djibouti...After...

Republic of Djibouti

PRESIDENCE DE LA REPUBLIQUE

DJIBOUTIAN OFFICE FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

ODDEG

Mr. OMAR ABDILLAHI ASSOWEH

6TH AFRICAN RIFT GEOTHERMAL CONFERENCE

2th to 4 November 2016 In Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA

ARGEO COUNTRY REPORT

GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN DJIBOUTI REPUBLIC


Djibouti is located on the East Coast of Africa between Ethiopia and Somalia, the entrance of the Red Sea in the extreme West of the Aden Gulf. The Geologic characteristics of the territory of the Republic of Djibouti are exceptionally favorable for the development of Geothermal Energy. Djibouti includes the Afar depression, which is part of the East African Rift, located at the intersection of three important tectonic structures.

BACKGROUND


Economic activity The strategic location on major international shipping routes, the Republic of Djibouti is a regional transport hub. The transport sector remains the mainstay of the national economy: port services and transit and road services are the main activities of the trade sector, which contributes over 70% to the creation of wealth. Djibouti has benefited in recent years from foreign direct investment in harbors, tourism and construction. In addition, Djibouti has efficient telecommunication networks. The only US base in Africa is located in Djibouti.

ECONOMICAL SECTOR


Created in January 1960, EDD « Electricity of Djibouti » as a public utility owned by the government under the Ministry of Energy.

The Main duty of EDD is:

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Thermal plants : 120 MW installed capacity

• 66 637 MWH Energy Production in 2013.

• Mainly heavy fuel and diesel.

Hydro-electricity (Imported): 40o GWh per year

• Dependant on the capability of the grid.

Solar pilot plant : 300 kWp installed capacity

• 522 Mwh Energy production in 2012.

• Mainly solar photovoltaic cells.

POWER SECTOR


POWER SECTOR TARRIF

• 15 ¢ per kWh Subsidized

Tariff

• 27¢ to 31¢ per kWh Residential

Tariff

• 28 ¢ per kWh Small and medium

companies

• 21¢ to 42 ¢ per kWh Industry

POWER SECTOR TARRIFICATION Planned Project for the near

Future

1. Seawater Desalination Plant 2. Container terminal Expansion 3. Livestock Port of Damerjog . 4. Cement plant 5. Ghoubhet Mining port 6. Tadjourah Port 7. New Airport 8. Djibouti-Gallileh Railway

Additional new capacities

236 MW


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

CHA

RGES

(M

W)

BILAN OFFRE/DEMANDE

Hydraulique Thermique Déficit de puissance demande

ENERGY FORECAST DEMAND

The peak annual demand is expected to increase from:

2014 90 MW 2020 298 MW 2032 404 MW


GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY

Figure 1: The rifting system and Afar depression

The geology of the country is affected by the junction of the Aden gulf, the Red sea oceanic ridge, and also by the East African rifting system which constitute the triple junction system. The Afar depression is the region where crustal extension occurred caused by the separation of the Arabian and African plates. This establishes the connection between the current oceanic ridge in the Red sea, and the Gulf of Aden system, which evolved into laterally intra-continental rifts. The Afar depression is connected to the southwest, Ethiopian segment.


GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

From the geology also, tracing the rift active spreading axis from Aden-Tadjourah oceanic ridge into Afar (axial ranges). Older, stable zones NE and SE(non geo-thermal).


EXPLORATORY STUDY

Between 1970 to 1975: The two wells have yielded good temperatures only one of them has proven producer of geothermal fluid (Asal 1) but too salty.

Between 1980 to 1985: The Djibouti government has conducted a detailed general inventory of geothermal resources and more areas of interest were identified

Between 1987 to 1988: The deep geothermal exploration has seen the completion of two drilling wells in Hanle (Hanle 1 and 2) and four other wells in the Asal Rift (Asal 3, 4, 5,6).

Between 1989 to 1990 : A study of inlay and corrosion was performed on the well Asal 3. This study was to better assess the effects induced by the deposits and corrosion..


EXPLORATORY STUDY

Geothermal Site

Exploratory Stage Surfaces Manifestations

Geology Geochemistry Geophysics Exploratory drilling

Hot springs Fumaroles

Lake Asal North- Goubhet Lake Abhe Obock

Sakalol-Alol-

Gaggadé

Hanlé

Arta

+ + ++ + + + + + + + ++

+ + ++ + + + + + + + + + ++

+ + + ++ + + + + + +

+ + +

+

+ + + ++ + ++ + ++

+ + ++ + + + +++ ++ ++

Summary of previous study done between 1975 to 1990


Numéros Nom des sites

1 Arta

2 Asal-Fiale

3 Djibouti Pk20

4 Dorra

5 Gaggadé

6 Hanlé

7 Lake Abbe

8 North-Ghoubet

9 North Lake Asal

10 Obock

11 Rouwéli

12 Sakalolo

13 South -Ghoubet

12

11

PROSPECTIVE GEOTHERMALS SITES

1000 MW

Potential

Asal-Fiale Project


ASAL GEOTHERMAL SITE

Wells Depths (m)

