ARMY HISTORY · by , lhe ~ be no the valley '''''~"''' ...

ARMY HISTORY THE I'ROFFS$IONAL IJULLETIN OF ARMY HISTORY

PB - 20-99- 2 (No. 47) Washington, U.c.:. Sprin f;:-Summer 1999

Actions and Rcaction~

The Spring 1862 Shcnundoah Valley Campaij.\" Rcvisted

By Robert S. Ru.~h

M~j. Gen.l'homasJ . "SIUMwall" Jachon'~ 1&62 c~mpajgn in V .. ,in,a' . Slrnandooh Valley prolonged the lif" or l~ Confederxy II)' IWO to Ih= rUB. Wllhin M "",,·month ~riod. h,. Coofcd.:nnc Valley

Army. never cAct:c<.ling 17.000 men. ma~hi'o:l nlQr~ ,han 200 mlle~. (008h11h= banles. and neUirulo7oo

"lUre lhan 70,000 Union .<old"·,,, ill a c~mp;1I8n 111:1.1 cau>oCd the Fo:O.: .... 1 (OXUS 10 ~1I,fl .;o1 Ie.a>l .. ..,""'lIlaol)'. from the pcn"lwl~ f<lr1llo:d by lilt Vert and b".". Ri~ 10 lho: Shenandoah V~llcy . During lh, ~ pconod Jock""" IOO~ It<Ivunl ~ge of e"cry opprn1 l1nily ,n pursuing hl~ prntkl' )I ohjc<;l;vc 10 keep Un,on I(oop' ( .... m ",infon:ing "'a). ~". George R McClellan ' s Army of the Potomac in II~ drive on 1(o('h",O)OO. Vi'llm'l

Dec"IOn' "" .. 10: by lhe UnIOn', senior ";vill:on Ie!t<k..." .1", romnoo,ed 10 Gen.e",1 Jackson' S $UCC~~, If Pre' idem Ahnlham Lincoln and Secrelary of War Edwin S,anto" hOO noI inn""ocw ,he r~r.ill mlll,ary ... "n~gy In .he "lJ~y, General McClellan'~ ""nln~ul.1

campaign u",II. ha,'e aU~tlled Ii' ~""(J:ic go;al. In , !;U\IClIon ~ 1<l'lIed by SC""'lary S.ln.OII, noI any vic ..... rll:., won by G\-.... r.ll Jack~", effl,<:.iv<:ly ~,op~ Maj. Gen Na.han iel p, Ban ~ ,' """",,,ful "",rell up .he \'lIIlley .owa,d S.~un.on on AprIl 1862. JaC~""'·' "'~ o;equcnl mlil.al)' SIICre!.."';::" asainM B3nb a, Fro,u Royal and W"lC'hC~ICr ~n: direc.ly aurib\>,ablc to

Sl~n.nn', ",-"iQlI~, which reduecrl Hank.<' ror~'e from 23.000 ~Idler:< ~"II<: begInning of M~y 10 fewer Ih~" 9.000 by 21 r.13y .'

For .he Confcdcr.tl6. (jcncfIIl Robm E. Ln'. efron, 10 h~.( JachOI! anac~ n:.<uhcd in a di\'ffSion in.n til<: v"lI~y of 20,000 Union ~Idie" who woold ha"c bellfr>c,ved tilt: Fl-dcr~1 cause by pan;':'il",ti,,!: in .he balllr~ atQUnd RIChmond , Had ~1;aj , Gen. I ..... in McDowell' ' l~ been ava,labkJ .0 M<"C1cIl;lll ,n la.e May. Gencf1ll Jmcph E, John~on and hi, 60.000

soldicrsof thc Ann), orN .. nhcm VirJ:lnia would ha ve f~. rombined Union f()f('e of n>Ore Ihan 135,000. or an Imh:t1a1'lCC of ""'llhly tWO to one, Defeating ,lie AnnyofNnnhr:m Vi"in;. wovld ha~c~rcd I ........ y forGo:ner:ll McClellan 10 t~h first Richmond and lhen ~II of Virginia with I!.~ ~ul"tanli~1 pOpulation and indumial .nd ~gricultur:ll OO'jXJ1,' In th~( ~ase, lhe w;u' m,ght not hav~ !assw ~nother yc;u',

Tho u~ of thr: leI~gt1lph made the Shr:nando;oh Valley c~mpailln one of IIIe fint in whiCh ,iwilian go"emll"",n l ofr",i"ls could ;nnucnc<: ~"'n" almos, inSlanta.neously. wi lhool opcnly nmpa'gning Ihem",I,u, A~ a byproduct, this .itualion left a ~g:ocy of c~cc:llcnl primal}' 5OUr<:(J, Publi.h<:d ill.he War oftlkt R.,f><.IIi_, A '-"",pi/"';'''' 'f'h'Offi~/a1 Rt'Cur,A uf,/uo U"i,,,, ""rI Conf~d.,rolf A,.,,,i,,,s, 1I>e.So; CommUnlCa · ,ions a~ (he on ly snu"",,~ tha, were 1101 nlOdir ted U,I fit pcrccp! ion or memory , a~ we", a ft~r-:OCllon report .• and ~ ..... ",I """,-",nu., Re lyIng 00 .hr:OjJicial RUOTd~ and

lhe ~I papc"'o( t hep;ln;':'Ip;in1~.lhi, Hnicle will evaluatc the effect' of the n~!'.lg<'S =e,vcd by Ihose invulved in the Valleyc~n'paign a r><l ,uagest how Ihc~ d,=ti,,,< inn .... ·oc"" iU course, l1Ic I"'1",r will com~ the undcr~undin, Mild instructions of highc. hoodqua<1ff'5 " 'ith .1Ie rea"'y of Ihc banlrfield Sllua-110M, Among lhe 'iJ:nif lCan(challeng"sGcncf1lls Bank, andJacbon r"",ed w". the need to balance ",,,lily wilh I""ir supcnors' pcrccption" Milital)' campaign., a", not fuught in VXUUIm, l1Ic Sto.,nandoif,h Valley camp.illgn 'S I pri"," O!t how individUllI~ off ,he Nn"'f ICId cln d«isi, ... ly innucl'lC<' a campaign.

An Onr .. I",.. or t ht E",st~rn T hu ,er On 21 ApnlllKl2. lhc Am""ican C,VIl War w:o, juM

mer a yur old, After the bloody Fir~( Hattlr: 0(

Mana~~, fought between the 11I·pn.1"'mI forces of

I~ UnlOll andConreder~~;vm...,s in Ju ly 1861. P,es, ·

dent Li""oln had given the command of the Union fOKeS to(i"nerdl McClellan, Whil" ··1.ittk Mac" orga ·

ni«d ~nd Inoi,oW Ihe A'my of t~ P~Om;K around Wll)hinltOl'.j"~ thiny n"~ "~Id. GeneQI John>!on' ~ Conftder:ue Anny of I~ Potomac wenl in'o winl~r

quane'~ m Cem~villc. Vi'g'ni~ .

After walching M,:Cldb" im"",i,cly lrain Ihe ~nny ~ruund W~>hi"&IOI' for eighl It_Ihs. Ihe pmi. OCIll pn:tdded him "" 0 moving ~ain~ IIle Confcder·

~ICIo. McUellan's ,nlllal pl~n 10 f(1T)' h;' ~nny to Urbana on I~ Rappah;lOoock w~< IhWllned "'hen

General JohnSlon pulled h .. a rmy back 10

F",dcdck<burg. McCkllan then proposed 10 "_,v<: h y

scalO Unton·held Fort Monroe loc:atWIllI~ foot of I ..... critintl renin~la. Th .. would place the Unton a.llly

"care. !O RochtTlOfld than was I~ Conr«lo;""c am,y.

and if McClellan m'.,.,cd 'I"id Iy Ite cou ld Cut JOhn~lon off in Northern Virgu"n. All hough cot1l:c~ aboul )Cl"'l1Ittng the main Unton anny from W~'hington.

I'Tcs tdcnt L'ncoln alrttdlo the plan . On 14 M~rch I .... ' pt\'<tdem IImuw MtCkllan '~

W",,1l3nd to the Am.y 01 tile Paloma<: and organi,.cd Ih(, remaining Union ro~ iTl C"~lern arid cenlr~1

Virginia into lhe Dc .... nmentl of tile ShenanOOah and Rappah.1nood. l bceomm.:lndcrsof loo.cOCp,,,Tnlents. ~ncr."'s McOo"'tll and Banh. would repon d'f'Ktly .o.h(, presiocn!. I.mcoln wamed McCkJlan to focus Ofl

lhe Pc" i" .. "la campllign und would rely on OI l1cr genCOIl' tOenwre IlIat Wash,nglon was ocfcndro. On 11 Marth 1862. McClellan·s Annyofl~ PotOm;K beg:m

emb3 .... 'ng for Fort Monroe By 21 Apnlll1"'2. lhe Unton forces ""'''' ckr..cr

* *

to Richmond and to endtng the WiU'lhanthey would be for tlte ne~1 Iwo-~nd ·a · half years. Wlli ie Gencml

McCldlan· ~ I 05.00Q.~trong Anny of lllC Potomat was

,narching up IIIe pen'n",l. Wltl hcaiI of Richmond . Gencrnl ~kOo_II'~ appro" m;lIely J2.000sokliers at AquiaC_k.abo.,ttcn m,1e;; nonho(llIe Rappaltannoclt

Ri'·cr. woilcd fOf orders to re~u"..., .IIC" advanee on ~,ch",ond . Pres ldenl Unwin !tlld orde red McDowell 10 move on Richmond by way or Ma~sa5 JUl1Clion

and FrWcric~'bu'g on 3 April. but 5e<:relJl'Y S'anlon rnoo.Iirocd I~orderson II April"'lIen he rnatif: clear to Mello"",11 that IIIe. protection of Washington look

prionty ove' lhc mMe MtUth. Stan ton fun"", reslriCted

Mel)o"'cllon 23 April byordering hi m noIloadvancc Xro!.S tile Rappah~nnock .'

M .. ~n,,·h,1c. tn the I)c~ment ofl'" Shcnando;th.

Gen.:",,1 Ranb· contingent of 15.000 sokhers wa~

marchtng soulh up IIIe. ShenalKloatt Valley wi.h i.s klOOJ elements in Ha,ri""" I""g. West of tile. valley. in 11tc Mou","in lkpa nnlent that h3d been cslabli>hed C;1r·

Ii.". Maj. Gen. Joitn C. Fremunt '~ amty of 8.000 was ~lowly mo""'!; C~" 1hmugh the: Alkglleny p;w.o into thr uppcr v"llcy ncarSI3Unton. Brill. Gen. Loui, Blcn~cr "lKl hi. division of 7 .0000.wld iefii of Gennan dcsc.:nl wen: man:hin; " ",'>l from Wamnlon Junction 10 rcin · fora rnnlOrlt .'

Banls and hlS«lf1l' had am.'w in tile SlIenanduotlt Valley in February 1862 w"h tile mission to proU:":1

Washing'"'' and defend the Ba lt imore "nd Ohi" Railru;od I .... ler Ihal month McCldl~ll. who then slill commanded Bank$. wi!nl hi", 10 cicar lhe valky of Confeder-lie foru~ .o r~all any attempt by tlle.Confw·

(m.o to n",,"e against WashinJUOtl through tile Blue:

* Contents

AClioorl ""d Neild;" ..... 1'/0,. S,,'m)!. 1862 She",,,,t/OlII, V"I/r,' Ca",,,,,i~,, Ncl'isiled. by Robe .. S. Ru ~h . . . . .. .1

The Clllef s Comel ...... , ..... 16

MacAnl", , ' s E"l:i,,~n" "'-"15;""<" Mubill:mioo nu,i,,~ lit., Flrsl Phili""i" .. Campai)!." by Jo hn W. Whitm"n ... ... .......... • ..... ... ......... , .... , .,., . ... ........ ....... . , .... 17

800l Re"ICws ...... . •..... .... ........ ......•.. 23

2

Ridge Moun'a", •. Ba"h",8O ,hen to reunitc h; ~ '0I'JI'i wi,h the AmlY of ,lie I'oI.nm.'lC al Mana~~ JUIl(:,;nn.

In late March Danks w,red Wil:>~ in!:'on that ,lie Cor,fcdcmte fOfCtS had left the valley. and he put hi s

~ ,n n~ion ,,,,,'l\fds r.bn;lSSM J"nc:.ion Hh op;n-100 cllanged aflc< 23 M~n:h . however. when GC()("r'fl1 Jack500 ~n:loC~ed Brig. Gen. James Sh,dds' d,v,l,on J. Kern,'own . j ust sou,h of Winc:heMcr. Although the haule was a ckar \'iclQl'}' for ,he Nooh, II oonvinoxd Banb and titS $Ul"'nor~ llI:at lhe Sool~fli _A: ~I,II

in force in 1M val ley. AI a result, on I Apnl McCle llan rI<,JIirK:d Ban~, tod ri,'c J:loCk ,;nn up lhe valley and away from II~ Potomac Ri"cr. That 3Ccomph~lk,d. his w id~fli ,"'cre II) ~""I' (he c ... "ret\erJleS 3way from lhe

nor1hem "alley and.he Bl ue: Rod):C Mounlal n ~J;.'

Gc""r~1 Shoelds. one of eallls' mon: ootspot.:en div, . ioo co",mall<ler; , wamed lO;k"Compl '~h ,,,0,,, Ihan JUS! kcepmg J.'lChon away fronl IIIe Po!om:toe , He

~d 10S«~'3I)' StantOO On 20 April.hal he ,like hi, and Blt:nh(s diVIsion •. along wilh lhe c~"3Iry

~I,""hmcn" of 8ni: Gen. Jolin 1', Geary ~,od 8rig Gen. Louts Ahe=omhio;, and march on lI. ochmond

from I"" weI!. St3010n scm no reply ' 0 hi. p!'Oposal.·

W"-" 0(,1>0: Sn.,nandoah In llIe Moun,",n Depanmem. Ge'~QI Fn'monl ""'"I(d to UpUA: Kno, vll k;:,

T ",,",,55«. IIc sugges,ed .0 Pr.,.o, nl LIncoln on 21 ApI',L ,10". h ;.~""y mo..., Into I'" vallcoy a, SI~un'on. CII'

lhe r~lln;>3d 3. Salcm on ,lie Roanu~ e R"'~r. and coo,inuc " M,t n, .. ' SClo ward Kno .. ~i llc. s.."'rctHry S,anlon

approved .... Cnloo .. .. plan 10 captu~ lhe ""lfOild bul wilhheld final approval for la\ ing KlIOulllco.'

For 1M Confedoel1lles. Gc"""",1 Juhn.\lon·$ mis· ,ion wb 10 j)re~nl lhe fall of Kic hmo"d wh Ile keepto! ,hc Snul he nt .,my inl a~t To ;,ccompitslllll" , he had to keep h,s Amly of NOrl he m Vi rginia I)t:.w~n

Gcner.1 M .. {;iellan 's Unton army and RK: hmond. whIle <" .... lInlocou,ly dc:clin;n~ ,0 figh. D banle of allnllon . Bes Ides the forces he mo ved '0 fnce

I>kCldl~n . John<!on com,nandcd four "nail comingenI.I in lhe Shenandoah and Rapp.lhallllOCk VHllcy; . Since McClell an's Landin!; on lhe peninsUla. he had h:td link lime OJ energy 10 devote IU .he del<IChmem~

and "",n' few me~sagc. In .1Ie" C(lmmaodefli. lie ~nl occa,iUflal co mmunICatIOns 10 IhcSf.': clemenlS by .clegmph. bur ,i nce Ihe~ was no d,rcc. Idc!:r~ph line be,w~n JoonSlOIl a nd llIe FOfCu wes l of Goulor,,v,11e. mo .. of h,s meuag~ WCfC rouln.!lhrouSh ,he

3

By Order "' ..... s.c...l3ry 0I1he At...,

DENNIS J . REIMER ~. ~ S'.'Q A1m)' CIWI 01 S •• II

Ot!ic:iaI:

}d1J~ JOE.L B "1UOSON A<tn.injslr.'MO AniSIan! .0 ~ s«relary 01 In. lumy

Chili of ~"'i",')' Hi,ton' Brig. Gen. John S. Brywn

MOO"t;"/: Ed"", CIIarIb Hcndri(:h.I't! .D.

",my Hi'''or:>' (P8 20-99--2) " Jlubli,hed by 1M U.S. Alllly CCIllC. of M ililat')' IJiStOf)' for lite

prufes)1QIIa1 ~vdOp'melll of A"ny hi"orians. Thc

fcpl'odue:l ..... of an Ides for edllCal ion.;, 11111 rp<.>Se$ i S £""0<1 '" g<d. C or ~;pooodc" .. ..., • hou 101 I)t: liId<:I ",»Cd

to Manag;"!: &liM, A,.mv l/i5l," .• , U.S AmlY Cenlcrof Mililar y Hblory. 10J Thml Av~ .. F041 wley J. McN~ir. W,,-,hin,'on , D.C. 2031 \1-

~ss, or by e·m>.II'Q hcndrcd tthl ........ nny.mil.

Op,"IOIIs<:>.prCSloCd in Ihi~ publical'on are .host: uf .M aUlhors. IlOl lhe l)Cl';lr(mem of I)o:ffn!.e or " s cu" .,itu~nl elements. Am,,' Hi.,,,,,),', CQ'lIentS do not nec~,.''';ly n.:n.....1 an offICIal Army position

and do noo: :supcr.;ede infQ",,"1 ion ,n otller offICial Army public3uonsor An"y reg .. lal ions llle ph0-

tograph. in Ihi s ;'''1Il an: A:produttd froon <:>rigi · oal5 ,n .he Na,iollnl AfCh i " e~, Th, s bullel in i, appro~e<l for offk.al d;.",,,,i" atiun of m;u~rial

~iGned 10 keep ind, vodual~ " ';Ih", .he Army

toowlcdgeable of develop~nl$ wIth,n AIlllY his

'Of)' for lhe purpose of cnhancing ,hd. professlnnal develop,,,c:,,t Use of fund~ for prinung Inis

publical'on wa. r' l'llfUvcd by lhe IXI>ar'nlCnl uf lhe Army on 1 Sepem!>c. L98J Po-Iase paid al

Wa~l,inglon, D.C .

Confedcrdle War I)ep;lr1~nl and the r.:~'Cnlly n~rne'" u"lIC'ral o fConfedcrJle Anni~~, Roben E, Ue.'

