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The Literature Review
Lecture - 3
Advanced Research Methods (ARM)
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Recap
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Is it a good research question?
What causes job turnover?
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Better
What is relationship between job satisfactionand job turnover among administrative staff andteachers?
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The Research Relationships
novelty
credibility
novelty
impressiveness
novelty
speed
novelty
pay-off = f(+impressiveness, -credibility)
NC
NI
NS
NS
utility(hill of happiness)
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What is LiteratureReview?
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What is a Literature Review?
According to Creswell (2005), a review of theliterature is a written summary of journalarticles, books and other documents that
describes the past and current state ofinformation, organizes the literature into topicsand documents a need for a proposed study.(pp. 79)
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
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A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources
(e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevantto a particular issue, area of research, or theory. provides a short description and critical evaluation
of work critical to the topic. offers an overview of significant literature
published on a topic.
(Lyons, 2005)
Definitions of a Literature Review
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Well-written analytical narrative that brings areader up-to-date on what is known on a giventopic, but also provide fresh insights that
advance knowledge Resolve conflicts between studies
Identify new ways to interpret research results
Creating a path for future research
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How many articles?
The LR should be exhaustive and as current aspossible.
How many articles?
There is no set number. As long as thesearch is exhaustive and focused on theresearch topic, the review will be
acceptable.
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How far back should one search?
A reasonable and widely accepted timeframeincludes research conducted during the past10 years.
Important studies (i.e., studies that had asignificant impact on the field of study) shouldalso be mentioned even if these go beyond the
mentioned timeframe.
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What is not LR
The LR is a summary of research: BUT it is not alist of found research
The LR should be organized: A coherent and articulate account of past and currentresearch findings
The reviewer is a guide and should be able to providereaders with an in-depth and current status ofresearch in a given area.
Suggestion: read 2 or 3 LRs in order to becomefamiliar with summary styles
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What should LR do?
The LR should document the need for aproposed study:
Studies should not duplicate research that has been
already done. Even in cases when research is duplicated (replicated
is the appropriate term), one is responsible fordocumenting the need for replication, e.g., need toexplore the same methodology with a different groupor population, or need to change methodology withthe same group.
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What is Preliminary LiteratureReview
This succinct review of current literature should: Provide further contextual background
Reveal issues related to your study
Describe similar problems in other organizations Provide significance to your approach to the study
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Reasons for ConductingLiterature Review
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Harlen and Schlapps (1998) say
a review of literature provides the contextwithin which to interpret and report findings ofthe new study when it is undertaken, allowing
their relationship to previous knowledge to beexplored and possible future directions for thestudy to be suggested. (p. 1)
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the literature review is often expected to leadto an establishment of a theoretical frameworkfor the study (Schumacher and McMillan, 1993).
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1. For a review paper
2. For the introduction (and discussion) of a
research paper, masters thesis or dissertation
3. To embark on a new area of research
4. For a research proposal
(Burge, 2005)
Reasons for Conducting Literature Reviews
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Determine if proposed research is actually needed.
Even if similar research published, researchers might
suggest a need for similar studies or replication.
Narrow down a problem.
It can be overwhelming getting into the literature of a
field of study. A literature review can help you
understand where you need to focus your efforts.
Generate hypotheses or questions for further studies.
(Mauch & Birch, 2003)
Conducting a literature review
will help you:
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Background knowledge of the field of inquiryFactsEminent scholars
Parameters of the field The most important ideas, theories, questions
and hypotheses.
Knowledge of the methodologies common to thefield and a feeling for their usefulness and
appropriateness in various settings.
(Mauch & Birch, 2003)
Conducting a literature review
will give you:
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Taxonomy of Literature
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Classification # 1
Everyday knowledge: Newspapers, weekly
magazines,
Professional KnowledgeScientific Knowledge
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Classification # 2
Primary publications: Scientific journals,
books, theses/dissertations and internal reports
Secondary publications: handbooks,bibliographies, review articles
Tertiary Publications: Summaries of
handbooks, bibliographies and reviews
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Research Tips
RefWorks/EndNote
How To Write A Literature Review
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Meta Analysis
a meta-analysis combines the results of severalstudies that address a set of related researchhypotheses.