Temp max (°C)

Gradient temperature

(°C/100 m)

Asal 1 1145 261 18

Asal 2 1554 235 14,3

Asal 3 1316 280 15,51

Asal 4 2013 345 15,2

Asal 5 2105 360 15,2

Asal 6 1761 280 12,75

The Asal-rift geothermal field is located in the Ghoubhet Gulf near to the Asal Lake. This area is the most explored geothermal field in the country. The first geothermal investigation was undertaken in 1970, by the French geological survey (BRGM). These investigations lead to the discovery of the high enthalpy geothermal reservoir. With the financial support of the World Bank and UNEP six (6) deep boreholes were drilled in the field. This table resumes the characteristics of these wells drilled in the Asal field.


ASAL GEOTHERMAL SITE

ASAL-FIALE GEOTHERMAL PROJECT

Technical specifications of the project:

Surface exploration done by Reykjavik Energy Invest (REI) in 2008.

Drilling of 4 deviated Production wells. Financing provided with the leadership of World bank and some others partners (Afdb, ESMAP, GEF, AFD, OFID).

Planned Power Plant on the site: 50MW. Project starting in the middle of 2017. At the present time the geothermal consulting company has been selected, the drilling contractor identified and field activities focused on civil engineering works, acces road, and preparation platform for drilling.

Lac

Assal

Assal 1 & 3

Assal 6

Assal 2

Assal 4

Assal 5

Potential Geothermal Sectors

Lava

Lake

Fiale

Caldera

Seismic Activity

Geothermal Sectors and Location of Assal Exploratory

Wells

Goubhet

Al Kharab

Prefeasibility Study Promises: • Magma Chamber at only 3000 m

• Seawater Flow Between Goubhet Al Kharab and Lac Assal Provides Geothermal Fluid Recharge

• Rift fracturing for Improved Permeability

ASAL-FIALE CALDERA DRILLING TARGET


After the drilling program the Government of Djibouti will launch a call for tender

to aware a private concession to IPPs to develop, construct and sell to off taker.

Donor Involvement Reduces Development Risk for IPP

Exploratory

Drilling

Phase

Confirmation of

Geothermal

Resource

Power Plant

Design Construction

Operations &

Maintenance

Large Investment

Highest Risk Even higher Investment

Medium Risk

IPP Risk Donors) Risk (GoD +


ASAL-FIALE PROJECT ARRANGEMENT


NORTH-GHOUBHET GEOTHERMAL SITE

The North–Ghoubhet geothermal field is located close to the Asal Geothermal field in the northeastern part of the country. The area is limited to the north by the Goda mountain and the by the Red sea in the southern part, within elevation around 500 to 600 m.a.b.s.l. The geological structure is composed mostly of basaltic rocks from Dalha and more recent basalt from Gulf. The tectonic activities of the zone are controlled by fracture networks from NW to SE following the Asal rift.


Zone imperméable

Réservoir géothermique

Source

ce chaleur

Recharge

Eau douce

du Goda

Eau

marine

Zone imperméable

Réservoir géothermique

Source

ce chaleur

Recharge

Eau douce

du Goda

Eau

marine

NORTH-GHOUBHET GEOTHERMAL SITE

Due to previous study done late in 1987, The North-Ghoubhet geothermal field represent one of a high enthalpy field. In 2010, high level exploratory study combining geophysical measurements , geochimistry shown that there is a conductive surface in the upper layer but in the deeper zone, at 1000 below sea level.

The chemistry of the condensate and the spring demonstrates low salinity of the fluid compared to the Asal field and the chemical mark of the fluid was bicarbonate. The recharges of the system are controlled by the rain water from the Goda Mountain and intrusion of seawater.

This study has enabled the creation of a reservoir model of the geothermal system .


LAKE ABHE GEOTHERMAL SITE

The Abhe Lake is the area with the second most geothermal potential of the country. Located in the southwest of the country, the Lake named Abhe is shared between Djibouti and Ethiopia. The geological structures of the areas were composed by stratoid basalt limited by E-W faults. Surface hydrothermal manifestations are numerous around the lake along with a rich variety of fumaroles, hot springs and many travertine constructions. Some of the travertine was higher than 60 m.a.b.s.l.


LAKE ABHE GEOTHERMAL SITE

Figure 10:Residual Bouguer gravity anomaly map.

A complementary study has been carried out during November to December 2015 by ODDEG Team and ISOR, financed by the Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA) and the Nordic Development Fund (NDF).Field work was focused on gravity and resistivity survey. The relative gravity high observed in the central part can be associated at the omega-structure imaged by both 1-D joint inversion and 1-D inversion at 1500 m bsl until 3000 m bsl. This anomaly can be associated in term of geological by some less permeable stratoids basalts or some acid intrusion like rhyolitic structures. A detailed presentation of the area is provided by another paper.


A geothermal study was conducted in the region Dikhil, more precisely called Hanle -Garabayis (southwest of the Republic of Djibouti), in the years 1981 to 1987, with the assistance of the Italian government and the World Bank.