'Ill<: OIlllying <klac~",c"I', 104"li"g I'J,OOO sol· d~n. upfI<>SCd the 63,000 Union IrllOpoI of Generals McDowell. Ranks. and J-n!moru, Di=lIy QPPO»ing

B~nk" "lOv~ !oOUlh "''iI~ Gener.ll Jackson') 6,OOO-man Arnl) "flhe Valley,localed al CIII1,-"J', $IOrc (now

Elklon) in lhe Ca.llem valley Genc,.,,1 Jolln>lo,,', or·

ders 10 JlK'k"", wern 10 I"evem lhe Un'lII1 forces in .he .."Iicy from .e,nfore."! General McCldlan, Ju"

~.h d lhe Kappahannock a. Fn-d.:ridl>bu." 2,000 soId ... rs under lhecomml'nd uf Rrig, Gen. <':harlc.< W,

Field warily walchcd McDowell' ~ corps as!'C mb1e 1111

.he OJlI>Il~ne side "flhe ""cr On 2 I April "M ",ktili"n~1 11 ,000 Confedrra.~ ,.oldica "''C'fe mar('hl,,! 10 ~in

furn Fi.:ld and hi • ......all ,omm:lnd Abo.n h .. "n.y miles we~I of Slaunlon, Bri ll, Gen F..dward Joon'lOO

and his two bri.c~ of 2,8(X} 'nldte~ each we~

camped 1111 Shenand""h MOUnlJin gU3rdin~ the p:bSt"

Ih"'''lIh lhe Allegheny Mounlain, ~gai"", Gene",1 Fn!llIonl ;u)(j his anny The 1~>1 dcI,."hrncm, eompns.

ing M~J Gen. Richard S. ewell's d,,''' 'Oft of 8,M, w," ,Inl ;oncd along lhe upper Rappah;onnock prOlCCI

ing lhe w~ a~a belweell Field'. Ion" bck,on'! fo«:es, E"''l:II', di,';)ioo wa< lhe ooly Coofeder:lle elerne'" IlOI

dirttlly fac,ng UnlOtl f~s3nd could .hu'~'~\1 e;lhe. JackSQn or FICId a, lhe "o:.:d :truse,"

S<c lli,,!,: Ihe Sta~ and t: ng~ndfrinJ: AI'liun

Geroel1ll Lee believed Ih~1 wilh the d'~I"'ri l~ of numi:>l'rs 'n Vlrgini~JII Confcdc",le fnrceshad lofocus

on lhe ddf~ of Richmond. Roth he and General

JohnSIO!l n:~I;lCd Ihallo ~a"e HlChmond. lhe r"'ali~~ slrc"glh~ of lhe Confeder.u. and Uni"", '" ",ie~ had 10 rema,n e lose, Fot' Ihi, 10 OI.:cur, 11\c Co"f~",,,,es euher

had 10 inltrml" Union ar",y "'inforce ..... nl~ gOlng.o

McClcll~" 0.- n",-", "'''ry Soulhem said1fT' ~ya.l~bk 10 defen" Richmond, In mid-April, when 1.,.,.., Innkt<! al

1he f,,",e~ am)'ed tn VirGi nia, he bel,eyt<! lhere wa,

an opponun;ly fur Jack'lOO 300 E"'ell 10 hinder lhe r'CdcrJI fum:s Iocalc:d nnnhwesl of Richmond , On 21

April he w.red lhe 1..-0 commander., 10 W!g~<1 lhey ~lIllCk lhe Un,on forces neal lhem ;n an dfort 10 ~11C"e

lhe l'",,<mre on Fn:dericbbll' g, "

1.«', me''''J:c e.ICOIllllgcd Jachon 10 Iwk roo

opIions ulher ,""n wa,"ng fOf Banh 10 all""k him. Jrl)()ll' ~ "'ply 00 lhe I"",my-.hird ","I",t<! a plan .0

an;rk Bank, flank al euber Ham-'burg or ]IIew Markd if Ihe I'«dcrnls cOnlinued lheir advance loward

S""mlon. Jack."., also ICI let' knuw Ihal ahl>nugh he fayored Jnocking , he bclicycd Ihis conllllry '0

John~on 's lI:uidlono;;o.;."

General L.cc ... w lhe Confeder.lle SllU31ion around

Fn:derichbu'g "'!men as ~ Union lroops mas.<ed "" Ihe nonh ~,dc of lhe RappI,hannock, On 25 April he agam queried E",,,II Hnd lachon if eilher saw an OppOrtuni.y 1<, Allack, M~ spe.:i rocaUy. he .,h'" Ewdl ,f. when combined w;lh J.,hon or Field, he

'IIW any possib,lily of "r;kiM! the Unoon forcn ulong the RI'pp;<ha,mock, u.e menlioncd 10 Jackw "

Ihal I*'" fulc .... ~I< were moving more men 10wUrd Fredenck5burg: "For Ihi~ l'ul'J'O"C lhey muse "",aken

OIher poin.s. and oow ,~ lhe Ii ..... 10 conc.:nlnue on any lhal "'"y bcupoKd wuh;nwr ",ach.~ He =om,

n~nded Ihul Jackson ~ons"kr <lri~,ng McDowfll' ~

force, around Wnr",nlon if he coo Id "'" all:tck Ba"~ ,,

Realizing Ih;~.he chan~mg silualioo wwld 1\01 allo ...

h,m 10 r.elec. ,''''' bc>l OppOrtun"y, Lee wfOle J,."i.:5on: ") canllOl P"t'1~.id ~I IhIS di~allC't 10 d,=1 opcMion, dependinc on c''''Um,''JfKC! unknown 10 me mid rc:'l"irinll'hc e~~rc,sc of di""",'ion alMt judgnocll1 as 10 IIrne and ut'<:u' i"" ," ':

Although Lee WII> IncontaCI wllh Gc.":,,.lJoh,,~oo

da,ly hy lelegr:lph.toe did IlOI inform h.", d,h .. ~~$ of rne$sa~~s belween 1.=, Jackson. and Ewell l.cc eilher felt ;1 "n"cc~sal)' 10 mfOfll1 Jol1ll>lon "r his "ffOO1S 10 relieve lhe pn:ssure ()II Fn:dcrickohllrg Of

f<'llrOO lhal John"on mig~ Iry 10 qua.~h h,s effon, 1II

ellCouraging Jack~ or Ewell '0 aU;>ck lhe "~"'dl f~ oppD)ilc lhem,"

.. ,,\lIng o n th~ Hrak<$ and VI~ldlng tlw Inilialin

On 21 Apnl , lhe ~rne Iby L.ec urged J>lCkson 10 Sinh, Gcncr:ll Ranb' UnlOtl col"",,,~ "''C'fe apprOOKhing SIOUnlon, The: Fnk,..~llmop:< had been aveflOiina:

Ihree miles" day "cainsl Jackson's troops, w~lching ltoe", caul;"" sly ~s Illey pull ...... back lO .he ~oUlh and

uS! Allhoueh 11'01'" p;>Cc was )10 ... , ;1 wa.< Mill .oo (a>l

fOf SecretaI)' Slallloo Pn."""'y llI)I'n~ J;rbon', n",i" fOfCe silling pa"""'Y :11 Conl':ld', SI<.>re wh,1e lhe

Un 'on anny n~"ched paSI hlmdown ,he w,,"em ~alley 10wMd, Slnunlon,llle ~rcl~'y of war w,red Banko 10 con!ralu la.e h,m on lhe ",.",ivoly and caulious viCOf of h.~ command,~ while: a. lhe: same lime :o<I.""",;slnng

hIm Il0l'0 Il' hIS column St"OO far fro", Winc hesler

On 25 Apnl, when Banks ~poned 11I~ lead deln(nb

only clSh, mIlts from SI3Umon, SecrelDf)' S",n'"", ",uppo;:d hl ~ mo,,<, f;lf1her up ,he vaUey and InfCllTl'lC'd

hIm ,he,,! .. ..." II tuOO cllaoce "" .. wid lose General Shield,' d,v"O()rI,n(i;:-I1C'r'Il1 McDo,,'~II'scomm;md on ,he Rapp3hannod ."

A"he ''''Ie of S,an,oo' s menage. Bank~' IklvDncc g"ard W"s,~",idc SI"'lnll)n, 1 .... ·0 brigaOcs plu. ~nlilcry wc~ 31 Harn$Onburg. one hrig""'" WI" bclwccn llarri5Ol1bu~ and Ne .... M3/'kcl. and lhe ",,,,,,i,,,,ler 1)( hh

, ........ >-> were III New Man.~,. West ofSlaumoo.~ncral

Fr~mon"~ Ilad hrlglKle u,llIe. Rna: . G.n . R~n II. "hlroy .. as slowly forcln! c;.,,,,,ral F.d .. ·wrd Johnson', bn, __ back from lhe moumain p;lSSI!.~." Unwillingly,

.. ""n Slalwun hailed Bank •. he also ~"cmed ... hDI Jacl"'" fCllnXl nllJ:!o1. Banb;· In(l"J;mg "lIh FrtlllOlM.lf

lhey h.:Id ( .. "billed. b""""" and his army .. "WId have: !lttn red~ .0 walChing .he UnlOO r,lI'CC~ '"an:1I fn:ely up ~nd down.he valle)'.

SlymH:d by Slam", •. Ra"k, PfI.IIlO""don (he ,wen,,

ell'l"h and agaIn on 1M .hlrllclh 10 1II0.e 1,;, ~'Ullln1"nd

al:ili"st lhe C..,nfc<.k:'~.e force< 10.he eas •. He .l1n I<:d Ihul Jad~o" had lefll he valley ~"d Iha. he belie .'ed Ihal hi, fon:u We~ marchIng loward ',....'Ior .. ville and

R;":hmond. Ban~5 offeml.o l a~c hl~ am.y and "'Im:h ,hrough lhe Rluc R,II~ Moo'm~in. by way of tlIM' tu",y Uf Madi"",. whkh would force Field '0 relreal

f'''''' Ib" RWIII .. I"''''II,IC~ H~. hoped .h.s .... oold ~I<;() cll3ble lhe ~ral force::« 10 CUI lhe rail h"", beI",,"n

RIChmond and.he Shenandoah Vall~y." Addi"OOiIlty .lhi5Mvance would ha.'Cfon~ Jad.

"'" .n JlI,1I to:lCllo"'ard Richmond or ri~k belnl! (UI off In the ,·alley . c;.,,,,,,,,1 Ban l s g01 hi, "'ply on I May .

In''ead of ~pprovlIl~ Danks' plan of march • .'i"C''''~ry S'~nIOl' dinXlcd hi", ~jmply 10 ;.elld Shlcld~· d,VISIOIl

10 (jellcral Mc Dowell aoo '0 1',,11 his remai"ing uni" batk'O'M ar~a surrounding SIr .. .-.. urg. Ra"h· cOIn· "",nd now t·on.i.,<:d of Brig. Gen. AlpM"~ Wl l h~lm'

d",~,on of II.IXIO $Oldicr~, and hi. cha,!!e W;t$ IlOl hml.ed 10 pro1«tlng I"" lower , ... llo;y aoo i" r:l.ilroad."

AI,hoo,h S.amoo mu>. h3~c believed he W~C01"

m;( lobolslcr.he Unloo forceSlilOund f .edc.icl.oo rg, h" .... 'C,~ion 10 ",move Shields · div,soon from Bank,'

command pmvt!<t '" he lhe. card,nal tmM" of lhe camp;lIgn. 6o1h 8a"l~ and McDowell hOO reponed ,hal J",:hon wa~ movIng OO( of.he ,·alley low",d., Ricll.

,

mond. Wnlll .... Confcdct'~.c... II" ..... il would noc appear

cOSI.effe.:tlve 10 keep 11I.1XIO Fedo..'f1Ilsoldien in lhe

valley 10 ~ .-em small Coofedcf31" ",id,. WII;tt Shields' dtpanun: really did. ho"'c\"cr. wa< 10 lea.·c B .. nb .... i,h budy enougll ",,,,nglh 10 f:ICc J:lCkloOO alone, and

at~In'" JlICk>on and E .. 'CII combined M W<)IJIII be hn,·ily OOlnumbered.

Wi,hin.he Confedennc h",,~. Jacholl hOO watched Banks march UP'M v~lley .umpl l c imo Hurriwnbu rc . On 26 April, wilen Jach u,,' houghl Banks W.lli abou!1o

311X k h" ~iuon. M called up Ewdl"s divisioo. Jadson wanl.:d I): .... el l"~ lroop~ fn:~h. so he cau.ioned

Ewell "0' '" ",,'feh hi .... Id,ers '00 h.:I.rd. Ewell receIved anolher ,ne,,,",,,,, I"" ""'. day. lelling him.o conunue hIS nw.:h ,0 Swifl Hun Gap afler hIS 501d,en.

had ~~ed." J iIC~son nuy al ... iIa,·c been """,idering

c~«uling an allack 011 D;mh· flan~. a~ ht: hwd e~"ier ou,lined.o Lee.

Durong Ih" ~iod. !.ending. 111O!>a$C from lhe

V311ey Anny and receIVln!a n:..~pon!oC frum Richmond ......."ired onc-and-a·llalf '0 IWO day.t , ·r1lc1ll .... ,.,; no .eI~graph line ,hn)"gll Swifl Run Gap, $0 cour;"",

carried lhe mes!>:Iges from Jac~son'~ headlluaner.; 10 Gordun~villc. and froAllhe", Ihey wen: leicgraphed III HichnlOlld. l1lc C<.luric", w:,il~-<I for a ~ply and .Mn

.ook i. back 10 Conrad·, S'ore. Ofl~n. me$$3ges passed onc another In It'd",i'. confus,ng lhe ='I""nl.' ~s 10 .... hlCh '1ue~lIon ,he 3Mwcr ~naillCd .

On 28 Apnl j;Jc~son w,red Lee 'iIa. l", had called up E .. -dl' ~div;sion. In .he I'3me melSagC. he .ecjUCSj.:d ~,IXIO ..,lnfora:menl.< '0 join ,'''' IU;M:k on Banks. Lee wiml batk 'ha •• he~ were 00 feinf"..".,menlS 10 seoo.

Atldi'ionally. Lee infonned JiIC~~ nf Hie JlIl:'>Sibilily of F.WC'lI's IIe;"t If'IO".rem:d 1Q a nlO11: :!Clive from if

Jac~son dId 1\01 311:!Ck 5000."

Li ke SI:,nlon. Lee did not wun •• o leave 100 ""my ,olllj(f ~ in an inac'i." (healer. Bo.h ,he Nonh and

Sou.h wc~ loot mg a. reduci"g the number:< of sold lcrs in and around ..... valley so lhey mighl p.1nicipllle in .he

critICal pha'i". of ,he campai,n o;Ic:velopml! In '''''~"''' 1le1 ... .,."n Frr:dcricl<..bu'E. Richmond. and Wi Illamsbur,.

Lee·s mesu~ 3ppcars 10 lIa~c caused Jxkson 10

.... vie ... hIS a","lahle opIi", ... Ii<: fxed much !he same

dillmma as dod Banb. If Fro!moo~ joined Banks :l1

S'~llnloo. hc~son s.ood 00 cllancc of ckaring .he valley. even .... i.h E .. ·cll', help. If cwclillfl. hi' Valley Anny WOllIII "" "", ,,,,,n,,,, ... -<I by ei.her of'M Union

eolumn~ . On lhe I_my_nmlh Jao: L~ offered l« Ihree offen< .. ~ 0fluon~ for hi~ Vallty Army.

Jac~soo"s rim plan was 10 k~p E"~lIal SWIft Run (j~p 10 IIt~alen Sanks" ~3r " 'hilt Jacksoo. t"(lmtHned Wllh Cicnrnd Ed,,1lI1l Johnwn", brigaok. ~II;ock~"tl

Fn!nll.>rll· ~ f.,..,.,. wCSl of Sl~unton . From lllo!re. lllo!y

would l!lan:h e:.~1. unlle wllh "well'~ dWI~lon. and dcfe~lll~n~s. The second option. which he h:Jd earlier

outlined 10 Lee. wa< to combi"" "';Ih Ewell tt) ,mad

lhe Fctlcrnl fun :"" located j"" W"'I of New Mnl kct. A suc«~.ru l atl oc k. Jackson be ll~vNl. wOUld allow him 10 p~ss fo<ward. take New Mar\el. aoo Cui

Bank) off from hi) tme uf OPCl1lliQrll al Winchc,lcI The Ihinl "llernati", was 10 ma",h do,,'n ra." LUI1lY

loward Fn.>n.t RQYal. cI"QS~ lhe S ..... "1UIOOoo.h River" and 1 hn.:lOlcn W ,nc~cr. Jacksuo, ."dem:(! the Ii "" opt inn. bccau<e it l!la~~ the comb.ned Con(~r:ue str~n,lh

~~JnM each Union dc1achmcnl ln lum and. unlike lhe latlcr OpliQr". did not ..-qllire lhe V.lIey Anlly tu el"Q\, either the Slocn~,O<lo<oh R;"er or Ma. .... ,' .. lUl1en MountaIn

bef~ laurochm"ls a.tlx k.'"

Cicncr~1 Ewell It..! also ~n n..· .. :eiv;,,& "'''''''''t'''. not oll ly f"'" n t ee. bill al"" rrom hC~SQn. field. all(! JnhnMon. Uis fruslralion with nOl knowin)!. how

to ~spond " ." apparent when he win.-d I ..... , ,11' Ih" Ihlniet ll 11o~1 "'it ,.,.,m. Important 10 me Iha\ lhe

",hole line. lrocluding lbe fortes5OUI hofFr~lericksbu'l!

ICicnell1h Focld "nd Andcrwrt). shoold be under 001<:

co.:'I<:'"1. IOUlhuria;d IOCO!llh;,.. lhem ~,ain!'l ~ny poIm

~mtd advI"lIbk". llo;~ doe~ not !o«m the t~~ al

~111."'" E_II "'ame<l unilyoftommJnd:1w: dodnot lI ~e lhe Kp;lr.I!e commaoos lhal were provillin, hIm eonnie!;ng guid:on<:e.

The Ca mpa ign Cicncr.l! Jackwn did ",.II wail for ~n w'~wcr bcf,)n!

m(w;n~ his .mly fru" , Connl(\ 's Slore. Httay;.e of

Ba" k ~' COnl;nUl."tl ad,ar.c~ toward Siaunl(ln. Jacki\Of\ mU<1 have decIded he could no longer w~il (ur 8~nl.

to COIIIC IQ him. On lhe~flemooo, of 30 Aronl (he Valley

Army broI<e <"amp and b;:gan rnan:h'ng ItI"-:trd I'on Republic A~ il~ lOO\'emern \'~red lowan:ltlw: UnlOO

posillon~ near Harrisonburg. Ban~~ 1I:P<JfIetl Ill: upl':Cled an attack. bul 111m bckwn turned away and

began 10 lI\OI~h east OUI of lhe ,·alley . ltam hegan fallin,. and the ~m'y I"""~ on (,,,,,, mIles ,n lhe mud .

Durin.: the night. Ewell' ~ diyislOn 1OOve<l Inlu the arc.

6

around Conrad' ~ SI~ and IICddc<I do"·,, '"tbe Valley

Army'~ old camps lie."

bc~soo m:e..-ed I reply 10 In, opIion< "...,.. .... S'" while on lhe man.-h. Lo:e len lhe SClcclion up 10 Jackson and ,imply warned him nnI 10 WI.<o1e his soldlCrs In

opc"'I1'on~ thai would 001 improve ltoe over.1l1 silu,,

lion." Accoom. wnnen aflcr the hallie ""';II1ain Ihat

Jackson h"d pl.nned from l10c toeg",",n, lo remforce ,,,,,,cra l F..d",ard Johnson and 10 51ri ke FrI'mont", lead

bng:l(le. Jackson' , me''''ge Iu Ewdl '"' J M~y Ilorow_ """Ill on Ihat "«Unlpt,on. however. l loal message infOO11.oo Ewell Ihal tlle.r pl~n 10 lum Banks by way of

New Mar\C1 woold OOI .. on: as long as Federal (""'Co>

",maincd 'I"M'~ 11"" ... Tho:: "'''I day Ewell Itarrocd Ih31

J""k"", ..... ' ""''''h''', lO.....ard w~ VieW 10 a .. ist Clc~ral Johnson . ,,'100 wu be;", ._".1110.1 luck by

Cicnerdl Milru{. "'igadc of Fr~nlOO"s army." The Valley Army' ~ route was "n.-UIlOOS and IllUs

g~v" tbe .mpruslon 1M Confrdcmtes we", deso;r1 ing

the valley.1'lle amty he~ded MJUlh from Conrad' ~ Siore

Ihrou,h ron Repubh(. erm~ the Bl ut: Rid ge Moun

lalll" Bt fI.o wn, Gap. and conllnued <OUlh 10 MrchUrTli Ri~ nq ... The .... 1M soId,en ~nIcd comrl\311-deered lram, rhar rook I hem oo-k Inl0 Ihe ,·alle~. and

rhey amved '" Siaunllln <)1'14 May." Jac:hon confirTl'ledon6 May rl..., Banls h;!d h.llied

hi' move .... nl lOwan:i Sl~umon and ,",'ali pulling !>xl 10 HalTl~bu(g. He ""w rho, as hlsopponunily I OW;~C

General Mllroy 's ~dvnnce brigade nnr Ihe hamici

or M,,[)u" 'cll ... ilhoul having 10 worry aboUI D~nks'

moving f ... wan' and lrapping him In rhc mountains West o f Staunton . Jac:hun orde",d Edward John>un and hi~ brigades fOl'Ward rn attack Mi h .... y and folln wed

",jlh I he remai nderof hi s a.my nn lloe sevenrh . '"

MllfOy " .. , noltOially surpn<ed .... hen he: d'!I(overed bck."., ,n SlaunlQ01 8mb h;!d Wired Fn':mool on 2 ~by, leUmg him he hehcved J.ck<lln was moving

loward, e irhe' Wayne~boro or Slalllll<)" and Ihal JiKk

~ mighl nll:",k Milroy. Fn!mom voICed Banh' con· ccmsto Mllroy on lhe fou nh. 10m ~hl roy ... ..,..LeJllkal Ihal Jack",," would 311xk with R:",h' anny in hiS real .

