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armasuisseFederal Office of Topography, swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Dr. Daniel SteudlerSwiss Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
The State Land Service of Latvia 20th Anniversary Conference «Challenges for Cadastre in Digital Era»8 May 2013, Riga, Latvia
Structured Approach for Integrating Structured Approach for Integrating Cadastral Data in a Geodata Cadastral Data in a Geodata InfrastructureInfrastructure
2 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Land related issues and needs
Role of land administration, land management and land governance
Six key elements for a «Spatially Enabled Society»
Focus on two key elements
Landownership information
Common data integration concept
Case study
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
3 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
1950(2.5 billion)
1970(3.7 billion)
1990(5.3 billion)
2010(6.9 billion)
2030(8.3 billion)
2050(9.2 billion)
World urban/rural population 1950-2050(esa.un.org)
70%urban
30%rural
60%urban
40%rural51%
urban49%rural
43%urban 57%
rural29%36%
64%71%
Challenges – SocialChallenges – Social
• population growth (increasing to 9 billion by 2050), huge urbanization process
• intensive development of infrastructures and basic services
• conflicts between concept of private and individual landownership and of traditional, indigenous land tenure
4 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Challenges – Environmental sustainabilityChallenges – Environmental sustainability
• environmental sustainability is hugely affected by the "tragedy of commons" dilemma;
• serious erosion and degradation problems;
clear definition of responsibility and accountability for the resource "land".
5 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Challenge – Disaster managementChallenge – Disaster management
• Thailand after tsunami: lack of proper landownership information allowed financial investors to take over land, while local fisherman have been ousted from their properties;
• well documented landownership information would have protected minorities with lesser economic power against exploitation;
• Aceh after tsunami: the loss of land registry and cadastral data caused huge problems for reconstruction, planning, and social stability;
Disaster management starts before the disaster; landownership information is crucial.
6 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Challenge – Land ManagementChallenge – Land Management
Nail house in Chongqing, China (2007):A cadastre with documentation of land ownership is clearly in place, but something else seems to be non-satisfactory.
7 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Land Administration and Management ParadigmLand Administration and Management Paradigm
Tasks Land related activities
Tools / Methods
Strategy– visions and objectives
Land policy • political activities
Management– measures and projects for the
implementation of the policy
Land management • land-use planning• land consolidation• land reallocation• melioration• landscape develop-
ment• land recycling
Administration / Documentation– handling of spatial information, data
analysis, data visualization– cadastral operations, data modelling, data
acquisition, data maintenance, data distribution
Land administration and cadastre
• monitoring• navigation• geoinformation• land registration• cartography • surveying• geodesy
8 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Steudler, D. and A. Rajabifard, editors, 72 pages, FIG Publication no. 58
http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub58/figpub58.pdf
Publication «Spatially Enabled Society»Publication «Spatially Enabled Society»
A spatially enabled society – including its government – is one that makes use and benefits from a wide array of spatial data, information, and services as a mean to organize its land related activities. Spatial enablement is a concept that adds location to existing information and thereby unlocks the wealth of existing knowledge about the land, its legal and economical situation, its resources, potential use and hazards. Information on landownership is thereby a basic and crucial component to allow for correct decision-making. Such data and information must be available in a free, efficient, and comprehensive way in order to support the sustainable development of society. It therefore needs to be organized in such a way that it can easily be shared, integrated, and analysed to provide the basis for value-added services.
9 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Six Key Elements for a SESSix Key Elements for a SES
• Legal framework for basic geoinformation;
• Common Data integration concept
• legal and institutional independence of information (to allow for independent responsibilities);
• common geodetic reference framework;
• standardized data modelling concept;
• Positioning infrastructure for the common reference framework;
• Network infrastructure to enable integration and sharing of spatial data through the spatial data infrastructure SDI;
• Landownership information as one of the basic information topics;
• Data and information
• official, authentic, complete, comprehensive, updated;
• accessibility of data i.e. public sector information initiatives;
• volunteered geographic information (VGI), web 2.0 possibilities.
10 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
1. Multipurpose Cadastre(German style)
1. Multipurpose Cadastre(German style)
2. Title or deedstenure styleCadastres(Torrens/English style)
2. Title or deedstenure styleCadastres(Torrens/English style)
3. Taxation driven cadastre (French/Latin/ USA style)
3. Taxation driven cadastre (French/Latin/ USA style)
Tenure
Value
Use
Development
Incorporating:
Land policy
SpatiallyenabledLAS
Services tobusinessandpublic
Countrycontext
Sustainabledevelopment - Economic - Environmental - Social - Governance
Cadastralengines…
Land management
paradigm
Spatially enabled
government
ParcelsPropertiesBuildingsRoads
Inte
gra
ted
fu
ncti
on
s
SDIMapping agencies
and other data providers
Better decision making
(Williamson, Enemark, Wallace, Rajabifard, 2010)
Land Management ParadigmLand Management Paradigm
11 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Land Ownership InformationLand Ownership Information
• application of subsidiary principle: political decisions should be taken at lowest administrative and political level, and as close to the citizens as possible
• interaction between Government, business, and citizens is concerned with land tenure, land tenure security, land and mortgage market
• it is generally accepted that a land administra-tion system is to be based on land ownership data
• examples are INSPIRE (where cadastral parcel is a core data set); the six Dutch official and authentic registries (one of them "parcel and land registration"); or the Danish basic data program (person, business, real property, address, geographic, and incomes data)
Paul van der Molen
12 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Institution,stakeholder
Legal topic spatial data,geoinformation
textual information
GeodataInfrastructure
(GDI)
Collective land rights Corporations, tribes, clan
Land-use planning Planning dept.
