Armenia and Armenia and Armenians under Armenians under Ottoman DominionOttoman Dominion1500-19141500-1914Lecture By:Lecture By:Garabet K MoumdjianGarabet K Moumdjian

Ottoman Empire Under Ottoman Empire Under Suleyman The Suleyman The MagnificentMagnificent

Ottoman Empire in 1683Ottoman Empire in 1683

Armenians brought to Armenians brought to ConstantinopleConstantinople

Yoakim (Hovagim) brought from Yoakim (Hovagim) brought from Bursa and the Armenian Bursa and the Armenian Patriarchate in ConstantinoplePatriarchate in Constantinople

Fatih and the ArmeniansFatih and the Armenians The “Millet SystemThe “Millet System

The Millet SystemThe Millet System

MuslimsMuslims ChristiansChristians JewsJews

Millet SystemMillet System

MuslimsMuslims

TurksTurks

ArabsArabs ChristiansChristians

ArmeniansArmenians

AssyriansAssyrians JewsJews

Millet SystemMillet System

““Armenians”Armenians”

GregorianGregorian

CatholicsCatholics

Evangelical (Protestants)Evangelical (Protestants)

What was the reason for this stratification?What was the reason for this stratification?

Armenian Millet and Armenian Millet and Evangelism or Missionary Evangelism or Missionary MovementsMovements

Turks and Muslims can’t change their Turks and Muslims can’t change their faithfaith

Therefore missionaries had to work on Therefore missionaries had to work on Christians and especially Armenians in Christians and especially Armenians in the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire

The Esnaf SystemThe Esnaf System

Another stratification of Armenians within Another stratification of Armenians within EmpireEmpire

Unions divided according to trade and Unions divided according to trade and professionprofession

Armenian Internal Armenian Internal Reorganization of 1863Reorganization of 1863

The Church ConstitutionThe Church Constitution The Amira ClassThe Amira Class The SarrafsThe Sarrafs

Timar SystemTimar System

BankersBankers The IntellectualsThe Intellectuals

The Constitution and its The Constitution and its AftermathAftermath

Changes within the Armenian CommunityChanges within the Armenian Community Educational Institutions FlourishEducational Institutions Flourish The Armenian Provinces comes to the The Armenian Provinces comes to the

forefrontforefront Issues Regarding Armenians living in Issues Regarding Armenians living in

ProvincesProvinces

Self Defense and the Idea Self Defense and the Idea of Autonomy or Self Rule of Autonomy or Self Rule

Kurdish MaraudersKurdish Marauders Inefficient central governmentInefficient central government Heavy TaxationHeavy Taxation

National Awakening National Awakening

Sev Khatch Movement in VanSev Khatch Movement in Van Bashdban Hayreniats in ErzurumBashdban Hayreniats in Erzurum The first reactions: Highwaymen, Arapo, The first reactions: Highwaymen, Arapo,

etc…etc…

Revolutionary MovementRevolutionary Movement

Russia getting Lands from Persian and Russia getting Lands from Persian and Ottoman Empire from 1828 to 1878Ottoman Empire from 1828 to 1878

The 4 Armenian Khanates:The 4 Armenian Khanates:1-Erevan, 2-Nakhichevan, 3-Ganja 1-Erevan, 2-Nakhichevan, 3-Ganja

(Elisavetpol), and 4-Karabagh(Elisavetpol), and 4-Karabagh Population ExchangesPopulation Exchanges Eastern Armenians are now involved in Eastern Armenians are now involved in

Western Armenian issue Western Armenian issue

Russian Advances into Russian Advances into Armenian LandsArmenian Lands

Ottoman Tanzimat PeriodOttoman Tanzimat Period

Tanzimat: ReformsTanzimat: Reforms Young Ottomans: Midhat PashaYoung Ottomans: Midhat Pasha 11stst Constitution and parliament in 1876 Constitution and parliament in 1876 Abdul Hamid becomes SultanAbdul Hamid becomes Sultan Russo-Turkish War of 1876-1878 Russo-Turkish War of 1876-1878

changes the road mapchanges the road map Anti-Armenian Policy startsAnti-Armenian Policy starts

Demands for AutonomyDemands for Autonomy

Russian advance into Ottoman Empire Russian advance into Ottoman Empire and the Treaty of San Stefano (1878)and the Treaty of San Stefano (1878)

Article 16Article 16 Treaty of Berlin (1878)Treaty of Berlin (1878)

Article 61Article 61 Internationalization of the Armenian CaseInternationalization of the Armenian Case

Revolutionary Movement Revolutionary Movement (continued)(continued)

The Political parties:The Political parties: Armenagan (1885)Armenagan (1885) Hnchakian (1887)Hnchakian (1887) ARF 91890-1892)ARF 91890-1892)

Revolutionary Movement Revolutionary Movement (continued)(continued)

Massacres of 1894-1896Massacres of 1894-1896 May Reform ProjectMay Reform Project Revolutionary acts:Revolutionary acts:

Kum Kapu Demonstration Kum Kapu Demonstration (Hnchaks)(Hnchaks)

Bank Ottoman Event (1906)Bank Ottoman Event (1906)

The Young TurksThe Young Turks

Relations and negotiations with Abdul Relations and negotiations with Abdul Hamid (Through Foreign Minister Dadian Hamid (Through Foreign Minister Dadian Amira)Amira)

Relations with Young TurksRelations with Young TurksFederative vs. centralizationFederative vs. centralization

1908 Revolution and the 21908 Revolution and the 2ndnd Constitutional Period (1908-1914)Constitutional Period (1908-1914)

Armenian-Young Turk (CUP) relationsArmenian-Young Turk (CUP) relations

The 2 Armenian The 2 Armenian “Vilayets” Project of “Vilayets” Project of 1912-19131912-1913

Ottoman Empire and CUP Ottoman Empire and CUP Enters WWIEnters WWI

Treaty of Sevres and Treaty of Sevres and “Wilsonian Armenia” “Wilsonian Armenia” ProjectProject

Treaty of Kars 1921Treaty of Kars 1921

Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of Lausanne