If allockcd. oc pbnned to ca ll on Ilrig, Gen . RoIxn C. Schenc~ 's brigade localed,l Frdnkhn.:'

Fint COOI;w:t ~twffn the 1"0 fort'n occurnd on the afternoon of7 Ma~. when Mllm~', .nilkry shelled Johnson' , lead bflllatl" ~, " ",~.dled 310 "11 Ihe Ch","bctsburg-P-~""ersburg turnplle Mil roy pulled hi~ f~ ~llO McDo,,'t:11 and" Ired fnt help.'"

&lw:no:L . • ecclymg .he ""II. marched hIS bngRdo.· Hn incredible Ihiny · four nllles ;n , .... "n'y-Ih= hou~.

"rr;vllll: .1 ~fc[)u"'ell by 1000 hours 00 I h" ~i,h,h. As lhe ~mntOflhe two I:c llC",b. & lw:no:k assumed c .... n

mand. It _s obYIOU. to lhe Union generals . hat an

all"". wn coming. and It \IO'U Ju. t A' ckar t~IIIw:" smotll force could II(JI ""P il: w. r.llhc. than wairillJl f .....

r~ Confederates 10 unocl . Schenck gai!lCd lacl ica l .urprisc by SInking fiB! .

TIle OUlCOOllC " 'II. ""'VC. In questIOn ho::"u!oC 0( the dlSp;lftty In nUI"""",,;_2.268 Fe<k .. ~II~ to 6,000

Confedl'rlIle- bullhe Union »ll"ck '<ldisorgam7_ed ,he COOf<Xlc"'lCS .hal Sclw:nck 's and M Ilroy' ~ fon:cs ,,-ere ahlClnbrc:.ol ~W>ly and mJfChun~mfl"red ~k ._-:Itd Frankli n. Allhou gh loc Confeder.lt~ had been on .he

<kfen~iV(' . the .. C"~IIJ1II ic> ""ere higher---4<J1! "Ctsu~ 2'\6 for lhe Union, Nc,·entl<'leu. wilh the Fede ra l

fon:~ 1M rem:al. J""k <On ,,·,red.he Coof~*"'te high

J

CUlllnt:,nd Ihal "God blessed "'" "'!liS w;rh victory ." '" J3Ckwn' s llOOps pursued lhe w ldicrs of M,I.oy

and Scllcno:l north 1O'",ard Franklin. wllh the Confederate!; mareh ing I hrough ,,'OOdS set :IbIa>.c: by tho: ~ttNt_

ing Federal In .... p~. Jackson !lelll hi.. 10000~r~pher.

JlXkdiah Hotchkl~<. Dnd ~ lruopof cavalry to scarch r", ~ way Ih""'gh IIw: .... Ilcghenie~ And 10 block ,he moun

Ulln .0 .. 1) between Franklin and SUlllnton . He ,,'an.ed 10 find a mule Ihat wwld allow his anny to Gel behind Banks' anny and 10 prevenr BHllts (rom uniling ... ilh

FremOnl JacL~' ~ lroop> were amayed Olll~ F",nkl,n by

I 0 ~by. & hcncl t . flOC'cd loci. allxk on lheelc"..,n lh. bu, i, did not co~, Fedc:",1 fon'CS ~·tmlinued 10 Dlrive.

arMI by 12 May Ilw:re "e.e I.~,OOO Union sold~ rs ,n

Frnokhn. almoo>t double .he number '" Jack'lOfl's ~_

sle!'"g force. " Jackson ~Ivcd ',",'0 ~salu on 11 May ,".,

ha~I~ llCd his amw' s rerum to the valley. 1lte fim. from

John"ool Ihrough W. irrnnlCted "'01 10 ",.um 10 the "~lIey ~nd allack R~"h if possible . ~ oecond mes",!:e. from Ewell. ,nfoon"d him Ihat Shield~ WlOli

",a .. dli,,!: ",",I to join Gene.al McD • .> ... dl· ~ corp~ ar Callell's Slation "' "Ilh"'~ of Mana .. ", •. Trull .fle.

.......... the Valky Anny betan man::htnJ! back lo"", .. h lhe hamlel of~IcDo .... ell. Refore hi~tlepanu"'. JiKk~ wrole I!.weilihal l~ hdic.'w B,m~s woold unll~ wilh

(''''' IC,..~I F~olOf\r rallw:' Ihan wilh ('",neral McOo",dl .

bu. a.< acoo" in",,,,,y Jackson inMnlClW Ewell to follow BankS If the t'cdenl$ did pull back."

FreOl""t' s adJutan l notified Ihe Wa' Depanm"nt On 13 Mn~ Ihal J:lCkson was on hI< .... ay back inlo the ,·alley . The Valley A,my arrived in McDo"",,1I u" lhe

fourteenth and conhnUCti I" " .. n::h loward Staumon.-'" Mc~nwhik Banks. atleml'tln8 I oc~rry OUI See",

lary SI.nton·~ order l)f I May, W8$ pulling bHck as ~lo .... ly as he had moved forward HIS soldiers did not

IILe wilhd","·mg. Some fel. that bl.'I;ausc of the" reduced nun!he«. . hey "'e'" lOClinl! as deroy. I" ln1p 1M C onf tOe rale f omo •. f;ellc"" I Win iams wrote hi , ,!au gh

ler aboul his chagrin ove' "rr~m: hin~ back. like M n::trcal;1I1! forn. over the .\.IIIR! groond Ih.lt We had

d" "Cllihe Rebels ~f(lrt II~ and lhai wilhoul I G"n hemg fired or a man killed. ~"

It 0l'I"'0rs rh:,1 Secre.ary Sianlo" bct;a~ con_

""m~ about ~3Y'"8 Bank. u~ well lip lhe S .... .,.,.nduah Valky lheday al'l", he InfOlll'lCd Rank, of

Shields' departu",. He in)uuctcd Shield, 002 May 001

to join Md".>w~1I u,"il Ban~ s was In JlOMtioo at

St.,.~burl:. 001 he ga.e no addnional guidance on how

10 impicmenl hi' in<o!lUCllon •. BanLs and SllIdd, ""en: bnlh coofu~ aboul ",1\0 w.tS to pull 00rl r.",.. Wit h

the Un,on fom:s amyo:d at"", lhe Yalk:y luml'i~c

from tlan;)OI1bu'g "Olth to Sirasburg. l:h"b ""allied Stallion Ihat lou much diSlDoce ""Iween Ihe wllhdraw

i"t fOfl:eS might 111"1"11 defeal in delall. o.".pilc thi) coof\l~IOn. all r'Cder.ll.wld;"~ wen: QUI o(H arri..oobu'l and consolidated al New M~r\cl by S May."

0" 6 May. while hl~ troops ~sted. Ihnls wi"--d Secrelary Siamoo 10 a~~ whkh of 11K: Iwo fOlw,. hi, 0'

Shl<"lds· . ""oold pull t>ack fino! to Slno,I,."g . He ~_

ooi..oo noan.wer. bullhe War IXpann1l:'nt did notify (;,:o,ntral McDowell to prepare 10 move ICIW;;Ird Rich_

mond. Md)owdll ..... n 5\:nIIWO Ictegram~. lhe fim to 100 WAr tkpanmem. a. king whe~ Shi~ldS w.s. and

lhe .o;eoond 10 Shields. telling him to ~I' .. ·.:d up hi~ =11 . .... gain. lhen: wa. nu .. n~w<:r from the War

Oo:partmcnt . Rank< WI~ Stamon aga," 00 lhe se-vcnlh. informing him h,~ dlVls'on was ",lOlly 10 ,,\O,e. Slamon did nOl answer ""y of Ihc~ me. ""ge, bec~ .. ", 00 hlld gune 10 FOIl Mooroe wllh P~sldenl Lincoln."

llJc: presidenl and his li«",(31)' of wur had la~en

persoMl " .... rJ:C 0( lhe onilil"l)' dcpan"oe:<llf around Wll~I"'lgIOl' in March . Now. when the two kade~ yi"ICd GellCral McClellan on the po:nin.ula. ,hey forgO! thO$( depanmcnl). Fur ~i . day~. from 2 10 1\ May.

Sianlon sem nu ""'""'ges In l'edcral ~omMUOOcrs in

the Yalley 0.. II May Slanlon pasSo!d 10 Banks and M~[)n"'~11 a renmsula rumor Iha, ,he Conr .. ..J..:."I~.,. wen: sending a large fom. low~nliloc R~I'I',ahannod

and Shenandwh R ; "cr~ 10 nnock Wa~hjng,on . This mcl'Sljl:e worried Md)<)well. who. believing the en

emy wa~ rt\as.<;mg in front of him. again w, ... ..:1 Shield.'

" , Il"OO'Ie hIS divisIon quickly " SUnton sent a flurry or _""!!CS on the nin.h. af,er

he h;.d n:1" ......... 1 tn Wa,hlnglon and ~alized Ihal B:onh

and Sllidds were in almos, lhe ~"'" IMil ;""., ,n wh,ch loe: had lefl them on lhe sa:ond. He orde~ Ban~s 10

release Shields 10 McDo,,'cll and todraw b;ick his own

forces to Slno''''''g IInmcdlalely . I" .-c'l'Qn>e t ... SwniOfi' S Ick:gram. Fn':tOOn' '" i~ 1 ..... lh" w;lhd",wal

uf Ba" ks h ..... allowed J:w;k$on (Q cunCelllnil" ag~mll

him. RD"~~ agrted and poinh:u out Ihat Jack§Oll 00"" would tonernlr: .. " Mtaln<l any SMUll force m the Wli.

8

ley. In a ~n~r 11,1 hi' caY~11)' conlln:\OOcr. Bnl! Ce<l.

JohnCe31)'. who was 0100""m8 D~S'gned 10 Mco..._lI. Banks WIIII'IH"lCd ,Ioal lhe go"emllYnl", pulio:y "" R~

allu ... ing Iloe: Mgrand ann~ oflhe n:bel'·lo ~apc= and

lidding aoother ~c;u- tu lhe Won

By 13 May Banks' no"in column " 'as in St=biJrg and Shields' divi~;on wa. ""ar Fronl Ruyal. P'l'paring

10 boon! Imin' for McDowell's corrs. Wilh Shields gOl.,. Banl; bDod less t .... n 9.000 "OO!" in tbe v~l lc:y: of Ihel'C 1.000 wen; in Slrasbu'l. another 1.000 we", at

!'ronl Ruyal . ",Ill ,;<:;;Inen:d dctochlTltnts ... e",~alion<:d ~lon8 the IIlanum Gap Rail""""."

l>.Jnng lhe tim" Bnnh' fun:e~ ""en: pulling back to Strasburg. Genenll Ewell cununued 10 =-:iYe SUGb"'¥ lioos from lu and 'mtruclio" . from Ja.::~§OII . On 8 May. a~ the prc:swn;moumM on l'rNt:nc~~'C. Lee I11forrn:<l Ewcllll~ll he s;,w no ",a~ for hi~ d ..... on tu n:main '" far we~t and ~ugJ:C)IOO he mOve n ~"herIQ

Gordonsville or lu I!", R"I'I~lhannoc~. Ewell wired back thaI he ,,'a~ und" t {)fdc~ from btk5Ol'l nut 10 ""'.c I"" ... ~Ilcy Utole ... , Ibnks did."

One of the noe:' !o:il:"" from I:: .. ell Of Jac~.son muSt h~vc n:ach~d Gctle,~1 John<o!oo. wl>o now leamr.'tlwhal w., going 00 ""Ih hl~.OlIllytng dctach".,nr., . Wir1ng

l..rt on lhe ~Ighth. Juhmloo con1lliamed Ihal he conlrolled only 1h<N: pans of his con'INnd ,leo, ",,,l! nca,by. He protested Ihal he did not ha,'c any means of =~, "ng tnformatiOfi frum I he Oilier comIN/ldtrs In h,~ <kpa"mc~1 wid Ihal Lee had proYided "i", ... ilh

''''''''' LeeralllCrdl~tngenuously an .... "tUllhal John~.on Iwtd not aded .hal tnfotmillion be forwarded 10 101m. Joh<lSlon then "",red Lee Illal he w;u either in rommand

of the f .... ·nunl: den.,",< or he ~hould be ,dicYl-d of

their rc~l'<Jn,ihil'ly. " A~ Ihc histori;on Ooullia. S. Fl"ffman ha, ob

"' ... ·~d.lhe C ..... ,..,do..,rntc 1e3docrs \lint ",..,rkin!: ~t e ros<

pu~. Both Joh<l~lon and Lee had., lhe"ull "1\;I1e ,lbJ" ' '''vc .he dcfcn,.., ufRichmond. bullhe IWO ~n· ernl~ ""cre Il)'ing 11,1 use Ihe ~ame ",iIO\Irccs to achic.c

diffen:nt intcfttll."Ilimc goals. JOh",IO" wanlcdron«n· m'li ..... al RIChmond. meeting ma.~ wnh MU!iS. while Lee wa. fOCUSing 1,1<1 I>ow to leep lhe Union forc<.:ll al

Frc-dcncksburg frum unnlng w,th McClella<l. HI< l'Iless;tges IQ Ewell and Bng, 0,:" JOM:ph Anderson.

who in laIC Arrtl had supers<:dcd Field, n command uf

I he CO" (".jc "ne f orc~ sou I h of Frede rid sburg •• how Ihll he had altnU)1 allandoncd lhe ~1",lcgic optlOl"l o f

Jack5()ll and Ewell c~nI.a'inll agaln~. Ranh and now looked at a ITIOf'e wor~abk ~rr.Ingen"'n •. When lAclwn lefl , he valky In pursull ofFn!mom. Lee fell

F. ... dl ... (Mlld be mo..., u""f ul suppa"ing Anderson and Fie ld . Ihll s (IemOnslmling Ihal Ihe bond belwetn Lee

and Jackson w3< no. .<.0 <I fOnS ~< '0 dCler Let: from pun.uing hi s own wIUllon.< 10 Ihe dIlemma ("" mg I he Conft~ ..... ~ near Fre<kn<;k$bu rg . As Ihe press u«: on Fre<k""hburg mounIL"tI. I .... .., u.ged ArKk""", '0

mount an 311iKk agalnM lhe UnK)n f~"'lI"rhc.;nll

lhe«:.-On I) May. ~f.e, ~ Ih,,,,,-,, et'k IJpse in hi scorrc

spondcoct' wilh Jxhon and F._II . Gcncml John~H'n nOlified EWelilnal he h~d recalled 1achon In Ihe

valley "nd w~nl~d Ihe I " '0 forces 10 unite and 3l1ae ~ Han l ~ ifpos-iblc . ln Ihee~en l Banks mO\"dUSIIO

suppon McDo ... ell. Ewdl ... ~~ ,ns'rucl~d.o leave JiKk

wn. maTrh casi . and unlle wllh eliherlheC""kde ra'e M'my on .he peninsu la or Gentral Ander~n il

F~r"'hburg."

II is commonly assu med .1111' I,,;n, 10 20 May bdsun planned 10 au",,); Banks .hrough lhe e-~'ten'

valley. HIS n""-"'ge, Iu Ewell. hu""",.\"( , . indicale OIh

erwllot'. J""k5OO ~m E",'c ll a one.-'"gc on 17 M3Y. Ielling him 10 havc his divi~,oo a. New Market in the weSlern valley by lhe I ... ~nly·fj", and 10 . 1")' 10 lind a tOone over Mas~nUllen Moo nlMIOO fmm tll",y to

F..denbur,. Jacbon' 5 1i0i cho"'e " 'as an allac/;. through ~he ,,~~rem valley. bu. he held .·n .he QPllon of atl~kln, D;mh through From Royal. Ewell in lum

f'''''''arckd John s.on·! men age of lhe Ihon""n.h 10 JiKl ."",. S"ICC il t,pjJCan:d Ih~1 Shidd_ wa, leavtn)!.lhe

valley .0 jotn McDo ... e ll ~nd tl",. Ewell was interprel

ing his tn5lnKlions from Johns'on '0 reqll ,n;; him 10 nlOln::h ca" ill .hi, ~it"a.ion . J""k5OO could 5U hIS plan

of un'"ng ... "h I'."ell agomS! Banh l"t)fTlinll'Q n~ughl . Jack_ Immrd,attly '" ro.e JoIlnMon • .,.piaiooin& .ha.

E ... "II". ocpan .. ", ......... Id u~t hiS scheme '0 31tack BanL. and Ibal l", ...... ~01II"'uing to purwe IllS plan.

pending fUrlher ... o rd from Joltn","n ." Wt.;:n Jackwn mel wilh Ewell ~I Mounl Solo" ott

18 M~y. II<: hatl II()I yel '«t'ivcd a «:ply from John~!on .

I:.wcll w~, i" a dilemma. He " -. s under in5lruc"on~ from Joh Mlon to rna",h h i~ d, .i,1I)O .U"'lIf'd Gordons

VIlle if Danks mo"ed ea.",. yc:t hehe"'" him'IClf Sli ll under Jachon'$ command . J;o.cb"" wrole Ewdl a kller "Dring Iluu. HS I",,~ lOS hl> was in .he va lky. he

9

«:m;"ned uncler hIS comnund ontI.haI. unl""" ,.,j vi...,.j

diITe«:nlly. E" 'cll " ";IS to obty Jacl $OO's orders . The

~OIn"""NI JWUblem .hu. sol"t(j, the ,eOt'rnl~ s.aI do .... n

ond plAnned lilt- ne .. pha~ .

The Coolf.-dcr&.c gCn<!r.,l s saw the UnIon army

split imo four pan~ at .t", " "'''' II"", .he Confeder;lle force> " 'e«: concenlr;llmg. ~ n!llInO\l ' . army waS . ,ill at

FrAnkltn 00 the other 5. o f the A lkglltny Moun.ain,;. Mc Do",·tll", command Wh' :II F...,driclsburg. and Shields' di vision. «:kased fm m.he valley. waS mov·

Inl: eaSl '0 join him. Danls and h" one n'''''lOln; d" ... ion we n: immediHlely.O lheir from a1 Slrn!bur, and From Royal. Agft"". any of lhe..: ..:paJ;lle Froer.lI

delachments, J",,~5OO and E ... ell t OOl I" engage 16.0C10 Conf.-dcmle wldiers. Da"~$ wa, Ihe" rnrgel . JackWlt

direelttl Ewell 10 brit" his dlvi~,oo nonh or N~ ... Marlc. In .he wc.Slcm valley by I~ night 0( 21 May."

The Vallty Army no:M1:hcd on 19 May. pasStng

IhruuSh Ilamsonoorg and "opping on.he I .... ~micth

JU'" oJoon o.>f New Mar~" . .... !w:'«: Hng. Gen . RldLard Taylor''; Lou isiana BngiOdc, an cienle'" of E"'ell',

command, jollied II. Jack ...... h"" ordered thi, brillade 10 join .he V"II~y Army . he«:. Th~ Loul~iani~n~ had been (~ ml>ed w.,,;1 o f Ihe SllI:nandooh Ri vc:t" and :O;OUlh

of Ma5!k1nun~n Moumain. ~vcmlll1ik~ from Ewdl" J

hcMlqtmne" '" Coorad's St<>«:. J"",h"" 00'" s<:nl I:. ... ell anolhe, "'" ...... p'. "M"g.ng hi, orders of the I'rcvouu, d~y. Ik mStNCled f. .. ~11'0 mo,,' hi, conlingen. fanhenlp the weM~m "alley and 10t'litabl IYl CIImp

nonh of MOOn! Joclsno •. "

Ewell hailed hl ~ march al tll my 011 19 May afler rece IVing" IIIlW I~~g .... m ftOm John~lOn .ha •• old hiln Ih3' an all"", . ag~inS! an cnlrt!oched Danks wa~ 100

ris ky and Ihal m~lead ordcn."tl hi , divi ,io.>n '0 nN.We eas. while J""bon would Slay mo: .... ,y '0 """'roc R~nh.