The first meta-analysis was performed by KarlPearson in 1904, in an attempt to overcome theproblem of reduced statistical power in studies
with small sample sizes
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Creswells 5 steps to Conduct aLiterature Review
Step 1: Identify Key Terms or Descriptors Extract key words from your title (remember,
you may decide to change the title later)
Use some of the words other authors reported inthe literature
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Use the Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors tolook for terms that match your topic: go towww.eric.ed.govand in Search selectDescriptors (from Thesaurus)
Scan both electronic and library journals fromthe past 10 years and look for key terms in thearticles
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
http://www.eric.ed.gov/http://www.eric.ed.gov/8/14/2019 ARM Lecture 3
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Step 2: Locate Literature Use academic libraries, do not limit your
search to an electronic search of articles
Use all sources: primary, and secondarysources. A primary source is researchreported by the researcher that conducted thestudy. A secondary source is research that
summarizes or reports findings that comefrom primary sources
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative andCreswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research
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It is best to report mostly primary sources(p. 82)
Search different types of literature:summaries, encyclopedias, dictionaries and
glossaries of terms, handbooks, statisticalindexes, reviews and syntheses, books,journals, indexed publications, electronicsources, abstract series, and databases
PsychINFO, Emerald
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Step 3: Critically Evaluate and SelectLiterature
Rely on journal articles published in nationaljournals
Prioritize your search: first look for refereedjournal articles, then, non-refereed articles, thenbooks, then conference papers, dissertations and
theses and then papers posted to websites
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Look for research articles and avoid as muchas possible opinion pieces
Blend qualitative and quantitative research inyour review
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Step 4: Organize the Literature Create a file or abstract system to keep track of
what you read. Each article you read should be
summarized in one page containingTitle (use APA to type the title so that you can latercopy-paste this into the References section of yourpaper)
Source: journal article, book, glossary, etc.
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Research problem: one or two lines will suffice
Research Questions or Hypotheses
Data collection procedure (a description of sample
characteristics can be very handy as well)
Results or findings of the study
Sort these abstracts into groups of related topics orareas which can then become the different sections of
your review
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Step 5: Write a Literature Review Types of Reviews:
Thematic Review: a theme is identified and studiesfound under this theme are described. Major ideasand findings are reported rather than details.
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Study-by-study Review: a detailed summary ofeach study under a broad theme is provided. Linksummaries (or abstracts) using transitional
sentences. Must be organized and flow coherentlyunder various subheadings. Avoid stringquotations (i.e., lengthy chunks of text directlyquoted from a source)
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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How to Carryout LiteratureSearch?
McMillan (1993) presents the idea by asking thefollowing questions: Has the problem been studied
before?
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Literature Search
Perform a preliminary search of the literature.
Search lit to see what other work in the area of interesthas already been published.
Gives a preview of the number of articles available on the topic. If your topic is already written about, select a slightly different topic
or modify the focus of the objective.
Recent journal issues in areas central to the topic mayprovide leads to content that should be in the review.
Develop a list of subject headings that relate to themesof interest
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Search across multiple databases and informationresources.
Read the literature throughout the search process. What you read will guide your subsequent searches and refine
your topic.
Your search should help refine the topic and objective of
the overview being written.
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Summarize individual studies or articles Use as much or as little detail as each merits
according to its comparative importance in the
literature Length denotes significance. Dont need to provide a lot of detail about the
procedures used in other studies.
Most literature reviews only describe the main
findings, relevant methodological issues, and/or
major conclusions of other research.
Construct The Literature Review
(University of Wisconsin, 2006)
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Discuss major areas of agreement ordisagreement
Tie the study into the current body of lit, make
logical interpretations from the lit reviewed. If there is no discussion of the relevance of
the overview to other work in the field, or if
there is no interpretation of the literature, itmay signal the author has not thoroughlyinvestigated the topic.
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Guidelines on Style,
Mechanics, and LanguageUsage
G id li S l M h i d
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Guidelines on Style, Mechanics, andLanguage Usage
Does your draft follow the logic or idea that ispresented in your intro and title?
Avoid overusing direct quotations, especially
long ones Check style manual for correct use of citations
(Doe, 2005); Doe (2005); (Doe & Smith, 2005); Doe
and Smith (2005); (Black, 2005; Brown, 2006;Yellow, 2007)
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Avoid using synonyms for recurring words This is not creative writing and stay consistent with
terminology
Spell out all acronyms when first using them Traditional - American Psychological Association
(APA) Non-traditional - Collective Efficacy (CE)
Coined terms should be set off by quotes e.g.seth culture
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Avoid the following: Slang cool
Colloquialisms (colloquialism) thing >>
"gonna" or "wanna Idioms rise to the pinnacle >> to become
prominent
Use great care to avoid Plagiarism
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Activity
Please Read an Research Paper. Then answerthe following questions.
A. Have the reviewers clearly identified the topic ofreview? Have they indicated its delimitations?
Does it deal only with certain aspects of theproblemB. Have the reviewers writing a cohesive essay that
guides you thorough the literature from subtopicsto subtopic? Explain.
C. Have the reviewers interpreted and critique theliterature, or have they merely summarized it?D. Overall, do you think the reviewers make an
important contribution to knowledge throughtheir synthesis of the literature? Explain.
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Processing of LiteratureReview
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Processing the Literature
Briefly and accurately summarize the essence ofthe findings
Provide an overview of various authors
standpoints and the results of empirical research Discuss findings critically and compare them in
terms of their agreements and disagreements
Indicate to what extent the literature summary iscomplete
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Introduction to the lit review Content - what is covered Structure - how it is organized Boundaries - what is outside of its scope
Body of the Lit ReviewSECTION 1
The most important topic or a key concept discussed and evaluated summarized and related to your research
project
ConclusionFrom each of the section summaries, highlight the most relevant points relate these back to the need for research reiterate what these mean for the research
design
Organization of the Review
SECTION 2
The next most important
topic or a key concept
discussed and evaluated summarized and related to
your research project
ADDITIONAL SECTIONS Follow the same pattern
(Golden-Biddle & Locke, 1997)
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Formulate a problem - which topic or field is being
examined and what are its component issues?
