Argumentation

The act or process of giving reasons for or against something. The act or process of making and presenting arguments.

MAKING A CLAIMCHALLENGING ANOTHER’S CLAIMBACKING UP A CLAIMREBUTTING A CLAIM

Argumentation Writing• Sets out to change the

reader’s point of view• Encourages action on a

particular issue• Convinces the reader to

accept the writer’s explanation of concepts, issues, and problems.

• Builds proof using reasoned, logical presentation of information with evidence and statistics.

Issue

An important topic or problem

UNIFORMS

TEXTING

WHILE

DRIVING

ANIMAL TESTING

VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES

DRIVING AGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

Topic Selection

Must be a debatable issueMust be two or more views on the same issuePROCON

Point of View

Opinion or belief that someone holds about an issue.

PROCON

Rhetoric/Rhetorical Argument The art of communication that is

effective and organized. The affect of text/words on

audiences. The art of persuasion.

What is a Rhetorical Argument?

A Rhetorical Argument is basically a persuasive argument that uses one or a combination of its three distinct "appeals": Ethos, Pathos, and Logos.

In general, a Rhetorical Argument may make use of one or a combination of any of the appeals.

Ethos, Logos, Pathos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKtQEnERhSY

Credible Source

A source (article, primary source, book, website, reference materials) that provides accurate and reliable information.

PROBABLY NOT THE MOST RELIABLE.

Relevant Evidence

Information supporting and refuting the arguments.One must have relevant evidence from credible sources to support the claim.

1. examine data2. ask questions based on data3. reexamine data4. try to answer the questions5. qualified data that supports our answer = EVIDENCE!

Claim

A statement essentially arguable, but used as a primary point to support or prove an argument is called a claim.

If somebody gives an argument to support their position, it is called making a claim. A claim consists of:

Topic + Position/Belief = CLAIM

Arguments/Reasons/Grounds

The main facts that will be used to support the claim.Reasons are attached to claim to form a thesis in the essay.

FYI: These reasons form the topic sentences of your body paragraphs in an argument essay.

Warrants (also referred to as bridge)

A warrant is how or why the data supports the claim, the underlying theory that connects your data to your claim.

Backing (also referred to as foundation)

Additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant.

Elaborate and/or explanation as to how the warrant supports the reason in the claim.

Counterclaims/CounterargumentsThe opposing argument/side.Acknowledge alternate claims/perspectives without undermining your argument.

Shows credibility, knowledge of both sides

Refute/Rebut

To prove an argument is wrong.Must be supported with evidence.

Evidence that negates or disagrees with the counterclaim.