1 Chapter 18: Classification Structured Notes Why Classify? 1) 2) Taxon = Taxonomy = Field of biology that deals with classifying and naming organisms Taxonomist = is a scientists who determines relationships between organisms Names organisms and identifies unknown organisms. Aristotle recognized two kingdoms Plants and Animals Linnaeus’s System of Classification (1800’s) Based off _______________ and a hierarchy of __________ to ______. Organisms were divided into ___________ ______________ _______________. Scientific naming is important so that as scientists there is consistency about what organisms we are researching. For example what are some common names for a mountain lion around the country? While scientists have identified many organisms they have only named a fraction of the organisms in our biosphere because the living organisms on Earth are numerous and diverse. K Animal P Chordata C Mammal O Cetacea F Balaenopteridae G Megaptera S novaeangilae
Transcript
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Chapter 18: Classification Structured Notes
Why Classify?
1)
2) Taxon = Taxonomy = Field of biology that deals with classifying and naming organisms Taxonomist = is a scientists who determines relationships between organisms Names organisms and identifies unknown organisms.
Aristotle recognized two kingdoms Plants and Animals Linnaeus’s System of Classification (1800’s) Based off _______________ and a hierarchy of __________ to ______. Organisms were divided into ___________ ______________ _______________.
Scientific naming is important so that as scientists there is consistency about what organisms we are researching. For example what are some common names for a mountain lion around the country? While scientists have identified many organisms they have only named a fraction of the organisms in our biosphere because the living organisms on Earth are numerous and diverse.
K
Animal
P
Chordata
C
Mammal
O
Cetacea
F
Balaenopteridae
G
Megaptera
S
novaeangilae
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Binomial Nomenclature - Two Part Scientific Naming System We use Latin because_____________________________________________ Two name naming system
Example: Common Name: ______________ _____________ Scientific Name: ______________ _____________ Taxonomy
Early Efforts: Scientific names often described ___________________characteristics The problem was _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
Taxonomy Today: Uses: ______________________________ see page 384 ______________________________ see page 385 ______________________________
Evolutionary AND Physical Traits help to classify: Biologist now group organisms in categories that represent lines of _____________________ decent AND _________________similarities. Cladograms: A ______________ that shows _________________ relationship among organisms based on shared characteristics.
Do the Quick Lab on Page 453
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Dichotomous Key: A series of ___________________________ that helps identify an organism based on its ____________________________________ of similar but different organisms. How could we identify the following shapes?
Rectangle Triangle Star Circle
1 A
B
2 A
B
3 A
B
4 A
B
Do the Quick Lab on Page 462-463
I V
II VI
III VII
IV
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Kingdoms and Domains How organisms have been classified over the years
1700’s
Late 1800’s
1950’s
1990’s
Domains:
1. Archaea:
Example:
2. Bacteria:
Example:
3. Eukarya:
Examples:
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DOMAINS and KINGDOMS - See page 459 For Chart
Cell Type
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
BACTERIA EUKARYA
KINGDOM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Number of Cells
Unique characteristics of the cell
Nutrition
Reproduction
Function in Ecosystem
Examples 1 2
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
6
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Chapter 18: Classification Structured Notes
Why Classify? In order to study the diversity of living organisms biologists must:
1) give each organism a name
2) group them in a logical order Taxon = group or level of organization of living organisms Taxonomy = Field of biology that deals with classifying and naming organisms Taxonomist = is a scientists who determines relationships between organisms Names organisms and identifies unknown organisms.
Aristotle recognized tow kingdoms Plants and Animals Linnaeus’s System of Classification (1800’s) Based off Structure and a hierarchy of largest to smallest. Organisms were divided into Seven taxonomic categories
Scientific naming is important so that as scientists there is consistency about what organisms we are researching. For example what are some common names for a mountain lion around the country? Figure 18-1
Cougar, panther, puma, scientific name is Felis concolor While scientists have identified many organisms they have only named a fraction of the organisms in our biosphere because the living organisms on Earth are numerous and diverse.