Taylor. "" .... . oo:panoled from E ... ell, did not m:e .. e the

~t to move..alol . John5loo' ~ ""''*''I:I' "'"3$Oaled 17 Mly •• he day bcf~ E~II" ~ ~"n, " 'ilh Jacbon. SeeIng "ooption bul loollty JoIIn5l00's ~ f._II

fOf\lo'anled t!>e mC'~l\e .o J....,kSO/I and pn:parcod 10 mo,'c

caS!. When inFormed oflhe 1"leemon. Jackson again saw

hi~ allock plan Ih""aned. Th.s lime. ntliK:r lhan again apvca linll'O John5l00. he WIred roe"",,,,1 Lee: .• [ am of IlheJ <>pi"''''''''''1 an anempc should "" nlade.o ""real Bank !>. bulu ndcr ;nS! ruc1 oun5 JUSt lY'Ceoved from (""'n,,,,,1 JoIln§too 1 do 001 feel ... liblmy.o malc ilIt anxk. I'\u.~ hnW,V by telegraph a1 ontt:~'

La: did nor ~_ c;.,nrrlIl John~oo had ~m tWO Il'le!;sa8~!fl Jack~ on IS May. both add~S.tIn8 Jack«lll' ~ telegram nf the W:"ent~nth and ad,-oe3tlng Ihat bck~ auack Hanks If po5sib~. ~ mesS3g~s

funlltr Ikllned lilt Valley Army' ~ minion tU ~ct'Jl &inh fromjuining (;c'Il-Tdl MeDov>ell. One or boIh rrll:llsago:> may lui,..., I"'''.cd Ihrough Lee'~ offICe. Jack· .<00 receiVed boIh the noghl of the twentieth ....

Cap!. John Imboden wa~ at the tel(gn'rh slatiorl when lhe fi r>! """, .. ge c~mc in . He IIc!oCrib •. '<l till' rt~!4Illc in ~u\><."",cc a< follow., "If you Ihinl you can beat Hanl t.atlock him. I only int~nded by myonkf5 to caution you against a!!¥king fonifw:aliOll~ .""

nr... Valley Army "on1inu<:<! II< lnarch down the v,lley 00 21 May. JoIlllSlon' 5 ,,;uning againSl attack·

"'. Omks in en, ,,,oehmen,, and hi , hop" th~t lho: Valley Army cou ld k""l' Ban" from ~.nrOKIII' Mcl)o~ 1I forced Jackson to reconsidt, hi~ plan •. Now, InSlead of nwching from Ilani_burg Ihrough New Mar\eI toStl"d$burg as planned. lhe army lurned nshl ~I New Market and he:t<kd xrosStht: MUs;J.nutten II) l ur.lY. Jxl!oOl1 decilkd 10 move down lhe I.'lOSlcrn valley 10 Ftvnt Royal only sfter JoIIn,ton hlld " ·a,ncd hil1ll1l~ 10 ""!tCl Ra"k~ in his enlreoclm'l!:nls. Jack!oOl1 overrode hi s inilialjudgmenl when he allocled Ihrough lhe USlern valley. as he unc\c"'lood full wcll lhe r.sh invol vcd ill allocl 'ng across a nVfr. but he also knew that even ,fhlsallackdid noc ~ . • hi ~ ,11OVO: would le.op B:utks .. way from McDmo'dl by <.eV1:rins IhI: MQn;m •• ~ Gal' RaillOlld.

AI I.."""y . lhI: remalnderofE",-e1l"5 Division joill!:d lite Valley Army. bnnging it5 st~nglh 10 tnUIl' than 1(0.000 rotn and 40 ",nnon n.. "~~r<:h comumcd nonh.and by . hcaft~mo<'" 0(22 May the Valley Army wa ~ J"M tell mitcHClUth of Front Royal . a tolOl" hdd by

only 1.000 Federal troops:" Banks knew th~1 Jackson waS co"'ing: uhhouSh toe

did noc know when. he bclic~cd he knew whe~. In tnc!o!>llG<!!' 10 Stanton. Banh predicted that ladwn would come down the valley W<l)l of Ma! ... anullcn Mountam. Hanks ~a'iud Ihal sinoo he had pulled hack from l'I~w t>bri c. the ""'y wa.. open for Jack50n 10 con'>Olidale w.lIt "''''cll. and he warned Stanlon lhatthc di~"i"i.y;n strength between his force and J!lCkwo·. comhlll!:danny onvitedaConfe&:",.eo(fen'l.eagaon~ Slr.1sburg.lkfon: the aua, .. k OIl Front Royal he W!'IXe. "1 I\:gard 1\ a l ~nain .hal [Jad.<OO I w,1I move nonh 35

far as New Mallei . a ~illon which commands lhe moomain gap and tht: ro.:od~ into the D<cp;u1",cnt of the Rappah:utoock. and en;tb~s him a 1,., IU couperatc wilh c;.,neral E,,'(II. M Fa, from bein, • oomb((r .,. .... wa.~ ("""",nlly ponnoycd. Ranko ",alrzed tMt he was in

lrouble. bu. hecolild not gel Washil1i'on 10 undt:l)I:utd h,~ predicament."

The Valley Army br: ~a" ils fiM! march ht:fore battl( on the: early IIlOrl1 inS nf the Iwemy-th,rd with F.wd!", divi~ion leading. While ' h~ infantry rnan:hcd, Jackro,t"s cavalry struck Bucklun Smion. between Ftvnt Royal and St",~buri:. and the ManasS.1s Cap Railroad ... 'CSI of Front Royal; t~;S CUI off Ill!: Fron. Royal gartlSoo fromthe r~f1Il fon:e. "I Slnrr<,burgand Windoester

Col. Jolm Kenl y. the Fed<'r.l1 comm:mdera' Fron. Royal. counted 1.000 ~ir!", of h.~ , ~ Maryland Voluruce, InfarNry R(,in.,m (U.S.) 1M h,s @anlsort. Upon idenlifying lhelkfenders as Marylande .... Jack· son ordered hiS own newly formed I" Ma'yl~nd Infan· try (C.S.) to attack . The fighl fin lhe ea'! ~ide of the Sl>enandoah wa' ,hnn - hopeless ly OUlnumbered. Kenly "' ithdrew his ",gimenl over ttoe bridlle.,=~ing the South Fon.: of the Sh(n:oooORh River. A~ Kenly's men pulled back, lhey ~I boIh Ihe l'Ionh and South Fork bridge:<: on fi~.ltoping to PfC''elil the puNlins Confederates from ~ru»in,. TllC lead Confederale brig:olk. ho_~cr. l\I~hed .hrough lhe burning ember.; ~nd began putting OUI the firu. while ..... Confederate cavalry. along wi.h Jackson and hi~ ~~fT. conunued tile

anack. Wilen tl>c Fede",II~ began fenning aoothcT

Ii"" of balilc on the h,1I " 'r$! eM Front Roy~1. Jacl _"", ordered Col. Thomas Flourncy'~ cavalry to allxk the Union lruop~. There were (oor lirots as many F"""ral ;nf.ntry as IIIe,e were Confeder~tc cavalry. bul .he ma~. and .peed of the ana ... k ~halterc.J the Union line and ~sulled in a tOlMI rUlli, TlK: final cllualt y figum for Kenly', ... gimclll w8~32 l.II('d. t22woundcd . ~nd 7SO eal~utcd. whi'" Confederute caw"llic.~ we~ leu than 100. Aboul 90 Union IiUIdic", m:ade i. b;Kk 10 B:uth' lines al Stfbbufl .... With the ~ap!ure of Runl Royal. Banb' (em: had ""runk 10 6.000. ju.t one_th,rd the ~izt;of Jackson's Valley Army

l",\lally. Genrnll B~nl i di.4!elteved tile eyewit· oeM ~pons on Conf~..Jc"'tc ~",n8Ih . As rnon: """,i. von of.he Front Royal gamson maOe;1 bad 10 tht:

10

en,~rochn~m, III Str~,bu'l ~nd told ,he .. \I(lrIC:lo, how

c~(r, Banb,oncludcd ,hal E .... ..,U "'a' 011 hi' kf, n3n~ ,,,,<I Jack"."n 10 hi, fronl."

TI~R: "'a, link IImr fO( B~nl~ In pontlcr hl~ ... " mo'e before he "",,uk! be f~ " ' ''h a much larger Confedcr;lIc an"y ~I""""II 11111\ and h,s b.:I~ al Win_

cll\:."cr. B.nk. r.<l'" ,h~t he had Itlt~'" cm"io. .... , · ,;c~y In

Su-.,.burll ~nd PQ>>lbly 113.'( Ius enl"e army caplum!: re1r'~J' along tllr SIr:"OO'1:-Moorditld Road a,1lI ... :d R:fug( ",ith I''''mom, 0( reheat lilt: (ighh:cn mll(s.o

W,rochcstcf ",uh h,s O~nls c'JlOSC'IIO an utt...:k by

E .... 'cll. B~IIl\ 4UK'"kly discarded the fl~' opIion, ""'os:", tio)! thaI he coul,1 nOi hold Stm<burg agall'<I rhe coml",,,,d fon:e of Jxl50n and Ewell Bank".!«ond

d'o'u ""'~ probably .he !hIfcs! alltmaU~C IQI" hI'

cOmbal un,I'. hlll., .... 'wld ha~e left h.s "'"Bolllr:nm al Slr~..oorg and the "'pplie> at WII.ct.e!.lcr 0f'I'1l lu caplu", . IIN~'O ~Ircal 10 W.rocheslc r and noufied

hi" comnwl(kn. on lhe nlghl oflhe ,,,·cnly·.hmllo prepare 10 pull hack I...c" l113n si. h.oor> lalcr, al om.

"

a l",eI ,·c·n"Io:· lung lvlumo of Un.on ",a&on, t.,gan ' 0

ron do .... 'o lhe ,urnpilt ," On lhe mormng of 24 Muy Ja<:kwn, un.<ure of

Banll.' "'I(olions. hegan probll'): lhe Un.on poc<",oo~ u,1 of Sirasburg "'''h Gc.1Cr41 Taylor'5 Lou.sllna Hngade aOlI Col Turner A~hby·. ca".lry re~.mrnl.

The Unton main body had cI~3red M iddle!!) .. n when lhe Confedl'l':I1e.< IIwlo:conlacl " 'ilh Banl~' ",;or Ellard. J""k'-Ol' belle"ed fQf a lin", 111M he had IOlerc~pled Han k,' mmn body ,md sen! ~ me.I<"gc 1(> E"'ell Idling him not 10 mo~cdUM:r 10 W.roc~er. Whe .. bck<Oll

k;ao>ed lll3.llle I-cdcrul. ~"):~I:ing him .... ere lhe rear

gu.rd, he S<:01 a hUrTled nK"~8c 10 E"" ell, ordering h. m 10 mo_e on Win<hes.er in lhe hope 111<11 t.., mill'" till

Banh off. TI,. run",n!: baule beI"'~n Taylor', bo· gade and.he Umon ",'" guard 00 lhe ~alley ,u"'pik con(in ..... 'd (0 Ne .... lo"''' a.1lI beyond before Bunl>' column w., able 10 break ,oo.ac. ",nil ,'''' Conft:<kr

ales. By n.ghlfall, Banks' comrtlOlnd ",a< COfK."Cmr.ned

on lhe h.ll s soulh of Wi .... ·MMer." Gcl\eral Jxlson pushed h.s lroop"> (ow3rd~ W",.

the..<Icr Ihroogh 1M ni~hl and Ily doybr\:aL 011 15 May h~d his ao"y of 15.000 ..... eary w lll.e.s li,e;,,): Go:nerJI Ranb' equally (~hau'kd 6.000. "The b;oule t..8an ~~ lhe .... " bn;>ke Ihrou~h lhe mOI'll;nl: fos:. 001 il did 001 develop a, Jock_ "'pe<:I«I . The SInnc:"'lI1i 8og,Kk. u.Kkr Rnt. Ocn. Clla.le. Win,Ie •. m:odc lhe ini,,~1

auxL. dnving Ranb ' mrn from a prominenl hill 011 lefl nank of lhe Un"", dcfc .. ",,; lhen wi.h I he!o()lJnd of

tanno" echoi ng Ihrough lhe fog, Gcntr~1 Ewell launclled ,t.., b<i,adc. of Hng. Gen. I.;.aac T,imb"-' and Col. John Camphcll all"" UnlOO ,cnler. When lh;~

an"" k "ailed. Ja.k>o" _"""lhe Loui~ia"a Brigade illlo lhe allacL un lhe I't:<krals' far rigt~ nanL. With prc.~

sore coming frum Ihl"« sides, lhe Non"",." line rol· lapsed. Danks' WI01" brok e ,.way from Ihe 01,,,,,,11,,,): Co" fakMe IOfanlry and rXL'd nonh Ihrough Win· chesler 10Wilru Maryland. bel_,o." e.hllu"nI men

coold 001 Leepl""'c, Mnd the Ft:<kral< pulled away r..."n ,'''' Valley Anny y.n ually "''''11)1'''1'''''. AI W.rocllc~lCr, unlike frolll Roy~I , Ja.bon' ~ c", .. lry Wil~ r>OI 3\1;1,1 ·

able " 'Ilcn necdt'd, and the pursun .... '3< an~lOplt:d ooly

by a fe'" jllt''','ry",.n mounled on anilkry h~~.

During .he cOOrM! of 25 May 1862. Ib"h ~nd h" (OO!>' re.real«l over Ihn1y mile. 10 W.lI,.m,pon.

MarylHnd " On 24 hi.y. ~fler leamlOl of Jocl \Of!' s an3(~ 00

from Hoya I,!'reslde ne Li nrol" ex I"""SCtI rot""'"' .boul

J:..ehon 's ramp;lg~ in the v~lIcy .nd worried about Ihe Army of lhe PQlorr...,' s i .... lncooo from Washln,IQn_ lie ~'" lell-gnms 10 G",,,,,,,,l s t-l'I!mont and M .... Do~II, pulling into nM)UOn a pl.n 10 ,aplun: tile Valley A""y. Lincnln orckrt<l Frtmone 10 elller lht' .. lIcy by way of Harrisonbtl'l and anack Jack ........ "The 1<'I<'Ilf'~m 10 Md)owell caoc:clc:d his """"h Qn Ri .... hmond and tn·

st~led himlo,;o:oo 2O.000sokJoe:B tntOlhe ShenanOOah Valle)' 10 c~plurc JlICk_~n and Ewell. Lincoln wid McDowell In II)' co coordin~1f~ hi) ""-",-,,,,,-,nl. wilh fl'l!mont. allhoogh he beli.<V<!d ~lcf)o"'''11 hold enou~h soldiers 10 defeal Jacksoo by h,m""I(."

AI I 700 hours on 24 May I 862. lhe day hefon: II", bal1le al Winc ho:1.ecr, Gene",1 Jackson h3d won lhe Vall<:y ClOmp ... gn. ~I<km Lincoln' s P<'n.'-'p .. on of JlIC~_', Ihn:3ttO WashlnJ:tOfl ...... ! ,,,,,h III:u. rother Ihan allow McDo""n to cOllli"...., hIS m.:Irch south 10waroS Rich"IfJIKI aoo the polentially war·ending OltU"ie being wa@ed lhere. lhe pre)idcm ,hrccIL"<i

Ilion w~ mlO the valley to pur.cuc a ~"I>sldlary cam· pili'" againse Jack-.. Late'!' 00 the: m~ht of 24 May MeDoweil win.~I I>re~ickn1 Lincoln in di~m"y. arguing 11"" Jack"", wntlld he 80ne by lhe eimc hi s -oldieB 801 10 the valley . McDo" ... 1I wnd"dcd. ~I ~hall ,alii noIh· .n, for Y"" tlleo:, ~oo:;.flall ~ mtIClI for)'OO herr ~ Md)owcliioid BnS. Gen. JalTk"s Wad)wonh , the Com· ma!lder of lroe Wa)hinglon I:arro~n ; " If the enemy anny c~n wccccd ~ re:ldlly In di~ut~ HII 001 plan, by alann;na u~ fi~ at ~ po,nl. the .. lit ~1IOIhe:r. lie willparalyu: a large f~ wieh a ~cl)'sm.1I1~:· Sec,elary nf the Trr3\\I1)' Salmon 1'. Cha~, who wa) wI,h McDowell'. ~nn)' at f~lmootll. also qlM'»Iioncd lhe mo"e, "'&£C.~'"a It would toe: heller for M.f)o",'~11

toisoLatcJacksoo from RKh mond by capt~flnt(.l\arlot''''"ville .... T_n'y .r.~ May elided wllh Jackson and hiS lmops n:Slinl! al Winchesl~r. Banks' soldier.c ero,,· In, eroe PoIomao.- at Wllham~pon. and Fn.'nlOflt and McDowdrs ft:Jrce.~ p.-epannS'o mo", lhe" comm.:lnd~

inlO the She:nando.:lh Valley loeonf""'l Jac~~.

Cl)nc lusion

The VaIIcY"'''''I',,,sn proved eminenlly ~sful

.0 lilt C""fe"Cierote cause on both IIIe slr:lte, ..... and opcralll)nalle_ds, h ckson 's cll'OflS noI only suc"..,,· rully ell8'l8ed all .he Fed"",1 fortH in the "alley b<11 also d I vened ... b"'~nt ialpolen. ial rr illr I.If"<'I.'fTII'IlI ~ from

"

Gene .... 1 McClell;m. Wilen the I" ... canoe: 10 fi~hl'he' !>;lIIles around Ricllrnond, lhe Union 511po:riorily ;" manpo"",,' WK. IIl'I.OOO to 78,000 (or fOIIShly 4:3). r~llIL"T lh.1n lhe 137.000 to 68,000 (or rouShly 2:1) dl~p.:omy the ConfcdcnooClo ml811111a'~ faced "

TIle: camp •• i!!" III lhe val ley ...-~s IlOl a I1lallCro(cwo ~e l","'.l s fi ghl"'~ one anOlher wilhoul dlf«'uon from hl,her COI11I11;'oo . n", followln~ gil""""" uf dec;· \I0Il, m;Mk by leaders OUt$I<k the' nllL')' dcc",vely ",n""",,-'tl the t .... nu Ihat trJ",p",,,'tllhe~.

I ) Secre1:lry Sianion', n.,,,, <il8e of 25 A prj 1 stopp<:d (;"roc:ral Hank< frum occllpyll1' StaUnlon , Had Banks cOll1inU<:\llo S,auntoo. Confo:(knMC General Edward John'><lll "ould 1\;I"e Il3d to Wilbd,"w from ctoe: moon· I~in p;I''''~ or toe: cru~"'--d OCtw",," GellCl'3ls Banks arid t-l'I!mom.

2) Sianloo'~ orders of J and 8 May forted Gcroc:rdl Bank> eo,;end Gener:ll Shiekl" d'...s,on tl) (;coclal McI)O_II' ~ command. WUhoul lhe diver.cioo of Shields. B,,~ k. p,nbahly would h_ v" lind .• ufficicnl men to lIandlc t he force, of bc~""" and Ewe ll c0m

b, .. )) A laler me,,,,go: from S",",OI1 ..... l1ed 00 Banks

10 pull back '<I SnadlU'l!. Had B"nh n:"'~med allhe ~Irnlcgi<- lo .... n of New M~,kcl . Jochon could not a, easily loa,.., untied with Ewdl (Of an atlack 011 Banks.

4) (kn,,,,.I I.re p«lp(KI'!d on.5 May Ihal Gcntrdl

E ... ·cll JOIn wllh Gener~b Field ~nd Andr:rMlIl III FmkrichOOI');. llad E .... ell ;loI;qu~lUd.J~~.\On ... 'OU1d

I~ have had enough manpo .... efloamlCk Ilanl~.!.re.

"'-' ... ·ever. wa~ looking (~3 d,vCl"!llon 10 kffp MclJowel1 away from Richmund. and he did nol care from whence 11 Came.

5)JohnSion onSlrueled J;w;:hon not 10B".;:,ull B:LIl~~

in hi~ enln:nehmenlS al SIr.tSbur,. Had J;w;:k-. con· hnliCd up lhe WCSjcm ~~Ik.-y . he mighl ha>'e tlffn

unah~ IOUIT)' a frornal all3C~ fttJIinSI Banh. In)lcad.

Jackson delOUred e;m of Ma,,<jlnullen Moonla;n. ac·

C\!j1I,nt IIIe "'k 1It:ol 11M: &:.rri.on al Fro'" Roy~1 mlghl bum lhe bridges over lhe Sl\i!namloah lI.iv~rb..fore lhe Vallty Anny c~.<ed. Even hlld he faik-d 10C"""" lhe

Sh.:nan<k>ah. ho .... ,,~r. Jxkson would ha>e sllCce~~·

fully accompli>hctJ hi, mi"ion by cuning lhe r:ailroad bclWffn Ban~. and McDowell

6) ~venheless. alllhr "IN"" ... "".rld h",." iwr" _ IIad Prts,drm UMOIn 'WI iJJued ,m/nKli,,,,.

srm/lllJ: MrDo .... dl imo 1M '"<lllr~ Ilftrr Jacluolt. The lrue ."gnif"ocancc of lhe ".'rlpai!:n lay in Ihi. divefliion of McDo .... eIl'Horp. illlo Ihe v~lIcy arid away frum a linkup wilh McClellan OUI~'de Richmond. O n 23 M~y

lhe Immediale mil ilary 01111"'-'" fQl" 11M: Confeder.or;y 3ppr.'ared dire. General McCloclian's I .. """, c .... 1d .-n:

,he eh""'h 'pi",_, of Roch...-.ond. and (;r .... ral Me· ~lI"s corps was ptUS,n, >iOUlh ftom Fn.'<k ••

rehOO.g. To prevent the: lwo UnlOl1 annie!' (tom und,n" locrlC",1 JoIln!>1011 wa~ pn:paring 10 launeh a de.ptr.lle allac~ ac~' Ch,e~ho"',,'y C ... :d 8l:"in>l McClellan 's cnm:nched rlghl wlilg. Only lhe 'ea l ;~".