Water/noise protection Local government
Environ. dept.Environ. protection
Land valuation Government
Land registry,cadastre
National governmentState governmentLocal government
Public-law restrictions Government
Three key elements for data integration concept:
- legal resp. institutional independence- legal resp. institutional independence - common geodetic reference framework- common geodetic reference framework - standardized data modelling concept- standardized data modelling concept
Common Data Integration ConceptCommon Data Integration Concept
13 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
• stakeholders can (and have to) look after their own data sets, they only have to respect the defined basic principles for a GDI
• the fear of stakeholders – loosing control over their data – can be overcome
• work flow and data flow can be clearly defined and managed for each stakeholder independent from the others
Common Data Integration ConceptCommon Data Integration ConceptAdvantages (1/2)
Institution,stakeholder
Legal topic spatial data,geoinformation
textual information
GeodataInfrastructure
Collective land rightsCorporations, tribes, clan
Land-use planning Planning dept.
Water/noise protection Local government
Environ. dept.Environ. protection
Land valuation Government
Land registry,cadastre
National governmentState governmentLocal government
Public-law restrictions Government
wor
k flow
definiti
on
14 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Common Data Integration ConceptCommon Data Integration Concept
• GDI can be operated independently from other stakeholders• layers/domains can be added or removed as the need arises• layers/domains can be used to manage and accommodate
different legal or social issues (e.g. private landownership vs. traditional indigenous land tenure; crowd-sourced data; VGI; etc.)
• local, national or regional GDI can be established, which can share and aggregate data sets for the benefit of sustainable governance
Advantages (2/2)
15 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Common Data Integration ConceptCommon Data Integration Concept
• all stakeholders have to respect those basic principles and maintain and update their data sets accordingly
• setting-up a GDI is less of a technical problem, it is much more about inter-governmental communication (to overcome stakeholder's silo-type of thinking and the fear of loosing control over its own data and information)
Issues
16 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Conceptual Principles to Ensure Inter-Conceptual Principles to Ensure Inter-operability in Land Administrationoperability in Land Administration
1)legal and institutional independence, “layer” principle (possibi-lity to define independent stakeholder responsibilities);
2)common geodetic framework;
3)standardized data modelling concept (long-term data security);
4)no logic relations between domains (connection through geographic location only);
5)mandate for an independent body to operate the GDI, in order to avoid power games between agencies.
These principles allow for an independent, very responsive, and rather flexible geodata infrastructure (GDI).
17 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Case Study SwitzerlandCase Study Switzerland
• 1994: definition and introduction of digital format in cadastral surveying (with 8 information domains and standardized data modelling concept);
• 2004: adapted data model for cadastral surveying with 3 additional information domains;
• since 2009: development of GDI independently from cadastral surveying; includes today some 150 different information layers/domains (see map.geo.admin.ch);
• 2012: decision to include additional 17 public-law restrictions (=domains) from different stakeholders into the cadastre in order to provide an integrated and more transparent picture of private-law (rights) and public-law (restrictions) issues related to land;
such developments – mainly also in a federated context – are possible only by respecting the basic conceptual principles for land administration.
18 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
Legal security in landownershipLegal security in landownership
…is secured through standardized and readily accessible documentation of private-law rights…
LANDOWNERSHIP…LANDOWNERSHIP…LANDOWNERSHIP…LANDOWNERSHIP…
…and of public-law restrictions.
Land registerLand registerLand registerLand registerCadastral surveyingCadastral surveyingCadastral surveyingCadastral surveying PLR cadastrePLR cadastrePLR cadastrePLR cadastre
19 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Daniel Steudler, 8 May 2013
17 PL-Restrictions on the Federal level17 PL-Restrictions on the Federal level
Institution,stakeholder
PL-Restriction spatial data,geoinformation
textual information
Project zonesConstruction linesAerial obstacles
Airport authority
Project zonesConstruction lines Railways
Cantonal and municipal use planning Land-use planning Dept.
National Highway Dept.Project zonesConstruction lines
Hazardous waste Environmental Dept.
Ground water protection zonesGround water protection perimeters Water Management
Noise levels Environmental Dept.
Forest delimitation (in constr. zones)Forest distance lines Forest Dept.
GeodataInfrastructure
wor
k flow
defi
nition
wor
k flow
defi
nition
20 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Example2Example2
21 Federal Office of Topography swisstopoFederal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying
Spatial enablement at work …