After creating the ODDEG in 2014, and with the assistance of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), ODDEG carried out in 2014 a data collection survey to summarize and analyze all geological and geochemical information on thirteen geothermal sites in order to prioritize the development of the country.

HANLE-GARABBAYIS GEOTHERMAL SITE


This survey allowed to conduct geological, geochemical and geophysical together with socio-environmental surveys in order to select exploration drilling location sites. As part of this additional study, geophysical methods used magneto telluric (MT), time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM), as well as gravity and micro seismicity. Results acquired at present did not allow to identify a high temperature reservoir in this area where no recent volcanic activity is observed. The a-magmatic geothermal model imply convective hydrothermal fluid ascent along faults that still need to be mapped at depth in order to locate the plumbing system to be targeted by further exploratory drillings.

Geochemical and geophysical studies were conducted in April and May 2015. The geothermometry gave a high T C of the reservoir .

HANLE-GARABBAYIS GEOTHERMAL SITE


Since June 2016, ODDEG undertook intensive field activities in the Asal rift area in the area called “Gale-Le-Koma”. All wells drilled in the area encountered a shallow geothermal reservoir that was not really studied. In this context ODDEG in collaboration with Petrotek elaborated a program for exploration drilling for 4 drill holes at shallow depth, using purchase rig CF 2000for the purpose of identifying the characteristics of this shallow reservoir.

ASSAL GALE-LE-KOMA GEOTHERMAL SITE


Taking into account the importance of the development geothermal energy this program is financed exclusively by the government of Djibouti and the executing agency is ODDEG, national institution dedicated to geothermal energy development in Djibouti. The final output is to carry out some tests for evaluating the potential of this shallow reservoir, then proceed to install a small modular unit for electricity generation. The result obtained will be presented to the investors in order to cover the financial

aspect of this important project.

ASSAL GALLA-LE-COMA GEOTHERMAL SITE


As part of the national geothermal research program undertaken by ODDEG, a geothermal reconnaissance studies campaign was conducted in the Sakalol sector focused in a first step on geological and geochemical studies. Following this recognition campaign, geophysical exploration investigations was carried out for the first time in this area. This study of Geothermal Exploration is carried out by ODDEG with the support of CERD scientific teams. Sakalol is located in the northwest region of the Republic of Djibouti in an area that may appear as a NW extension of the Asal rift system. This is an elongated graben produced by normal faulting affecting the stratoid series (3.5 to 1 My old). Although it is deprived of any recent volcanic activity, Sakalol was considered by JICA as part of the important sites in the Republic of Djibouti in terms of geothermal potential. Field work focused mainly on: -geological mapping, (CERD TEAM) -geothermal surface manifestations mapping, (CERD TEAM) -geochemistry of geothermal fluid, (CERD TEAM) -gravity and resistivity survey, (ODDEG TEAM)

SAKALLOL GEOTHERMAL SITE


The Arta geothermal prospect is one of the several geothermal prospects in Djibouti, and on the southern shore of Tadjourah gulf. This site was submitted to the GRMF (Geothermal Risk Mitigation Facility) third round for a surface study programme and in 2015 this site was selected to receive the grant after application submission. Real survey will start on 2017.

ARTA GEOTHERMAL SITE

INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY

Insurance, funding and protection facilities

Business and investment projects are set up on the Republic of Djibouti territory are eligible to the preferential rate insurance prime of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) of the World Bank. Intellectual and industrial properties right . One Stop Shop Multilateral donors and stakeholders : IFC, WB,AfDB, Islamic Bank etc..

National Investment Promotion Agency (NIPA).



INSTITUTIONNAL ARRANGEMENT

ODDEG: The Djiboutian Office of the Geothermal Energy Development is the main agency in charge of geothermal exploration studies up to the resource confirmation. Identification, with appropriate partners, public and private operators likely to ensure the development of geothermal energy.

The Ministry Of Energy is responsible of overall energy sector .

EDD: The Electricity of Djibouti is the Power Utility Company in charge of generation , production , distribution and selling Energy.

The Ministry of Higher Education and Research is responsible for overall research

studies.

CERD: The Center for Study and Research of Djibouti is in the main institution for scientifically research.

Geothermal energy framework is in discussion within the support of World Bank

and the USAID.


CONCLUSION

The Republic of Djibouti has an important potential in geothermal energy, estimated to be around 1000 MW. Between 2011 and 2016 active work has been done to develop the geothermal sector to achieve the government policy for green development. The creation of the Djibouti Office for Geothermal Energy Development (ODDEG) supports this policy according to the government vision 2035. Practically, in the short term, ODDEG has to assess the huge geothermal potential available in the country through surface study and exploratory drilling. And to set up a strategy for long term geothermal development in the country, in the other hand ODDEG is in discussion with partners like ICEIDA, JICA etc.. to support on exploratory phase. The geothermal resource will be the key to the economic development of the country and it will play a big role in improving access to electricity.

MANY THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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