IIuli thai ~kDo"'~1I had reversc:d his much hailed Ihe Co nfedcMe a",,"ult ~,wJ ib ahnu)t ~"nKin defeal."

(;rneral Bank~' COmmen" "wdt bef"", , he; en· ,~gctnem al Front Roy~lll\;1t L.lncoln and SI3n1on·~

:IChOr" in the; "alley w<:nI far lowards prolonging lhe: life oflhe Confederncy ~rc iu"if"ocd. The hi'>lOf)' of ,he Umled Slates .... llUld be dram~l,call~ d ifferent had Ihe Civil WKr ended in 1862.

HCllred Commm,d Sgl. M,/). Hube'/ S. HUj·h s~n',,1 III

mll!:tr. irghl. wu/ II",r:iuUlI,N i'if""'? URilS u<I</m ~, ... ?o~o"i:.ollooUJI '''''rl/mlN sqlMld It) ." .... v. Wlrilr tluillnn/lO 1M Crn/r. ofMdllQ .... lIlJ1orv ill 1995_ 1'190. III- p""ojdl"d lri$l,H"ia.1 lI11lS1l1ncr ," ,10 .. S«rr:· Ill",' of Ihe A""v 's T a.k 1'""./" un £.ol,,,,,i.,,,. ",u/ h ..

"

suhuq"'nll~ 'I$.i.,,,, ,hr A''''islI", Pllltri "" 5<''>:1101

I/lIrll11lfU!n/. Currl!n/I¥" Ph.f) .... """lalr ill ",il1lol)' hISIOI)' III Ohio SUllo' Ull /rusi!.,'. hI! btu "un «KlImro a eMil diurnnri,.., l'~r / /"l/nK·S/r,p.

NOTES

I. U.S. War DcfW1~m. 11-'", "f 1M Rehrll,,,,,: A Compilnlioot of /I,r Officrnl H.-cor.l. of 1111- U"i'N' ",u/ C ..... /rlluw .. Ann' .... 128 vols. (W:aslll~ton. I).C., 1811O-1901}.<et_I . mI . 12.j1I J . p 107:pt.l.p. 523

(hereafler cued a~ OR "'l1h .<e' 1('!; and vol"m" nurn·

"'oj 2. JO>(:"I, E. Joh n~ton. No rmlire oj Mil;",? 0l'f.·"'" lioll'. /);'·ec·l~d. 1)",i"l> ,I,f' Ullf 11-'", 8~'wulI II,e

S,nus. I>y Joseph E. JOOt""'"'' (;~"nlll, CS.A . t IS74: reprinl ed., BloominSlon. Ind .• 19~), j1fI_ 106. IJI : V II"Iccnt J. Espo..il0. ed .• WtJI POOIII Alltu oj Arne,·inu,

W(m, 2 \"0". (N" .. · y",~ , 1959). vol. I. map 50. 1M Union fora:. coun' '''' in lhe .bov~ tally <;"OfISisl of McC1ell~n's 3nn~ ( 105.000) plu' Maj. Gerl . I,......in

McOo.>""II'~ ro<pS (."10.000). w'lhou l lhe add;""" of Sh ie It!.' division. Confedcr.tle foo:es ,nel ude I roe 6O.1XXl IroopS of lhe Conrederale Army ,n ~nd aroo"d RICh· mOlld ) . Dougl~, Sou,hlIli F=man. H. E. La; A Biogrltl"'y. 4 v"b.t N~wYort:. 11'34 )').2. n.OH . ..". 1. vol. 12. pt. 3. j1fI. 39. 66. 4. Espos ito. Alias of A",ulm" II-',,'s. "01 I. map 50: JH"Q S. Pu la. Thf' limo .... of a G~m"'''·P<>lij·h CMI

WM H,ig,"lr (Sa" FnHICIS<:o. 1976). p. 10. 5. 0 11. . _~r. I. vol. 1 2, I~ . I. I~) . 164..{)5: 234-35: pl. 3-pp. 15- 16.27. 6. lbi<J. scr. I. vol. 12. pl . L pp. 94_95. 1 . lhrd ., .... .,.. I , vol . 12. pt . I , p. 7:pI . 3,p. 104.

8. Esposito. Alia.< lif Amrrlm" WIlT;<. vol I. map 50: OR. i>ef . I, vol. 5, p. 10'19: John<;lon. NII,mli, ... of Mi/i"" ,- O",,.""""J. pp. ~"". 74: I'lNman. It. I:.. Lu. 2: n. 9. Joim"on,H<1ffnlll"" <11 Mi/II", ·.,'O,w,mi'H1.,. PI'. 106. I 10: [)Qugla\ Soulhall FI"ffm:t.n. Lu'J Ui!UI~"(""" A Sludv ill C'-"'Immlli. J ,·uls. (New Y Oft . 1942---44 ). I:

J3tt; 0 10', !\CI. 1. vol. II. pt. 3. p. 45S. IO.Cllfford Do .... dcy, ~-d .• TItr WnnimeP(Jpuso/H. E. uri Doston.I96I).p. 114. 0H . ...,r I. vol l2.pt. J.pp. 11 1- 12, 118- 19. ~9-W.

II . OR. _ . I. vol . 12. pl . 3. pp. 862_63.

12,l)oWlky,P"f"'''''fl..u. pp. 155- 57:01l.xr. I. vol. 12. ['I. J. pp. II('~. w'lh Ille qUOIJlions on p. S(>(I. 13. [lowde y. PaP<'fS of l.J:". pp. 155-~S Rclw~cn 21 and 25 April Lee :.enl Ihr~'C Iloc.>sal:"" loJohn~loo. none commennnl! on ~ilht'r Jock"", 0< E .... eli. 14 OR. !!I.'1. I. vol. 12. fII . 3. pp. 105-07 . ... nh lhe qUOIulioll 0" p, 105. 15. IbId .• pp. 10(,_07. 110. 119. 16. Ibod" pp. ll1- 12.IIS- 19. 17. Ibod .• pp.50. 122. IS Ibid. pp. 869-70 1'.1. Ih.d .• j1fJ. 1170-71; LIowdey.PaP<'TJojl..u."" 161}

". 2Q OR.""r. I."",1 12.JM .l. p. 872. 21 . Ibod .. p. 876. n . OR .... r. 1. "011 2. 1)1 3. p. 878. 23 Jc<lctJi~h HOlChl iM. M,,4~ Me" Mapoflh~ Val/n'

TI!~ (."il·;' W", Jo"m,,/ of S/{)tI~wlIlI ){lrbo" 's TIII"'X' mphrr(D3I1u. 1973).1'1', >4-35 24 OIl.!oC' I. ""I. 12. IM 3'1'1'.1178--79; WIII'~mAI~n. ··JxL."",·~ Valley campal,n of 1%2:' Somlu-", Hi,. lorkn/ S«irr. PaP<'TJ 7 ( hnu~ry IS7QI' 1"- 15. l)a"KI G. M:," in. ){I~b,m's V"II~,v C<U"I""~'" NQI',·",IJ..', I IIM..J",",' 11162 (Hryn M3wr. P3 .. 1988). pp. 61-62. 2.'1. II.~" L. Dabney. Lifr and C""'I,,';g",1 ,1U"ul .. Gm T'homtu) J .... """ IN~'W Yori.. 1860). pp. HS-39; HOIchl"~. M"p ofl~ Vall~,'. p. 36. 26.0N,~r, I.vo1.12.fII . 3.pp. 88 I-t12;IM I.pjlA70-71 . 27. IbId .. !oCI. I. vol. 12, pt . 3. pp. 126. 13:\. 137 28. lhKl .. ,;er.l.vol.12,pt. l.p. 465:pt l.p 141. 29. lbod .. $Cr. I. ~oI. 12. pt . 3. 1'1'. 141 . 146. l)abney.

Ca",palllf15 of )aebon. p. 350: ON. ""'. I. "01. 12. po . I. pp. 470-76 , wilh Ihe qllOlUflOO on p. 470. "W ON. ~r. I. vol. 12. pt . I. p.413: pl . J. III) 17.1. 181. 184: Ihhney. C"",pa"nl of J"rlwn. fill. 352- 53: HOIChb ss, Map of I/)t> Vnll~y. 1'1'· 4:t-4~.

31 OR . ...,' 1 . ~oI.12.f'I, l.p.473;po,).pjl888--89. O"lmlly. C;""'I",ix"" of J'WhOIi. pp. 352_51. ~2. ON. >c:r. I. vol. 12. fII. 3. p. 184; H,~ch ~ I~~. Map of I/)t> I'all .... ,. p.45.

33. Milo M . Quaife. cd .. ~''''m II,~ Ci"",(}<I's Moullr;

T~ Cil'l/ W" .. ulln.' "(;r,,~r/lI""pMul S. Willi", ... 1[).:ll Oll. 1959).pp. n 74. wi.h Ihc'luIM~"on on p. 74. 34. ON . ..er. I. vol. 12. pi, 3. 1'1' . 12.~. 129. 135. 3~· Ibid .. pp. 136--38. 140. 8&4--115. 36.lbtd .. pjl. 142. 144.

37. Ih,d .. ..". 1, ~ol. t 2. pl. I . pp. 523- 24: pt . J. 1'1'. 154_ 55. wlth.tw. <juOltd words 00 p. 154

38. Ibid .• ~r. I. vol. 12. pl. 3. PI'. 1\1I441~. 39. [bid .. ,;cr. I, vol, II, pl. J. 1'1'. 499 500. 506. 510. 40. f ..... man, R. Ii.. l.rr. 2. 34. ON, ""r I. vol. 12. pt l. 1'1', 867, 881. K8.J-.l!4. 885 86.896-97. 41 . ON. ser. I. vol. 12. pl. 3. p, 888. 41. G. 1'. 11. . Htn<k,.,.;ln. Slo,,~~'(!1I )", .. h"" ,,,,d 1/'" Ammrall CM/ II'Il ... 2 ~ols. INc .... Yorl.. 1898). I: 236: Dou~I:" Suu.hall F,,,,,,,,,,,,.lLr·s I..h",~"altls; A SI~'

'" C"",,,,,,,,,/. 3 vol~. (New York. 1944). 1 , 366: Rnben

G. T~nncr. S,ollr"'al/ ill 11r .. Vul/I'\': TiwmOJ J "Sw!lrl>'a/l" )(!('h"" 'J'SI","",ul"all VallrvCI""JX,iK'" Sprillll 111112 (Garden Ci.y. N. Y .. 1976). 1'. I QH: F"""k E. Vandiver. Mij("t.· SlUIK .. all (1957. repnn' 00 .. Coll~i:" S.a1lOn. Tu .. 1992). lIP. 237-38; J"""'Jlh T, Glanhaar. P'-""'frJ m Com""",d .. ThO' N~la"oo,sl"PI /J,'I~W" uatirrs III rlr, C;"illV"" (New York. 1994), p. 25; OR. >cr. 1."01. 12. pt. 3. pp. 894-95. 41 ON. i.er. I. vol. 12. po . 3.p. 897 n.c boob CI1ed '"

nore 42 cuher Iea"eoul Jacbon', "lSlIllClIOM 10 E .... ell or do AQt nptaln why Jack ..... , Ill" f:oc~·.<.>-face co,,· I·C, ... ,,;on wilh Ewell. ~red Ewdllo ",ovc h" d,vI ' ~Ion "''e~ of Mass:mullcn M",,,,win . The sll·~nJ;.h' of .he Union det:och"-.:,,l, we,," I-n'mon. wi.h I~ .OOO.

McOuwell w,.h 1O.0u0: Shields wllh 11.000. and lIanl,8.000. 44. Richanl Taylo<. n...I'/ru<·li"" .uld ll<!colt5/nlClim, ' /'uIIN",1 EAI""'it'uas of Ilor L"'~ W"r (New Yorl:, I K79). p. 48: II00Chki". Map '11/w Vullrl'. p. 46: I);r.bMy. Caltlpal~ns," JI~HI, 1'1'. 3~9-00: OR. )CI.

I. ~ol 12. pi 3. p. 1I9l1 4~ . ON. "'r. 1, vol. 12. pl . 3. PI' 89( ... '.111. wnh .he qllotallon on p. 898. 46, HOIchbss. Map uf Ihp V"II~,· . pp. 46-47; T ~n'lCr.

SWn,,,·,,I/, pp. 201...02. 41 . John Imboden. -S.onl' .... all Jacl~n In .hI.' Shenandooh Valk:y.- in R~n U. John5Oll and c.c. Dud. cd, .. 8"111 .. .-(,,,,1 /.mdcrsoflht C,,·il lV<lr. 4 vOIS. ( I 884- 1 !!l!1I. "'P""l W .. N(w YQf~ . 1')56). 2: 288. 411 . OH.=. I. vol . 12. pl . I. pp.5l<>-37. 555-58, 702-OJ, 7 3J-34: Richald Taylor. INslrocuon and N«",,· <mIClion. 1'1'. ~~ I . I)~bney. Cllmp'''f/1tJ '" jad:sm •.

1)\' J64..-6lI. 49 . ON. ser. I. vol. 12. 1'1 . I. pp. 524-27. ""illo .he quotalion on p 524: Fred H. lIamnl:'on. Pigllli"l1 Poluirllln' Ml'i<H' G..,,~m/ N. P. &m/u (J>hlladelphla.

1948). C~SI18~le. BankS for being ~n unskilled pollllC31

1:e"""iI and faults Mank ~ for his role in I~ Valle y campa.sn . B~nk5 h;sd k ... ·ed a.~ Spu~er of lhe U.S Hou'lt ci Kepn;x,"ali~es and !O\'f111OI' of Mas'illChu·

k!1S on lhe years prior 10 lhe war.

50. OR. ",et. L "01. 12. pt I. pp. 536- 31. ~~5-~II.

702-(13.733 34: Ualllley. Cflmp<Ut:nJ of Jad.Jet!. pp.

3M-68. 51. ON,.-. I. voL 11. pl . I. pp. 5lS-lfo, 52. Ibid .. pp. 527-28, 546-47.

53. Ibid .. kr. I. vol. 12.ptl .l'p. S46-49.614-IO.103 1)(; pl . 3, p. 899. 5;1. Ibod .. ~r. I. vol . 12, pl. I. pp. 527. S4'.l-52, 595-98. 616-18, 7~-06, 736-37.

55. Ibid .. ser. I. "01. 12. pl. 3. p. 219: pt I, p. 643. 56. Ibid. ~r. I. vol. 12. pl.), pp. 220. 221.229. widl

lhe qUOllilions 0<1 pp. 220 and 221 . 57. The fjrg numbrrs ~prestn1 McCkllan'~ army (105.000) Wilboul McDowell' s reinforcing corp~

(40.000) versu~ John ! IO" (J...,r) (60.000)supplcmcmoo

by ladson and Ewell (111.000 tUiclher). The second stl CO<1lpri~ McCldlan plus McDowell (lew Shidd$' division of 11,000) versus lohn5l0ll (Lee) plu!l EIO'cll

(8,000). hut wnhoUi lackwn. Sec EsposilO. Allm vf Am~riC/<t! Wan. mal» 42 ~nd 51 . 58.JOOn5l0<1. NafTf1t"·e"'MililllryO~rotionJ. p, I J I:

GUstl .... s W. Smilh. The Banle '" S,. ... " Pif!#'S (New Y"rk. 1891).p. 14.

Call fur Papers: June 2000 Conference of Army Hislorians TheCemerofMililary Hi.lory i, solienin! paJlCrs for lhe June 2000 biennial CO<1 feretH;e of Anny HistorIans.

T1>c lheme of ,he conferencc will be '1"IIe Ko~an War.'" PaJlCrs IIlIly LOdd~ss the blIckground. condUCI. or imp;l<'l

of the Wllf. 'The ronfcrtnu organi7"::rs ...., _king papers ~Laling ,0 all aspecl' of nuliwy OJICn'lions in Kon:l. includmg the irnpac1 of military :mel civilian Ieioo.Icrll. the conlribullOM of various branches and nrpnization. in

\he Anny.!he roles of OIher U.S . military serv~. and ,he OI'C'r.lIlOllS of lhe mililary forces of other " B1iotll.

Discussions of lhe diplomalie """ polilical C""leXI of the WMr are also welcol'llC. A st>Condary focus of lhe cO<1ferenoo will be the Cold war. and Ihe Cenler is panieularly ;nltr~OO in papers OOdre.«ing lhe impact of the KQtean Wuon OIher (11«15 of the Cold War.

The conference will be held on 6-8 Juoe 2000 in nlC1ropolilan Wash ingtO<1. D.C. T'rospecl.ve pamcipants sllould send lhei r pt'OJIOsed paper lopics 10 by "",il to Dr. Wlllialil Sliver,;, U.S. Army Center of Mililary H, stol")'. ATTN: DAMH· FJ>F. 10) Third Avenue. Fon Lesley J. Mc Nair. D.C. 2Q3I\1·S058 or by electronic rNul 10

''''ewa(lhqda.anTly.mil. Fu nher ;"formalion m:l.y be oIxained by calling Dr. Silvers al 202-685.2729.

Center of Military Histury News CM Il Provides IJllk Ito R" 'ised R~ul alion~

'The '"Books and lJocumcnlS" :oitt,ion oflheCenler of M ilillll'y HI~lory 's ,"'eb JIiIIe. hllp: w_.army.milkmh.

fig. 00 ... provi<ksCOll~nlenl ao:.::fiS 10 the Ihm Army regul:lllons fill' ,,'hich lhe Cenler" ,he ~nl. Two of

lhest regulal;O<1S. AR 870-5. Milita ry HiS/lJry: R~SIHJIlSibtlilits.l'o/kil'$. ",uI T'roced"res. and A R 870-20. Arm}' Mustums. llistarica/ Artifncts. lind Art. appear in revi<;Cd wilions issued earlier Ihis yeRr. AR 220-': /hsig",m'"n. Clauijicu/tM. and CllQllle ;n SlvlJU of Units. was issued in 199 L.

Ctllil Setk.~ Vhlun t ..... rlj The U.S. Army Centcr of Military IIi5l0l)' IS ~ckjng voh ,,' lurs inlere51ed in ass;Ming with lhe work of lhe

C~nl~r. VOlunlet'rs may pamcipalc In the pn.:-paratiOil and orgall'ZlIlion of library and archivll malerials and in

providm! Il>fOfl'n<ltion 10 lhe publIC. The vol .. nh,er work will be conducted al lhe Ctnler', prima!)' location at 103

Third A \'tnUt:. ForI McNair. D.C. Neart>y on.posL parking is normally available . Inlcro::51ed mdividuals sllould pn;>vidc: a ,'itll. togclher wilh Iheir 00dro::~. and Icicllhone number. 10 Ik Jcff",y Clarke. U.S. Army Cenler of

Mililary History. 103 Third A veri"". Fon McNair. D.C. 20319-5058. Funher infOfl'n<llion m.1y be obtained frum Dr. Clarke &1 202--685·2709.

