1TMT H E A R C H I T E C T U R E F O R T H E D I G I T A L W O R L D

The ARM Processor

2TM 239v10 The ARM Architecture

Submitted by –

Pradipta RoySidhartha RajakSantanu Mondal

3TM 339v10 The ARM Architecture

ARM – Acorn RISC Machine/Advanced RISC Machine

Family – RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)

Designer – ARM Holdings.

4TM 439v10 The ARM Architecture

History

Invention Year – 1980 First Processor – BBC Micro Series Personal Use for Acorm Computer -> Business Market Acrom Computers -> ARM Ltd.

5TM 539v10 The ARM Architecture

RISC

RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computing.

A reduced instruction set computer is a computer which only use simple instructions that can be divide into multiple instructions which perform low-level operation within single clock cycle, as its name suggest “REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET”

6TM 639v10 The ARM Architecture

RISC

RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computing.

Let we take an example of multiplying two numbers             A = A * B; <<<======this is C statement

LOAD R1, A     <<<======this is assembly statementLOAD R2,B          <<<======this is assembly statementPROD A, B          <<<======this is assembly statementSTORE R3, A       <<<======this is assembly statement

7TM 739v10 The ARM Architecture

RISC

RISC – Advantages.

• Each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute, the entire program will execute in approximately the same amount of time as the multi-cycle “MULT” command.

• These RISC “reduced instructions” require less transistors of hardware space than the complex instructions, leaving more room for general purpose registers. Because all of the instructions execute in a uniform amount of time (i.e. one clock)

• Pipelining is possible.

• Less Transistor = Reduced cost,low Heat & Power consumption.

8TM 839v10 The ARM Architecture

ARM Powered Products

9TM 939v10 The ARM Architecture

ARM Partnership Model

10TM 1039v10 The ARM Architecture

Licence

Perpetual (Implementation) License. Term License . Per Use License.

11TM 1139v10 The ARM Architecture

Data Sizes and Instruction Sets

The ARM is a 32-bit architecture.

When used in relation to the ARM: Byte means 8 bits Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes) Word means 32 bits (four bytes)

Most ARM’s implement two instruction sets 32-bit ARM Instruction Set 16-bit Thumb Instruction Set

Jazelle cores can also execute Java bytecode

12TM 1239v10 The ARM Architecture

Processor Modes The ARM has seven basic operating modes:

User : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run

FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised

IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised

Supervisor : entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt instruction is executed

Abort : used to handle memory access violations

Undef : used to handle undefined instructions

System : privileged mode using the same registers as user mode

13TM 1339v10 The ARM Architecture

The Registers

ARM has 37 registers all of which are 32-bits long.

1 dedicated program counter 1 dedicated current program status register 5 dedicated saved program status registers 30 general purpose registers

14TM 1439v10 The ARM Architecture

Data processing Instructions

Consist of : Arithmetic: ADD ADC SUB SBC RSB

RSC Logical: AND ORR EOR BIC Comparisons: CMP CMN TST TEQ Data movement: MOV MVN

These instructions only work on registers, NOT memory.

15TM 1539v10 The ARM Architecture

Marketing

2005 – 90% Mobile Phone Processor Was ARM. 2010 – 95% Smart Phone, 35% Digital Television & Set-top Boxes. 2011 – Most Widely Used Arc. (32bit) in all Mobile phone & ES. 2013 – 10 Billion(1000 Crore) ARM Based Devices Produced. 2015 – 47 Billion (4700 Crore) ARM Based Chip Produced.

16TM 1639v10 The ARM Architecture

64-bit ARM

2012 – ARM Cortex A53 & A57. 2013 – Apple Developed First 64-bit Smartphone iPhone 5S(ARM v8) . 2014 – Google Nexus 9 (NVDIA TEGRA KI Processor). 2015 – Lenovo P90 (Intel 64-bit Atom).

17TM 1739v10 The ARM Architecture

OS Support

First 32-bit ARM Based Processor – Arthur OS

18TM 1839v10 The ARM Architecture

Embedded OS

19TM 1939v10 The ARM Architecture

Android & iOS

20TM 2039v10 The ARM Architecture

XL & Lumia OS

21TM 2139v10 The ARM Architecture

BlackBerry OS

22TM 2239v10 The ARM Architecture

Ubuntu Touch OS

23TM 2339v10 The ARM Architecture

Symbeian OS

24TM 2439v10 The ARM Architecture

Desktop OS Debian

25TM 2539v10 The ARM Architecture

Desktop OS - FreeBSD

26TM 2639v10 The ARM Architecture

Desktop OS - Fedora

27TM 2739v10 The ARM Architecture

Desktop OS - Open Suse