Search the literature for materials relevant to the
subject being explored.
searching the literature involves reading andrefining your problem
Evaluate the data - determine which literature makes a
significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
Analyze and interpret - discuss the findings and
conclusions of pertinent literature
Format and create bibliography
(Lyons, 2005)
Outline of Review Process
What needs to be included in the
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What needs to be included in theLiterature review.
Provides contextual background Reveals related issues Reviews similar problems elsewhere
Provides significance to your approach to thestudy Includes major/seminar research articles
pertaining to study
Written in an integrated manner Uses peer-reviewed research Includes a Reference section
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Tips for Conducting LR
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Standards
Structural corroboration/validation (Eisner,1991),
trustworthiness (Glesne and Peshkin, 1992)
Adequacy (Connelly and Clandinin, 1990) and
credibility (Guba and Lincoln, 1989; Kincheloe,1991)
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Two sins
Two sins authors may commit when citingpublished sources are those of (a) overloading their review of the literature
(b) failing to keep complete, accuratebibliographic information, and thenattempting to fill in missing information by
guess.perhaps many - hate to leave out any item that
they unearthed during their search. feel it a
shame to omit any reference that took them
hours to locate and digest.
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How To Read the Material
Reading for the big pictureRead the easier works first
Skim the document and identify major concepts
After you have a broad understanding of the
10 to 15 papers, you can start to see
patterns:
Groups of scientists argue or disagree with other groups. Forexample, Some researchers think x causes y, others that x is only amoderating variable
(Carroll, 2006)
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Narrow your focus
Start from new material to old, general to specific starting with general topic will provide leads to specific areas of interest and help develop
understanding for the interrelationships of research
Note quality of journal, output of author
As you read and become more informed on the topic, you will probably need togo back and do more focused searches
Think, analyze, and weed out
Arrange to spend some review time with an experienced researcher in the fieldof study to get feedback and to talk through any problems encountered
(Mauch & Birch, 1993)
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Read the Material Closer
Step 1: read the abstract Decide whether to read the article in detail
Step 2: read introduction It explains why the study is important
It provides review and evaluation of relevant literature
Step 3: read Method with a close, critical eye Focus on participants, measures, procedures
Step 4: Evaluate results Do the conclusions seem logical
Can you detect any bias on the part of the researcher?
Step 5: Take discussion with a grain of salt (suspicious) Edges are smoothed out
Pay attention to limitations
(Carroll, 2006)
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Be accurate and thorough
Your review acts as a guide of your topic for others.
Take care to make your review: Accurate: e.g., Citations correct, findings
attributed to authors correct. Make sure someone can track down
the article and that you have provided
a reliable representation
Complete: i.e., include all important papers(not every paper written on the topic).
h
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Other suggestions
Begin with tertiary and secondary literature in orderto acquire a broad overview of the research field andto ascertain important authors and historical
controversies in this field Then start searching for primary publications
Map out terminology concerning the topic
Search for the abstracts
Snowball method
Maintain a complete reference list. Use softwareslike Perrla, Endnote, Squarenote
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i k
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Common mistakes
Literature reviewed lacks focus
Presentation of only summaries of the literature
Literature loosely integrated with design of thestudy
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R f
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References
Asian Institute of Technology. Writing up research: Using the literature. Retrieved 1/22/2009,2009, from http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21LIT.HTM
Burge, C., 7.16 Experimental Molecular Biology: Biotechnology II, Spring 2005. (MassachusettsInstitute of Technology: MIT OpenCouseWare), Retrieved 12/15/2008, from http://ocw.mit.edu.License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Carrol, J., 15.301 Managerial Psychology, Fall 2006. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT
OpenCouseWare). Retrieved 12/15/2008, from http://ocw.mit.edu. License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Golden-Biddle, K, & Locke, K (1997). Composing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117.
Lyons, K. (2005). UCSC library - how to write a literature review. Retrieved 1/22/2009, 2009,from http://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/literaturereview.html
Mauch, J. E., & Birch, J. W. (1993). Guide to the successful thesis and dissertation : A handbook for
students and faculty (3rd , rev. and expand ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. University of Wisconsin. (2006). UW-madison writing center writer's handbook. Retrieved
1/22/2009, 2009, from http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html
S d R di
http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21LIT.HTMhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21LIT.HTMhttp://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/literaturereview.htmlhttp://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/literaturereview.htmlhttp://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.htmlhttp://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.htmlhttp://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/literaturereview.htmlhttp://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21LIT.HTM8/14/2019 ARM Lecture 3
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Suggested Reading
Fink, A. (1998). Conducting Research LiteratureReviews. London: Sage Publications.
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