IS

TH E CHI EF'S CORNER John Sloan Brown

A~ I look b31:k on 11M: fir.>t half of 1999. it IS my pie ... ,,,,," to repo<! ~i,nifican\ prol:~ in

implementing the Anny I listoricalProJ:ram StflllCglC I'I~n 2010. As ~ou know. the Straltgic Plan

fcalu,,"s five m~or (ocus a"",s. ~"d wC 8,," tllOv'"g ahead nicely in all of lho:m. Our goal wilh n:$~ to INFORMATION TEcHI"OlOGY is ultimately to provIde on-demand

",tenld i"" lIC1.~ to mIlitary h,story. amfacl d3ta. and "",n;e documcnlalion. We a", "ery proud of lhe P'"a&rCl<J; ,,~ a", milking with our U.S A""y <:elllCr of Military HIMory (CMH) wcbsilC

( ........ ·.army.m'Vcmh·PR) and delit/lloo hy il~ rece.pI of the Academic E.o.a:llc:na: Award from SlUdynel and similar ronlpllment~ from N ... ~apc.1ksc klJdos fn)m cdOCllt~ IiIttCmplm~ toexploil

lhe intern." indicwtc the BppropnateneSS of our cho ... .., of rnedlll"-"< dor~ the fact we averagc over JIXl.1XlO "h,,," ~ w~k . NO! only do we h:,,'~ Hn ~vcr"nc",a~",g ~rTay of publlCallons posled. we al~

have Anny"M di~I"kycd and are Introducing :mifac.1 mfOlnlalion a"d virtual tOUD of nWSCUI11)~taning with Fnn Myer. CM]I and C)'bcDp1ICC mi , wcll!!

With re spect LO PR()OlICTS ANti SF.IIVtCU. We want OIIr CUSlomers to !"C«lve timely. accUTlIIe.

and compn:ht:nsive hi", .... iatl infonnallon MId KI""ices. We an: proud of OUf recent publication) and of the f,""illly with ... hoch we have disp;1tchc:d • ~p"tcof rttenl Congrd.\KlR/II. Sec~I. and Army

Suff "'quiries. but we arc loo*inJ: 10 the f"ture m ~fomng a Hi5loncal Pro)«15 Dcvelopmt:nt I'rocHt (HPDp) in " 'hieh we will invite all nf you to pilrtk'p;II~. ] w,lI have ~ to share with you concemin~

this uciting initiat i.·c in my ne~t Chiefs Cl)ITM:f. Otnl!1lACU i~ our gool in being proactive ",td rc,pon~ive in rendering polential"uslollle<:l .ware

of historical product •• nd ..,,,,icc~. Our new book relu§e progrdm is ooigllCd to energize the most appropri~t" MuJiClltts. FOf e,ample. We issu.:d /,!duslri"li,<I.< in OIio'e Vrah with some fanfare in

Atlanta at a oonference of the National Dcfcn~ Indu~tnal Ai~llltion: and L.TG Larry Jordan. the Army's Inspector General. personally hololed G recepllon with 311 his key as""";Mte..~ to release 1M

btesl vl>l".,.., of 1"10", I"s,-lon G"'Mml of 1M U"il"d Statu Ann.Y. Our I),r.senation Fellow~hip Pro, ..... " has *m,fi«l ~ fine yOilng ",hc,'~ ... for ~ubl;tant ial :w;.st~e. and _ ... ""e....".g~ically

oovenosed our wares throughout the ArnlY and beyond it as well. We an: vel")' n"",h looJ.ing forward

to the 6-9 June 2OJ))C" .. (c"' ... .., of Army H i5torian~-tbe t ..... "'" will be thc Korean War-and arc

ca."ing tbe IICt wiJcly for pape'" to su ppon it. I n>ora. a< F.I )uc ..... n o:</ t5 concemed. we want the whol<: Army to thonk in a hi,turical corlte~t. We

will i pend ~ time on this then", al our ne , ' meeting of 1M "WitHI")' Hi,,0l")' Coordlnaling

Commln~ in the fal'. lkn: we might tal e .<pK.al OOIicc urtbe won<krful JOb.oomany Army rnu",mm. ha'~ been doing in pntnlOl;ng henlage train ing on OUr push. Th,.' t .. nelyeduc;uoonal cffOf1 i~ valu:abk

In its OW" right and offeD a uKful complc'ncnt to tbe Army 's "all,cs training lOS well. Effecti.c I'IIOGRAM MANAGEM UoT would _ all of us in {M hi)ll)lical community roUli""l,.

eollaoor::ne with. coonlill,'e willt. and .uppon one: anothrr I fcd c~lrcl1lely positive «>neernl"! t"" lumwor~ wc an: )IX'''g di~pl~yed :KI"O>S lheenlire Anny H i~tor",all'm!r:t.m. Ca",~ in point ,oclude

the spirit of cool'crntioo demollsl r~lcd in (he ",:cent nICCtmg oft"" MACO M UiMorian~' Council and lhe ringulg cndnr1iemenl ,,·c re<Xivcoj for Oil! Slr~legK Plan fro .... lhe Se .... ct8l)' of the Army .nd hi"

Senior St~ff Couocil. I hope you will find Ihi, l""t""" report ",·itll ~ ... 1 to the Army H'Slorical Protnom Str.llegic

Plan 2010 hrlpful andcncouragong. We ''<:1")' moch tool f,,",-anI 10 he.3rin,~bout tho: ~rHnll of

you an: ma}""' .... ull ~ to your _ ." areas of responsibility.

"

M~ll'Arthur's Engineers:

Engineer Mobili1 ....... tion During the First Philippine Campaign

By J uhn W. Whllman

In lal e 1941 LI. Gen. Douglas ~bcAo1h,,(. newly mobi li1lXi Philippine Army had ,;e"ouscngi,lCe. ~honfalls. Smee h" amy,,1 in lIN: Plulipplne~ m 19:t~ a.~

milil;UY adYIW 10 lhe Commonwnlth govemn..,",. M.,Anhur h3d ~n boilding M nati<;>nal army 10 de~

f~nd the i~lands upoo the .. In(kpcndcoce (rom liltUnited SIDI~'. "" hed"l~d for July 1946. Thc Il\rculc,,· Ing Inlemallonal ~It ualion fCwlt(d in the mobihulion of thai ""ny begmning In Au~u." 1'}4 I. and lhal mobihz.allon "' .... "ill incomplete f ...... r month. later "IK ... bpanan:K:~ed .'

The firSllraining (or "ilipjltO~o,,:;<:ripts had begun early in 1937. ~f1cr much hard ,,'or ~ ur>d """polalion by M:K:Anhllr w,'" hi. SUlff. T",'cnty thousand ,,,,,,,rvi).!. ""ell' lhen calk<! f,,. fi.c·and·a·half momhs· I r~.ning.

MocAnhur w.lS happy w.lh Ih,: ",.ull. and lold a j""m.li'llhallhe mlhlary in'ln.elion had "'gune u · eeedmgly , .... 11, .. Y~tlhe new army had serio<" .hun·

ages of ne~rly every Iype of ctj'''pment. muluplc Ian. tWlJ;C'S slo"'~ ulllning. a,'" lho:lf well' too few Ir~lIted cadre to h~IMllcal1 l he men. Money aPP<01,rialc.' hy lhe 1'I>ihppi ... N~tlonal Asseml'lly ((II 1937"m OUI. aT\d fund. f .... m Ihe ne'l year' , ~pproPfiali"n' had IU be u".,.j. Constam r:lin~ cre~ted I'l'O'" loVing ~nd Ir~mlng COIIMl,I'on •. Annll.ll lramlng of B, few,.. 5.000 men would Pfove B I:",al dn"n on IIrt C(IInmon""",ith's l1"(a~ury. and fllndillg more t r~ining wa.< politically unpopular:

Tltt: year< leadmg up 10 1')4 I "".ely improved lhe s ltual ion. New 'ncn l'IXelVw basIC tninlng each Y""'.

bul M:K:Anhur cou ld do lillie in the all'" o f rockl and weapooJ Inllnmg. n..: U.S Congll'SJ was loathe to fund Ihcse mililary acuvllie,. IICC""SC Ihe Philippines would !\OOI, be indel'C'ndcnt . Why wa"" the In<~"'y? FilipllO poIlhc;a"~ ,,"en; IilewiS<' unenl hll.,a~tlC . l1Ie

Philippine Army fin! attemptw ","'1 tr.mml In IIrt 1oU"'"",r of 1941. jU~1 hcfOfl.l the prewa, call·up of lescrv~. OOt even then II 1"(M"eIW Ihat Il1Iining to

.mal l units fOf ~ I"',ioo of IWU wu ks. The 1"(scrviSiS d"lf"led dunn! lhe mobilj'JlI ton oflale 1941 evideneed few if any of lhe benefils of premobolizal;on Inltn.ng.·

17

Among lhe unill of l he Phi "pplne Army activaled In lit( r,,11 of .941 "·ere division. corps. and amty ensmeers Iksigned to 5IIpporl a force lhal would ulli · m;ttely .ndude an a.my hndqllaners. Ihree corps. and Ihinun dlvlsIDM. RUI lho: Army could COUnt on few In.inW leader.;. no .<Oldi~·,", Ir~incd as eng .... ut"S. and w, y litt le cnginuring equipm"nl. n", few Philippine Army ea""" soldiers well' 1051 .n a IIdal Way", of "",roilS.

In Dttember l ').il I .... '" ....,.r Qflly IWO mllncd Regula. Army Cnlllll«' I)3l1altoos in II", entill' 1'I>i lip· pme iSland •. Onc. II", 803 ' Engineer A vi!tt lon Ballal· ion. was engaged in ai,fid" con~rvcl ion dut""~ and COlloid not sp;l1l' men to lralll 11M: Philippine Army', cngl""'" n:croi.,..'The other Reg ... la. Army cngltlCff 001111 "'a~ tIM: 14~ E.,~m«r BanallOrl. anclemenl of tIN: 1'I>ilippine Dl vi,inn. Th i. ballahon wa~ n(flCcred by

An"'ricans and m;tlllied by ~art.."r Fihpino soldlcr> ealtro 1'I>ilippine xoul~.ll>cso:enli~ctI men well' fine soId.er< who ""'" cqUIPfled wllh tIM: .... ,nc indivwUIII gear ... alldard loAn",,,,,,,,, II n il s. 1lM: Ph I' IJIII' ne Scou I >

wert ~nown Ihroughout It.e Army for ,hei. '''perb lIIa'hm~nship aT\d their I" ... , of ""Idl(nn,-'

One om .. ..,r flVm lho! 14- f'..nglno:cr Saltalion w~s Uliigned a., an in,lnoclor 10 lhe cng.net'f baualioo of

"""h of lhe PilIltppu"" A",.y·, len "'$<'",e dlYislon~. and tWOxOilI norx:omn""ioned offictrs wenl tonch company in lhe"" battahons , When Ihe W", ~gan.

1M..., _n were <tililmining ~ngineer e""'~. and lhe 1'I>il ipPIne Army' ~ Il'c'C"'C t"l:i.....,r baltaloon~ had rKII

yet "Hned tIN: ,tand;u'd Ih,rtttn ",;eh of ba~ic engl · nur InSlruelion Al Ihal jUllClure. all till" Americans could arrange f on h~.'" "nilS was al e lescoped sehedu Ie "f in.lflICtion In hand 10ub ~nd pioneer equlpn..,nl. M<1Y hOdJ:C con>lfllClIOII. f.., Id (on ir"'~"OOl. "'moh. lIotK and camounagf . As a Il'sult. 1he dl5lribuloon or former nfroce t"S and SfrgeantS would prove criucal to II", Phi1iPP111C Army'~ , ub!>equenl engine." "1)<;111· tiOrl~.·

'Tltc "lOSt notewon h Y c",""",,,,.i'l ic of Mx A n hur' ~ cng.nur fore.;, In Oo.:et:mber 1941 wa.~ II. incomplele·

nen. j>n,WM plans had called for cn,i'II:..:r rnobi li/w, liun IU conclude in Ocloo.:r 1942 wilh j()() .ran1oed

uI'f ICCn .. id ,,"'n in eaoch Ph.I'Pfline Army dlV'slonal cn,if'll:le' banalKln. Hollo"..., •• as of I I}t(e~. 1941. ft(lI one Nnahon had been compklcly m;ln,,,.:d Of

eqUipped. Exh bau~11OII was soaffcd~. iibou. 80 pI'"

(em so",n,.h. ;15 membe~ Filip'lOQ drnfi<!eS wnll no milnary Of ~ngi""".;ng O:'l'crience. Abou. 1(> o m cers ~nd 37~ ..,nli.lled Illen were "''"''l!ned .0 exh ball~iron. ~nd nilihey had 10 wor~ wi.h we", hand lools uf lhe

World War I period. They had no bliliootc ..... dUIllJl

Hucks. or power lools. and lhei. ,,,,~,,spor1alioo con

~i~led uf cummandeen.:d civilian buses.' Hallalion romlnllndcrs dlscovel"td .hal lhey h.;od

m;!ny Filipino ""'£'lanIS, ~V;::lcrans·· of Urller ann\lal

m"mng. whocould "" •• I11"",.;od not ", ... re.COIwctscly. they bad phys""ians. I~wyel"$. cknli.b. arid l'Il1irpplne

ROTC Ir.odu.al"" ""'IVing ~s pri"".~ n..:1. «<IIIC'SU 10 chan", lhe a.\~il!nmell1 of these highly skilled men wenl unansweml. 1M Philil'Jlino: A.my· ~ cnl\ln«r

offocen were ",scr,·ists who h.;od ""ei,·cd five·and·a· half Il1O!Ilh' I ",ining bclwccn 1936 and 1939 bul h;t<l ne:ver hOO a chance 10 apply Iheir . kill>. Mu,1 ha,1

forgonen whaleverlhey had once karncd .houl how 10 Im;n men .'

I n IKklII ion I 0 I he combat e ngr neer Nita I ion • ul huriudeachoflhe Philippine: Army's(levcn divi'IOII~ .he I so .... gulardivlSion and the II ", 21".] I". 4 I". ~ I".

61".7' ".81".9 1·. and 101 · resoe-~ div,slon~-Ihc

I'h'hppone Anny"s engi.-r ITWter plan called (01 3

comb;u en,'n«r "'gimen.s. 6 5epar>r'c blrll~IKln~ 2 hell~y pottlon banKlion>. and ] 1I>J101liiphO( (ump:!

niCS. SUpporl ""hel""s such a~ en81n«. p:!ns comp:!nie~ Rlid engin«. equipment comp:!nie~ wo:n: al;,n

netOed. These lIOIIdivi5ionai unilS nc,·cr I'ItW lhe Ioghl

ofday .' A I1huullh din:clcd nOi towD~le UIl"II' buildrn~ Im,n'

inIl8.ca~ ~,'" I,;,~ carn~. commanders h;td 10 ' l"'lid days 'imply ~mmging for l<\ni.aliQn ~Ird clean"g a

Space to live: m ,he clUltenxl """"",menl'. Oi, isional engin«n ",,,",ed all day 10 build b3mK"ks. rood •. Knd

WIt,(r sy~ems and had only one hour at ",veil k" ynd one hourat retreat forbasoc lraimng. Even mt)vong into

completed blJildmgs proved diffocull . The 71 " Drv,s,on. for ," sranr;c. fim had 10 c~n up afle. coon-...:'

labor'ers who had lived ,n the bamK"h during lherr runwucliun wilh their families. cll",,~~'IS. ~IIII plg~ . .. ,

Rains from JUIlC through NovClllber delayed can·

lonmenl con .... ruc.ion 5'00".' w.I<1Ied 001 bodges. floorkd (ound.~l ions. and fOIled every'hm,. Typhoon. wa,1red a ... ·ay ro:od<. ~nocled do,,·" buildings. and

"~ked .cJepbone and.clegmph lil"lO. Eng'nttD ""uled on ,hou!Ojnd~ o( cuboc ya«b or cn,,1Ied rock ' o.wrfacc

roods. but undcr.he I"on'~hmenl nflen ·wheel ~mmuni· IiOf' lrucks. every I"",,cnfhard ~urfx ;n~ 5QOI1 SlInk 'nlO a sea of mud . Engrnee. battalions. whio.;h .1>ou ld have

been IIa,nong. spe nt much o(lheirrimcbuildong roods. "

La.klng mili'ary barrier '''rJllie~. en8;nee~ confiscated oor\>ed wire fmm merchanls. Filipinocivilialls

willingly turned over ... ·hal tlley h;Ad and helped the

'Okhcrs scan: II for"""" . Ma yon 0Ill~'" zed I he I rrowns· men. "ho "ropped h:rrNd WIn: from f~, ... 'C>. Men roll«ted wood from lumberyards alid (elled COConUI

1=0. Ci. ilian) II;,,,kd In la.g~ qu.m""e~ ofbamboo 10 Ix ,,~~I a~ pic~c .. for.he' barbr:-d WIn: and a~ ~ha'l"'ned

"tale~ fOf obstxks." Building a,rf",lds lurned 0I1110he' a bIgger job.han

an) """ npt."C'w Con"roclKln and \lp'~ " .or\; was IIndcnal en "' over fo n y field,. bul the dfoll !oOOI\

IJgg~. There we", ,imply lIut ~no"gh mllrl~ry cn~i

ne:e. personnel no. ~ufficl~n l compl'lenl civi h~n ~ngi· nccrs ""d locnl con1r""'~. Most of LUlOn·~ civihan COntra'''OI"S and their equipmenl " ·cn: bheOOy rommit,

led 10 Navy proj«I'. Whe n: 1"''''lflne:1 uisled todo.hc

wurl. ~ sIIoo1age of heavy ~on$lroc.ion C<I"ip"'''''' frustr:lIed planne:rs,"

Help came on 23 Ck.ubr:. 1941 . .... hen lhe 8SO-man 1\03' Eng''''''''' "',·,~tKln Rauahon.'UJethC'r,,·ilh i .. , hig IrlOClors. mlleOi, mnd g(:.ders. am.·ed ,II lhe I'hlhl'JlIllCS

from the United Slalu. Coml)<lny A of lhe Ntlahon

immedialeiy went ""n!",·c~1 of the bon,be. b<rso: at Cla.k Fio.;ld lolluildan DI~npatO'Donncll.Cn",pany

B we,,1 firsl tnClarl l'le ld and then ""'Ih 10 Ikl Carmen 10 buold 3 new pursuit .lIip."

S' 3lesio;k ft'inforce",,,nl' were to have pro~idcd

mon: of M'ICA rlhu .. ·~ enjllne<rs. By ",id.November the War Dr:p;anment had approved the tr1lnsfer 10.he

I'hllrppillCS of 19.3S9 offocers and men belongi"!; 10

specialiud unil). indud ... ! cngln«~. along w,th aJl·

other 3, 168 individual officersand cnli"ed specialists. One of.hc umrs belnll .... adi<-d in.he Umted Slalr;> for

ckployment "'"JS ,'''' 47'" Engineer.;. a general service n:,iment. It W"d~ Ofgani1.ed pnoclp;llly as a hand labor

O<llfil Ihal would u'"" m:lChincry only 10 a modcr1llr

"

Ulem. lI~t lh~l unit and otllers ~lalM a~ ~.0<pS ~ngi·

ncers did IlOl arr,ve. They !Jacked up on tile ~l roast

awa'lIng the ~llocallOO of madequate ~hipping. "

When !lie Japannt auac~~d I'carl Harbor and Claft Field. more than 3 million tons of ""'tend

CBrmut.nI fOt MXAnhur weft' bxllOUni in port. and <lepob ~waiting sp;tcc orl seV(nt~ separ(lle .,hip

~n15. and the I>Jbstantial equipment allotmems fOf

t .. ·oenginecr aVIation \);ollalions '"-en:on the h'gh sn s. MocAl1hur·s ~hief en~in«r. Ll. Col. Hugh J. C~",~.

was Ml ,.·onied aboul delay' in his ~U'S ltiOll' for equ'pment and ITI3teriel 1M! he got on tile ove • ..,a. telephom: and callod lhe Office of the Chief of Engl · ""~rs. In the elearrilthe. than in ~odc:. he I istcd IIll1ny of

hl ~ fI"IOI!i' critical ilelm. Qo~y !>In:~srd the ulFnocy of the 511u&IOOn Mnd I'ft'ssrd 10 ha,·c c'·c rylhing pushed ro.ward a~ fast as IlOssible .'·

In North Luzon For.........-wonlo becornr I Philipp .... Corp» on Balaan- the Ix~ uf lr;lincd engm"".~

rel'ft'sentedooc of"bj . ~n. Joo31han M. W~inwright" 5

~ grievous ~ho<1~lltl . l Ie l1ftdcd <13" ... rrt«n to delCml'''' .... hether heavy timbers ~ou ld be localoo r." bridge ,ep"i. ~nd how t he~ could be cOfKentl1lted ~a,

bridges. Wh~1 r<.>a<I con~1r\JCllon equip .... nl was a\"all· able, "nd could lhe di!>lrict englllCCr:< of lhe Phil,pp, ... Bureau ur f"ublic Work~ pro\"idr it? Where ,,-,:rc tile",

Sloch of gravel. ""nd. and Sto,1(: rO! rood "'p.1i, aoo fOf 1M m"inlcnanoce of high"·My5 and alrfIeld,1 Whe", could MaIlIain bulk ~n:~ of .... at~r. and how would Ihe water Ix rruonag<.""tl1 Were (hen: ~ .... mill, "nd f~st lUl'aS tllal <·00 Id Ix used·' W he", coo Id civil ,~n wor~c,""

be found·! Ho .. · could they Ix con trolled? lIow would lhey be p.:lld and r~""tl1 What stock.ofhand toul s existed

in llle civilian community. pal1Kularly amoo~ mi""l"l'?