K Kingdom
Animal
P Phylum
Chordata
C Class
Mammal
O Order
Cetacea
F Family
Balaenopteridae
G Genus
Megaptera
S Species
novaeangilae
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Binomial Nomenclature - Two Part Scientific Naming System We use Latin because 18th century biologist understood Latin worldwide to it was a common language to use for scientific naming. Two name naming system
Genus: Capitalized typically a noun
Species: lower case adjective describing organism or where it lives. Example: Ursus arctos
Common Name: Grizzly Bear
Scientific Name: Ursus (bear) arctos (grizzly)
Taxonomy
Early Efforts: Scientific names often described physical characteristics The problem was: The descriptive names became very long and were not consistent among scientists. Example: “Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their underside and no teeth around the edges of the leaf.”
Taxonomy Today: Uses: Homologous Structures see page 384 Embryological Development see page 385 Genetic makeup see page 454
Evolutionary AND Physical Traits help to classify: Biologist now group organisms in categories that represent lines of evolutionary decent AND physical similarities. Cladograms: A diagram or picture that shows evolutionary relationship among organisms based on shared characteristics. Do the Quick Lab on Page 453 Earthworm
Backbone
Trout
Legs Lizzard
Hair Human
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Dichotomous Key: A series of paired statements that helps identify an organism based on the physical characteristics of similar but different organisms. How could we identify the following shapes?
Rectangle Triangle Star Circle
1 A Has corners Go to 2
B Does not have corners Circle
2 A Has 4 or more corners Go to 3
B Have 3 corners Triangle
3 A Has more than 4 corners Go to 4
B Has 4 corners Square
4 A Has 6 or more corners Go to 5
B Has 5 corners Star
Do the Quick Lab on Page 462-463
I Betula birch V Cercus redbud
II Aesculus buckey VI Magnolia magnolia
III Carya pecan VII Robinia locust
IV Liquidambar sweet gum
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Kingdoms and Domains
How organisms have been classified over the years
1700’s Plantae Animalia
Late 1800’s
Protista Plantae Animalia
1950’s
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
1990’s
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Domains:
1. Archaea: Unicellular Prokaryoete (no nucleus or peptidoglaycan well
wall) bacteria that live in extreme conditions such as volcanic hot springs,
brine pools and black organic mud totally lacking oxygen.
Example: Methanogens (produce methane gas and live in oxygen
free environments like thick mud and digestive tracts of animals.
2. Eubacteria: Unicellular Prokaryote (no nucleus) wide range of bacteria
organisms with different lifestyles. So great that scientists often disagree
about classification taxons
Example: E. coli, Botulism, Rhizobium
3. Eukarya: All organisms with cells that have a nucleus surrounding the
DNA – unicellular and multicellular.
Examples: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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See page 459 For Chart
DOMAINS and KINGDOMS
Cell Type Prokaryote
Eukaryote
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
BACTERIA EUKARYA
KINGDOM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Number of Cells
Unicellular
Unicellular Most unicellular, some multicellular
Most multicellular, some unicellular
Multicellular Multicellular
Unique characteristics of the cell
Cell walls – LACKS peptidoglycan
Cell walls WITH peptidoglycan
Cell wals with cellulose, some have chloroplast
Cell walls with chitin
Cell walls of cellulose and chloroplast
No cell walls or chloroplast
Nutrition Autotroph Heterotroph
Autotroph Heterotroph
Autotroph Heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Reproduction
Asexual
Asexual
Asexual and conjugation
Sexual Asexual
Some Asexual Some Sexual (Alteration of generations)
Sexual
Function in Ecosystem
Decomposers Producers
Decomposers Producers
Decomposers Producers
Decomposers
Producers
Consumers
Examples 1 Methanogens 2 Halophiles
1 Strep 2 E. coli
1 Amoeba 2 Paramecium 3 Algae
1 Mushrooms Club Fungi 2 Yeast Sac Fungi 3 Bread Mold Common mold 4 Penicillium Imperfect Fungi