Whn would p.ltrol tM road. and brid~ (0 "porI

breal. or ob>.l f\lC1 ion,? Once Ml' ""OtIC an! " ·e ",d t he", '1I.ICslions. Wain .... ighl would need ,,.,,incd "ng,neers 10 "~ecute his ,.,...iou, proje<U."

W"in,,·right cast a Long,n!: eye at tM ReguL~,

Anny 14- Engineer Uatmloon. but .hal b'llIalooo was <lOt underh,~conlrol and. as memooned. ~ had ll",ady

...." Slnpped for ~re. Once tM Japanese landed.

Waonw'ight would have tuhnrrowenginee" from h,s

PIli I i pp' ne A .my di v i stOns 10 PC' f urm tr.tdit IOna I ""l" cn,ineer ml!<.'lions. obVIOUsly 10 tM del.imem of 1M ~tTCC(ed divls,ons."

Wain .... right put III~chicr cnllineerto ",or~ . I,.l . Col

J9

Harry A. Skerry orde.ed lhe ",ockin~ of an aflny englnn'r depoi and an advlJ\("e ann~ cn/:in«r ckpot:. S~crry asked th.cc or Luzon ' s chief mining fimls

Renguci Consolldaled. Bill Wedge. and A,nk-(oship

10 1M 1"0 depolS ISO lO~of dynamite wnh ca", and fuses. The minin, comp.1nie;<; n:>pondrd im~iDldy .

using 100 c,vilian ,·ehic!cs to deliver IIle. e 'plos,ves.

Scvcr;lL monlM n.Lier. lhe engineers hacl "' ......... nol · tercd u.zon.looling for c ,plosi'·es and forti"'",alion material. Tncy had survcyed lI",ber stocks aoo !<:t ....

miUs to dete.mille how qult~l~ nt:ucrial could he

del,..ered fOf tcmpor.uy bndge~. Thu~. Skerry had

somc ilka aboll! whal c"st"d and where he could find n."

Mao:Anhu(, headquaner<. meanwhile. anemtllcd

to colleci men HI scr~ as leaders of anny·r.,'·el cngi. nee.~ . Colonel Ca~y had lhe job of . upponmg 1M

three corps with whatever arn,y·le\"el aJ;~t. he """Id in'·ent . Civ,lian, "11M Bu~~u of Pt,bl;"" Woos uOOcr. took 1IIilny rn'htary roles as corps ~nd army ~ngineers. At IctiM 2.000 cIv,lian diSl"Cl engmeer cmploy«s

won.rd ,,·i,h W~,nwnght"~ Nor1h Luzon Force. an·

O(Mr 2.00n '''PJlUl1ed Brig. Gcn. Geo'l1e M. f'ar~c.'~ South Luzoo Fon."'. and an equal number asmled am'~ engincel1l. -

Ca <.ey appuled to c,~il;an cnginttOi 10 help de· r"nd Luzoo. T1>c g"',1 ~ndc""pe, mi"." in .tonll Lu~on .. ·en: nu<h ... ilh n"M"1"S from Arirona. Callfornla. Color:odo. 3 nd Sou I b A ,,,,,rica . M a n~ of t hcsc: mi IlCI"S ~ol\ln.

teered. '" ",p",se"t~ti",: of a large e~lllo,;,ves com· p.lny. ~ .. ,tinJ: rrom tM Unil~-d Statts. becamc a mcm· be. of Ca~y" st aff. So_ engil"lCCrs broughl (he,. civilian c~ws. equlp,..,nt. and dynamile with (hem .

. i1lc:sc ci vi I ians were' em, ""niL ~ qua It roetloo I"'" orm all types o f engineer woo. e,·en .f they lne ... notlt",/:

.bolll the military n.e~ were' cnmfol1able .... o, ~ i"~

,,·itl, ~ native labor fUR."e under p!"lmlllvc ~ondllions.

hecul",& l"ntde engineer " ·00. yel gC1 ting tile job dooe."

The mllita.y commiSSioned Ik.;c lI1>.:n in an dfoll

to prulecl tMm under the laws of ... ar. Si"""" il .. ·as impo,;. ibk 10 aIlIain War C1ep.lnment approval of

these ~olllmi .s.on ~. Casey Ihrew out Ihe rul~~ and comm,ss""",,111\e _n on lhe "P"' . Veteran CIVIl ian

cnSinn'rs IntMn InId· to late · (....-enlld beca_~ond

I ieulcnilntS. Ihose III thci r carly thinics pInned on (ir:ll heuten~nt 00111. and olde . men up 10 age forty became

C3p1:uns. Only a few specially quahrJed tey pelWllIIl"I

became majors M~n who h.:Id been work in, for lhe

I'\IIIrI'l';"" ncp:rn~nr cngin«1 or Ihe Con~'rucr",g Quanennasrercomin~ lheir ".on. a., civll,~n~."

Vereron cl~lh~n employCQ cOIorinunl 10 focus on familiar la~h sIIch ., dcmolilron and road "mi,ue.

na~ and "'p"i •. They " 'eft es~ially "seful f~

deslroying bridE~' dunng !lit ",IIC'~I from l.i"!3yen Gulf. Alllhe><, nltn were 5pkntlioj h;do n,c,an~. bIlr rhey

~new Iollle: of lhe mililal)'. Some: were o.'trly famili~.

w"h lhelr men and Ioslrheir <e.'pee'. while orhe ... were 100 di$lam and ""rlhertl~"·t$ up as martinclS}'

n... major bpane.<;c In"asion al LinJ.:llycn Gulf 011 22D • .'cC'rnber ended .he mobili/~1 iOl' efr.,.,. Wha.ever engineers "'ele [>,"><',,, allha. I11()mcnl ,li:ployed and

fou&h! . As linlt pr'Ogfts$rd. lhe e" g"""''' of len hold 10 r,!hl :IS ,nfanrry. The cMnlp"igns on Luzon "nd lhe Ballllln Pellin ~u la higliligilled II\ol ""ri"u,,,es. of Ihe cngmee.shonfalls. AIIOOu&h the few .ralned men did

a rnDgnlr.cemjob. ~"""ially ..... ,Ih demolniom. Iml"'O> visalion wa . a cosily process. Engin<:~r unil' had nor

bt:.:n """'lualely equi~ or n"ined. and lhey soc· ctt,I • .'d 01 ~upporting M".: .... rth",·, army In OIIly llIe ITIOSI rudlmtn(:.ry f~st"on.

The: I "lid IIl'hihpplne Corps wilhdrew fromlherr

beach rlc(cnSC's and a'Thed on Rat .... n·' m;lin baUlf posilIOll. Llllk i( any engmec. wOl1; h3d been rk.>nc 10 pnpa~ Ihis linc (00- OCCUJKIIiOll. The Phiitppine d..-i. ,;vrh nOw had (0 do whal (hey ~ ....... Id w;lh whac lhey hold. None of the 41 ~ Oh·;,r<lfI·. mfamrymen. for in.

seance . h;td individual (nrrenehlng lools. a"d ," eRI" n<:er Nollal .on had only fifty plC~' und ,I>ovel' and" few a , e~. ll>e Infanlry. ""00 were equally unn'dined in

,nfantry sklll~ ~ wen:· c/w,; cnlin«n; In lheir mililalY

'pecl~hy . dug III using h:.yonel >. bolo,. and meal c;ln lids . The: ab!iCIJre of I .... 'n«! en~inee • ..oldie .. ~anr

Improperly lalll hrl('l;, v\flnc .. ~ble defenSIve position.,

"nd lIIuch wa'led effort . TIl\.' colire army I;tckd Md · equale amounh of ba,bed \OIlft. bu rlap bag •. a~e •• pICks. bol..,.,. alKI ~hil\'els. not 10 ",cnrion oolldou ...

and lrock <. Cnn~lrucl'on rquipm,;nr .cenltnl. 51«1 pil-l\.', acr:ryknc. and o~),J!e" Were al<n e.incally .oort ,.

Alam, vinually ...., ]IR:panlIOf')' eng.fItX ...... ork h3d

betn done befvr" Ihe "rmy withdrew ill Ime January 1942 10 ii, re;j,(:rve barrie posilio'" half way down 'he

Balaan pcn'n,ula. Solrd lung'" welcomed I CIlfP"

unil,. Once lhe amly 5Culw inlo lhe.'C: ]lOS1I;ons. lhe

14" Eng.nee. Banahon ... nl .,.,r ",unmg ~ams ro g'''''' cI;L\~s in rreld fonifichlinn •. COUIWS bellan ford,,,,,

s;on engincc". So"'e I'hllippine Army di "'<ron eom· mande .. did not Lnow how loemplo)' lheirenginee ..

1"{'1~rly. and " wase""n tOllghenraimng lhem. s.,,,,or engi"". of( ... '<:", n1i1dc: derailed ,n,,,,,,,,ions o( lines

and pro. idl:d R."CfH'I"rrendalions for improvemenrs.

Mom offiCt':" we"" srripped fIV'" Ihe 14'" Engintt:r Ball ~lion and assigned 10 Phitiptlirre Army eng;,IC(:, h<:rllahOlls':'

While Of! B~Ia~n. Ihe Amly created twO "COI'p'i eng;1InT baliahOll~" from unlno;.>C<I. ~Iag lroo.>pS orr rcen."II by ~e III I)' commil'>ioned A men<; an ci "j! ian mln'ng ~ng" ... 'efS. The 201 ~ aMi 202" En,ineer Uanal·

i .... " .\(Ienr lhelrlime building , o.'ld~. lro.l s. bridJ:C'.and

dummy an,ller), po'>'''on~ and deSiroyin, ''''''~pladcd ON",,,,,,..,. Th~y had rtcei.ed 00' a single wct:k of rrnmmg on bulC wid" .. ,l in~ and ionic if any inSIIlIC

II"" 011 enlll!lCCring la'l~. and Ihus could ha..., been

de>c. ibt-d morc acCllrd(ely "' lubor Irlonahons Ihan nrrps Cnl"ltt .....

1'he Ixl of op,:dcnced e" glnee ... ~howed all

acms~ lhe Ime", few sold,e n; dhplaycd u"y iIlllliary app~lahon 0f,emuR. Fo~holcs: had raw dirt piled in f"'111 ofrhem. Soldle ... dug Ircnehes and fo.bob 100

dose 10 barbed w,re. few mfamrymo;n nl'prtcialW grazing fire, Dnd men dug in alop ridges ra.her II",n

:r'"ng lhe m,htary C~'" Fitip;""" did de...,!os, rreid e~IJed,enrs .o "'plao:c '''''~s and Kan:t ba, IJed WIlC'.

bu. lhey ... "'It' jnse Ihal. upcdit:nIS. The"" simply Itad bc~n 101> !rille lime 10 prup.:dy organize. C<tui". and Il"Il1n."

Rellardle!i> of all lherr problems. Fi"pino and A"",rlC:rn '''Igineers :lC'l;ompti,hcd cllOllgh duringlhe wi, hdl"lrwal II) Ha.3.:In 10 enable MacArthm's army 10

gCllhe"" rebll,·ely ;"'act. Whallhey :1C~oml'h~hed (>01

Balaan. when ~"11Ib. rred wilh lhe sU'l'ns,ngly good

fillhl;n!: quaillie. of lhe inf.",ry lind anillcry . was ~llOlIgli 10 kct:p rhe Jal'"n<:."" al Ny for 0"", nlnely d~)'~. ll>e enguocc<s su ffered .. , severely as did (/w,;

frOllIIi"" infantry. In lhe las. wer;k lhey roulindy deployed a, ,nfamry, and lhey Ion were overwhclmrd b)'

lhe J"I"'''''~ offen<iY~ . III lhe end lhe defeal OIl B313an

wa.< lhe produc I of ... ~" '3lrOrl and si<;k ne."". M oc An"". , en8'nec", did Ib,,;. bef>l from I/w,; ,<,Ian 10 lire biller end.

Rtund A,mv LI. Col. Joltn W. Wltilmun u"'~J in V;~M"m .. ·i.1t lite I " SOl/olion IA, rbomt}. 50)' In fontry. I<"d i" K",..." .. ·illt 11t~ l' 8mw/ion. J/" I,l/anlrv. lit h.>ld, " 1N ... It,/",·" *8'" '" ItUtu", from s .... ,JostS,mt Collrge in Cali/ornlaand ill/'" tlu,Ira,,,!Bataan. Our La~ Direb: TIle O~,un C.m· jniln. 1942 IN" ... Y"rk. /9901. His amd, "Tltt GUI/' 01 Batat"': Mooilil alim, "I .trl;lI~ry in Iltt Philippine Campa/gil .. appear"d in II.e IV/ilia /'1'15 ;'SUt II! Army lIi~lory INo. JJ}.

NOTES

Loui. Monon. Tht Fall of Ill .. I'lrilipptl.t.5. IIn"ed Slale> Army in World W3r II (Washington. O.C .. 1'J~)), pp. 9- 10. 11-18. 2~ 2. Ibid .• p. 12; O. Clay.on Janle~ TM YtarJ "/ 1II,,.;,,,,,Ir"',3 vob .(~on. 19ro 8~). 1 :~IO.~ 1 J- 14 .

","h ,he quO/arion on p. ~ I 3: hmes v . Collier. '"NO/e· bo<*.S." 4 vah .. I: I 3. In bI" 2. Mor1on Cnl"""I;O". U.S Army Mililary History IMmule. Carli~le BBmKh. PR. ~ . JAn~. Tht Y","s()/Moc.tnl", r. I : ~27-31 : Jonalhan M. Wnlnwnchi. G,,"t,,11 IVam ... , i!1hr ·, Sran'; Ti,e il ccQllllr 0/ Fou, Y''''81J/ Hllmi/;a/ill!1 [Hfror. S",rr,, · d", ",.d Caplml\' {Garden City. N. Y .. 1946). 1'1" I 2-I 3; lon~than M Wainwri.h •. Hcpon ofUSAFI'Eand USFIt> til the Philippi"" 1$13nd~. 194 1_1942. AnntA v : Rcpon of Operatoons of South l.ulOO t-on:e. Ba.a~n I)eren~ Force: ."d II I'IIilippint COIl'5 in IIIe o.:f~n~ of South LUlOO and Bat'""" FlU'" 8 o.:..'Crrlbo:r 1941 - 9 April 1942. p.6 .CombatArrm Hesean:h l.,br:lry. FM Lea~enwooh. K~,, ~

4. £t"I"u,", of ,h .. . ~IUIIt~·~1 Pm:4i ... /941-1945. 7 _ols. (Washington. D.C.. 1947_1959). I. 2: Hugh J.

Ciscy. Enlt/llur Mt moirs. Mojor G/llem/ II"It" J. C"-'''Y. US A,ml' (Wa.hi ngtoo. D.c.. 1993). p. 156, 5. Harold K. John<OlI. "Defen<;c AI",,~ Ihe Al!o<;~y Lillo::' MrI"llry Nt .'i,,,, 2M (I'~hru"ry 1949): 4~ : F.mc.'1 L. Brown. ''The Opera,ions of the ~7'" Infantry (!'.S,) (l'tllltPPlnC Div ) Abocay. January 1942 ( Ptrwn~1

npenence of I Company Commandrr)." rnooogr~ph Jnpal'td for the Inrantry orfoccr Ad"allCtd Course. 1946-1947. p. 3. TIle IManrry Schooll.ihrary. Fon Be,,"ing. Ga. II. Memo. u Col Harry A. Skerry for Chief of St~ff. Nanh Lu~on f-o.C( .• uh: OrgH!liao'ion and Opcnrhom

21

or ,he Nonh Lu:ron Fortt Engineer.> between I:Ir:c 8. 1941 andla"lI. 1942. incI21I> Mcmo.S~(rryforliCoi

Geoq;( A. Meodhng. 4 Aug 47. 1" 2. 00' I. Monon Collecllon: Engmurl tl/ ,,,,. $",,,It .. ·tJI Pocifie. I ' 7_ 1. K.,I C. Dod. T~ Corps of eIlS/IIUTJ, 'I M: Wm Ag"iml Jill'''''' U"it~-d Statl'S Am,y in World Waf Jl ( WaShington. D.C .. 19(0). P lIS: Uf. Skerry 10 Mcidling.4 Jun 49. r.uh: Commcms on Engineers in TIICltI<;rOpcr;t\HJns. comment 4. 11M 1. Monon Collection. 8. Amado N. Bauti,la. "O""mlion$ Repon II '" Engr Un II D,v from 29 AUll41 10 10 Apr 42." pp. 1- 3. William E. Urougher Col""'"on. Mi~sinippi State Uni "", ... "y. 9. OI..cy. Eng;"ur Mtmoirs. p, "II: DIld. Eng.llter. Agalll1l }"p'm. P 80: f:j,/f"'"~ of 1~ StJurh,,·tJl ""el/i ... I: 2. A second I'tt,ltpp,nt Am,y ",gular ""'iSI(In wa~ Fonnrd on Bal .... n. 10. 8 auti'ol3. ·"OtIC"" ions Repon II '" En@r Un. ~ pp. 1-3: Clyde A. Selleck. ~NOI"-, 71" Division. Repon of71 " 0, v in compli3nce w\lh offic,~1 reIluc.<l . Al/guSI 1942." PI'. 6. 4.'i. bo~ I 7. Monon Collec l,on. II. Dod. E,,!!iltPI"s A!101ml Japall. Pt>. II I_b2: Llr. Koben O. Scholes to wife. 10 lun 41 . aUlhor' S posses· S10n; Clifford Bluemel. "Hcf'O'" or Srig:tdiCf Gentral Clifford Sluemel. U.S. Army on .he 31" Div;"" ... Philippin<: Anny Sub-Sc<:lor 'C' Mt Sa"'''t l.,nt. Bml""n. P I and lhe Spec,;ll-ofl:e (;ove'In, the I'cnod III Nov. 1941_9 April 1942.~ p. J. bo~ 17. Monon CollecllOO. 12 Glen R. Townsend. '1lJC II '" InrAml) Rcgirr.:nl I'tt'ilppine Am,y. Scpte""",r I. 1941 Apt, l 9. 1942." pt . 2: Beach Dercn", ~1Id ncl~ying Action. [)ec(""",f

g, 1941-JanuJr)'.'i. 1942. pp. 13-14. boA 13. Monon Collcctio1l_

13. Ca$CY. E"t!inurMemm,s. p. 145: Dod. Engi"u,.< Agaillst J"I'''''' Pt>. (,(,. 6t1. 70. 210 14. Dod. Enf(meas ilSai,m }II","'. Pr. 63-(r6: u,wb H Rrcft:tOfl . The IJrrrru)II Diadu: Th~ IVa, in ,"" Aj, j" Ih~ PI/ .. ijie. MiMI, «lSr (J1Jd £u,OIh'. J Octobe, 19-1/-11 May /945 (New Yur~ . 1946). p. 21: Hemen W. COOIJC. The Se'l",,,(; .. 1 SoMi'rf8ahi~. 1992). p. 3; RrchMd C. Mallon6c. Tht N"trd FlaJ:po/e; Barl/t for SlII(J(Jn(San R3f~I.Cahf .. 1980). p. 4 ; Uf.JohnJ . Moc~(>W)li 10 author. 31 bn 112. author'~ ftU"scssion : D,ary of Samuel A. Goldbhll!. 1943. Th" Q""" (Dec

83): Lt •. JO( B. lIill to Illthor. 6 Mar 15. '"thor',

JIO$~ion .

I~ . Dod, F.Jfgin""s It/l";'''' )UI"'''' 1'1'. 68-70, 210. 3S1. 16. Monon. Fall aflh~ Phi/ippinu. p. 37; Richard M Leighton and Robtn W. Coakley. Clalm/IJ,sisl;'" " .. <lSlmles},. 194Q-1943. United State~ Anny tn W(ltid War II {Washins tnn. I>.C .. 1955). p. 125:Casey. Eng;· nttr Mtmom. p. 15).

17. Memo. CaseYloAut Chief ofSl3ff. G-3. USAFFE.

wb: Enginttr RKon nai!>.\.3na. 5 Ott 41. boA 12. MOf'Ion Colledion.

18. Skerry to Meidlins. 4 Jun 49. commencs 2l1.nd 4. 19. Skerry to Me,dlinl, 4 Au~ 41. inel 2. pp. 4-<0 : Engin",,", 'iflh" Svlllh~'nl P,.ciJir. I: 4; Jome~ J. Halsema. "E. J. Halsetnil-Colontal Engineer (XIV)."

Oul/,.i .. of Ihe Itmtri((m lIiJlaricnl Culltction 16 (July-September 198$): 86. 20. Wa'n .... "lht. RtpOn o f USAFFE and USFlP. An· ~~ v. Appendix 2. p . 5. 21. Halse"",. "Colonial Eng"'''''''- p. 86: Wilham R. Moule. GoJ.'~ Ann.< Arawod Us(New York. 19(0). p. 29: W, F. McCandlish. "Oynamiltng Piers and Bridge> 10 Slow It.: Ja~ AlI.ance itt Luw". 1941." 8"1/",,,, 'if ,''' /tm"riaU! Hi,roria,1 CulI""ti"., 3 (Apn l 1975): 12. 22. Enginu,s ofth" StJulh ... esl PaCIfic. 1: 8; Casey.

&/tmu,Memorrs. p. 164.

23. £nginun of 1M SOltllr"~J/ Pnrijic. I: 8: Intt:rV. Col Richard Jenl'Cn with Harold K. Johnson, Carlt51e

R~mds. 6-7 Feb 72. 7 Fell. p. 4. U.S. Anny Miliwy H,~tOi')' Insmute.

24. W,lIiam E. Brou~her. '1l\e Ballic or Flataan." 21

Apr 42. p. 3, 00' 2. MOllon COllection: Jtu~sell W. Volckmann. 11', Hemai"ed: Thrlt Years Belri .. d Ihr fj,,,my UrlU In Ilrf Phillppi .. es (New Y 00. 1954), P 27: uslie T. uillrop. "'T""I Pocket.- p. I. 'U(IItlr·~ posse» ion: ~blcolm V. Foniet. "(~ral;om of the

41 " Div (PA),- p. I, in UrtO Hqs. Founh Anny. 14 May 46. bo. 17. Monon Collection; W~inwriglli.

Repon of USAH'E ~r.d USAP. An~. V, p. 2Q;

M~kolm II. Fon~r. "41 " Di"i,ion NOIC>'. PA:' pp. 105-06. box 17, Mnnon Collecllon: Dod. E~Jlj~'tr, Ag",'ns/ lap''''' pp. 88. 92. 25. Dod. E .. gi~urJ "'1;Oi", / l"I""" pp. 97_99; An~. V, p. 46; Memn, CI'-CY for Comm.:mding Gene""l ,

USAFF£. t.ub: Inspection o f MLR B~t""n. 8 M.r42.

bo~ 12. Monon Collection 26. Ut. Eugene P. 1I0yt 10 aUlhor. 8 Apr 75: P. V Cardenas ... H t Story and Con,po:'! it ion 30 I" Enl i .-r<. " box 15. Monon Collection. 27. II" Div;~i<.", T"'ining Memor.:mdum. 4 MM 42. with 3pp",,<Ied llrouliler comment. "Do:f(nJiv~ War.

fare In the J""$le. " p. 1. box 17. Mallon Colleclton: Dod. En/tineers "'~i .. st )u,..,n. pp. 97~9!1.

New Publications The Center of M,litary l-\i5l0f)' hal; i:;wed IWI) tll:W books. 1",lw"i"li." in Oli,.., Drab: ~ EmertttlC'f

O~rallonoJPril'Qlt Indlltlrits During Wo,kl W", II. by John H. Qhly.edited by ClIlyton O. Laurie, isCMH Pub 70-.12 (doll,) alld 70-32-1 ( [KIper). l1le cloth edilion =y be ordered from the GIIvt:mmcnt Printing OffICe IInder sted numberOOS..Q29-003S1 _1 for $32: thep;!pCredition i~5<;>Id uOOcr stock n .. "tberOOS-029-0352-O forS28.

l1le Cenler also published Tht InII'«IO', Gene",' <if the Uniud Slaltl Army. /9QJ- 1939, by J"""",,, W. A.

Wbitc:homc. This i~ I sequcllo the volume ~ IIL'fWC,on (knt:ral oflht UntlW SIOIrs It""y. 1775-19Q3, by David A Clary and Josepil W. A. Wh itehome, issued in 1987. The new volume i~ lt5lCd as CMH Pub 70-68

(cloth) ~nd 70-68-1 ([KIper). The cloth edtllOO may be on.Icred from IheGov~m"lI!nt Printill8 OffKe under SlocI< number008-029..Q0347 ) forS40: lhepaper eo,litioo iuv&ilahlc under ~Ioc: k number008-029-00348-1 r .... S32.

Colonel F.dgerlon Assigned 10 C MH

Col. DJntel K. Ed!enon h;o~ b«n l';!ligncd asdi:puty conm13ndefOftlle C(muofMililHry HistOi')'. An armor

o((Jeer. Colonel Ed,enon s..",eo,l ~s ~ special ~!i.\,.,,:;on( 10 tile U.s. ambasSildor fOf b",tIen !.hlI.ring in 1993-1997

~nd;u chid of the Nonhca!;t Asia Policy Dmllon. U.S. Px,rK Com"",nd. '" 1997- 1999. Colonel Edj:eMoo n:pla<.'CS Col . Stcphen E. Wtlson. ,,'110 mumtd to a n:lin:d st ~tu~.

"

Book Rc\'iews

8001< K...-it ..

b)' Mkhrd W. Sle"'mrl

Gil",' II/Ilrt Grlllld Sii-r/,

Til#' ,.'"",. """1. 1610-1115 b)' J ohn A. Lynn Cambrldg" u,," ~f'Si l ~' 1'~S5, 1':1')7. 651 I'P" $64.9~.

John Lynn has PUI IOllclher on one 'olu",e a f~...:,n~nnllly complele pic'"", of whol he "s,hlly lerm~ lhe "t;~n!" of lhe ~"e"lccnlh century. Ihe Fn:nch Army. J"", ~, III( Sp;an"h Arn,y dom,n3lW m""h of 110;: ',~'~nlh c~nlt>f)' ~nd Ih~ Ger "'~n A"ny much of I he ni .... leenlh and "m Iy I "'~nlielh cenluric'. til( Fn:nch Army "'a. III( "onekr' of rh age--mU(Ch oon"n.'tl 3nd often, ~ hhoullh unsucce.<.,fully. imilated L)'lIn ~ 'I"'nly lel1. I h" 'lory of how ",hal mighl be "<'en '" lhe fi .... "ruly "nkxk:rn" '''my w,,< ",i~. fed. cI~hed. ilou<.e<l. ~nd led. ~nd how ,,~ ",ldoen

fou ghl and died . Ne"cr contenl wllh merc:ly I"t"'~ v;Clom." ordcfems (although II""" ~n: surely the acid le'l~ of any milita'y .II\IClUrc:). I',of"""" Lynn un ·

vcil. a muhlluek ., f ""'" f""t~.""'''' app"""'''''', ~nd ""w Idea~ lie 8111h' D lillich-believed 1lI),th .... CO"" fonable eOIICc lu , ,h"k~s u hard. "lid " ubJ~el!" under

P"'''''''' 10 I"'l'I:'ep'"'c IIII,,""C' of f""t IILaI ch''''l:c mOKh of "hal " C know about ~n oflcn·o ,'erkMH;w ~nny While Ihe Brmy of NapOleon ha~ had mount allis of ho,,~, (boO, good ~noJ I:>ad) wrill~n about it "noJ il' u Imn;l1d y ~ ",,,,,ces' f u I cOl1ll1la'''I'''. 1 he. ~>lOU nd m~ I y wccesdul army ofLooi.XIV. the ",",Ict)mmand'n~ pfI""e of hiS age, h~~ bee" too often o"crlnnkd or mi~untk:r"oOO John Lynn <~ mlKh 10 I'<dr~" th" InJu ~\lce.

TIll s ma.~S"'r c~", >ll>dy of an """y co",,;bule' ~ gr~al deal of detaIL and 'uh,t~n(e 10 Ihe (Iftcn ,'.cu,' and o>'er-bold analy!.e~ of ~>'CII!~..,nth century am,;e, rrQde by lho$c "hu arglW for and agai".' tll(rofKepl of a "m.lllat)' re~,'I", ion" In lhe SIU~nI~ and ,..,~en

Icenlt. centuries. 11", re.olu tion ha< III scnentl. I behe>'c. >1000 the leSI of tilll<:. but scholal'l .<ilould 31"'ay~ be eunumng lie"' fxt< and urN:~plored a __

p':"" of actual all",.,. and OOrc:allc"",;c.. 10 refine lhelf IIn(IcNand",g of how thIS concelll .. "'''cd in realuy. [faloog thl: " 'ay the <lunml: orcndlng ycal'lof

"

IhI: nHlllary n:\'oluIIO<I a,c ahered. or lhe eoOCI percentage> "f ,d"lI\c g'OI>'II, II> t~c ~Ize 01 I:.uml'can anmes '" lhe ""'cnlumh (cnwry arc .. han~ed. lhe outlInes of Ihal ", .... Iu.ion arc: .1111 '1uilc ",lid . S,alc, dod e'c"IC bell!r am"", in 11K sc ' cnl~nth cenlUry. They "ere larger. benc. O'gall;lcd. and bcller led: lhey crnploy~'tl 'ul"'rior "c~I)O"'y ~nd I;ocIIC~; and locy cQUld ,ely OR R mU(Ch ~ ~1"' ICato:d I~,sn

cal ,Iruclul'l:' than arrmn of til( previoll' cclllu,y. A lrue ."."hllion. nOI jU~1 """ely a ,radual evoluti on, occurred Itwll mo~ed Eurnpcan """ICS Into a da~, of Iheir 0"" In Icnn~ of 1~l halll) woo df«t .. ·c~,.

Tho"" armies pm..",cdcd in (he ne" 1"'11 ""l\lIIrie~ 10 brln! "~"I of the reM of II", " '0.111 under Ihe 1 ... ·£<:. many of a small hod,epodgc of Gt"Ogr;lplllcally mi· nor. "'Iu:abbllng II"t ion-stale~.

J, ~", Lynn has" r illen ~n ou!Standmg CH'" 'lUdy of ,he grcalc,( army of KI lin"" ..,...., ,hal encap<ul~loo mosl of lhe allflOOlc< of IMI cRrly modem mllnary .-c,·olullon. He doc, not. ho ... ever', '''''PI) u<t' I .. ~ eVldc,ICC 10 buure" the "'ain I~I"'I< of Ihal !'evolulion H~ pm. ~b <lo:t311ro COml1 l,:rltary on lhe role: of ~""i,,-.

in >I<lte f <)m131 ion. =aSls thea, till""'" 0'" rt he ,m"'1 I! of "m,le. In the ",venlcc",h CCl11"ry . and carefully eXam;",!!, 'he evolullon. un,kr lhe ,"pable min"I"" of Loui, XIV. of IhI: ",my's supply and adnHni"''''lIve ~y!olcm ... II, <Vmm.1nd and ~vmrol. liS moo:ak and motl"alloo, ~nd finally fl. employ""'nl on the balllc_ flelt!

Lynll had outhned ",,,,,II o f h,s a."lIncn, on lite gro""h of lhe F,~nch Army In lhe ,,",ventccnlh celi_ lury in 111. anleie "Recakulallng French Army GroWl h du , ing Ihe (; ,,,,,,I Sitek 16 I 0-1 7 I ~ _ .• , Here

~ refine. ~IId (lundale. th". ~r~umem by c"abli.hIng a clear ",,,t hodology and by &,.,und inS hiS mtcr· prct~llon on a rewo,~~d analy ~" of Ihe "b;,"<'line" period of 1.\00 1610. U,ing ca~ful OOlldllll: block< of Siall'toc' and ekronfllOfl' . Ioe CIII) thrOll!h lhe confus'oM of peacellme (siahl " lmlCnlS '-ers", .. ar, ti",,, gTOII'Ih and of how to count lIIil ilia and 8arr"oll troops I S oppMed 10 II mobile land fOKe. To do <0. lie ladle, tile ue.-v". ing French final IC lal record , Ihal o flcn ,how Ihe I'renel! 'oy,,1 e.<labh.hIHCIlI pro· Jecting one f;g~." ror the Army. I>ay,nll for an",her numbe, of !\Old leN'. and actually ricld,nll a ",holly

dlfferenl Site fOR"'" O!!ly 9 ("rihcal and e~hap"ive

enm,naliun or ~"c h pnmary ~p~u hy one r~mi l·

iar wilh I he COflicU can product ~ny rrali~ll(" num_

I\c" of army ~Ize . and thu~ army Growlh_ Pm le<.<or

l ynn h:t,doot Ihls wilh 11 res"lllh~ 1 Will not ~oon be superseded. If al all

In sum. lynn ~m. ascompkte and ClIreful an euminali ..... of lhe a.my of l.ooi, XIV a, he can. ~nd

Ih" r"C-<l111 I~ lillie ~1Ion of definili'e He ""hi(ve~ his

!0.:tI1. "hoch he M3ICS in lhe fin<l r-agrap/l. of p.1lnling a ··ponrai. oI lhal gianl . lhe french anny of lhe /(r<lnd

51~c/e." lu make II ··vil lhle aga in:' Like Ih~ f","ch Army .hal il bonlll< IO Ioft.lhis 000l will sI"",l lhelt~

of """'. Every hi"OIi~n of lhe s.evemeemh ccnillry who

ntt cmpl_' to "nde~t3nd the ~nlin;ly of thai lurbulent tl"'" muSi .... ~ Ihi s boo/< OIl hi . OOol5helf Of suffer lhe

con~quenco ur inc<>tl1plc.e kno"'ledge and M cnf>" piing hlond ~pot. Every """"k,, of military hlSlory. e~n I~ woolllPPl" of N"[lOleoli. n«ds al 1(,(" 10 bom>w Ih" boo&. from lite hlnly la, il'~ .i,.., and

Cambndg<:-«tI1 ma~t 11 h;ud 10 affonl) and rrad U. If Ihey are 10 under:;tand IheiT cmO . TM I-rcr.:h Amty ",,, cenl ral 10 Ihe cvol", 100 of the m,llIary In Eu ...... ..::. " .. I II..:: amly of l.oo,. X I V was al lhe con.' of IIIai

de~lop~nl.

NOTES

I Cliffonl J. R.tli. ed .. 1M MII,I",,· N~'"",uIlOfl

fkbalr: Ne(ldlllgJ Ofl Ihr Mili",,..,, 1 rans/ofllia/,OI' oj Earll'Moomi E .. t"U{H'/Rouider. Colo .• 1995). s.:e ~I",

Geoff""y Paller. n" Mill/arv RtI"OIt",,,,, · MUiI,,'" /""'"'{Jlm,, (md lilt RiM ofl"" W~\I, /500---UIOOINew York. 1989). and J~n: '''y Bh.d.I::UfO/I1·t/l1 IVII/ft,,.,-. IMO---I815 (New H~v~n, 19')4).

DI: RIc/111M w. SI~M'1II is rhifj oj ,/,t Ht"5/(Jrin DO'iJion otlht Ctn'", "1 Mililory I/'SIO""'. H" ~'''n<'li " Ph D in ~"Tlv .. wd~,., EJr/(/ish h,'JI(H'Y jlTNft Yole

{""I· ... S;"', lie is tht ('''tlror u~ Enllish OnInlll>CC Office. 1515-1625: A Study in llull'aucr...:y (R",·he.· rtT. N. Y_. 1996) "nd "'fir/tson English Arm.l' ,~.

lIonll" {"Imld. Spa,,,- and F r<lfICf' I",blislrtd In M,,'" ~·;'(~II, ed .. War and Ciuvern"",m In Early MOIk:m Ilnla", INt .. , Yori:o 1991 J.

" IIIIk We,'le ,,'

by Slrphtn A . B OUrtj Uf

R/""du i"tJ I I) Oll)ry NOJX)I~I)" 's /IIilitary Ca"'paltJ" s b)' O .. e n Co",~Uy

R~, ""'" rdi llon, S R nooks, IW'I, 254 pp. d oth $55.00, pa~r $III.IIS.

II ;s prob.:lb.) imponiblc 10 eon~lder hi~ory·~ l,ul mllilary co.",IIandcu ",,,hou l inc h'dln ~

Napo leon a"""l'arlC . From 17% 10 IftI5. lour~ walched .... ,Ih a m,u"", of lCrror ~nd ~we as France

e~p-Ioded Myond lhe nawnl borders ac hlued du"n~ lhe Revo lution Bona l'l'l1e·s .roops. al _ ",Iallvely

dizzying l'!>Ce. \:ul a swalh of de.>clnlclion from LI sbon 10 MOfoCOW. NUl until h" pm,rd unable 10 recOv~r from lite ((rccls or h i~ iU -conce,~d ,"va,i ... ", o r

Sp.1ln aoo Ru""i~ were Europe ·~ wmbined PO"""" abl" Iu br inl Ihe COTSIcan upS1an umler control Why

"'3' he ~ ~u<;,usful in nl<>!ol o f hiS ca mpaig" "! CQmrTl('nl au ..... r roon J om, n I ~o ella nd ic, Ita ve wreSlIed

wilh Ihis q"c~llon. Was " Iu<;k ? Wa~ ,I ~ Imple gen iu, 1 Wa.'i il a 11 ih~le 10 Bonapanc· s energy and plan"inl'

Spanish.American Wa r Art on Display

'The I krilagePla",al ion of Cape Cod. local cd in Sandw;eh.Massachu~n5. is 1lo~lill& ane~h'bil of o.i&;'1II1 "'altrcokll'li. d",wtngi. Ilrtd chroroolilhographs of lite Spalli~·Ame~an War and the Cuban ..... r of

Indepeodcncc against Sp.1in (189S-ll!9I!). On display Kre works of sorr.: lW(ldo1-en AmerKan ~nd Brillsh • t1 iSI,;, ;!J(: I ud I ng Waller Grdn ville-S mil h. Chari", Joon ~n I'olil. F.-oo.: ric Re mtn 81on. and llw", de Thu lsi ",p.

Many of lite uhibilro p;"""" ",e,., ",produced in coolemporary books. magazines. and ne wspapers , Dt.-picled

are SUnt$ of combal . ce,.,mony. and sulTc rill8 m Cuba and the !'h, I'WlIles. Thea" wi ll ",marn on d i!iplay Ihrough o...1oi:>e< 24,

Slltck[lOlc Books has is'iucd an exhibit calal(1& aillhored by Pe~cr Hun-i n810n ruIII Fnxlcric A. Sharf, H A Spkndid lillie War." Thr Spanish·Amen·ron W"r. 1898: Thr Arli.IJ' PcrSp.eCl'W, II is priced al S I 7.9~ .

[-rom Proffi_ Connell~-) P""'1""(·hvt.'. t.e cen ainly

did nOl ha"e any 'flCClfic 'ySlcm for achievlnll h~lIlcficid suCC(,s.

For ... ve. len yea.s. /JIumle ri!!.~ /0 Gin", by O"'e n

Coonelly ha~ be.!n a ma;n,'3Y o f C'l)lle~f classrooms

and pro(e5SIOO~1 mli llal)' readint '"'' Thl ' dil-lint:uished author IS IIw MeKI~,ock l>ral pmfes_ of hl SlI'M)' al the Un"t.'I'511y of Soulh Carolina and a p;I~ pre~lden1 of lhe Socicly fl'l' F",,,,h I [i SlOn eal Siudies . In addilion. he is 0 nlCmhcr of I'ril1l.'Cl un Uni\'e~;IY' s ~!;(igiO\ls InslillllC for Adv911C~'d Sludy,~, w<·11 as ~n

:rc1i,'c membr. of rhe Soc~I~ for MI"lal)' Hr<lory and lhe Coo!l)f1iu," 011 Revolt/lional)' Europe. Sclool:.oand m,'m.ry rmfCf.l>"",~I, ~Ii le appm:'131ed h,~ ongl'

nal edi" on. publrlhed ,n 1987. Owen C",me ll y j. nOi one 10 engage m hero

wor~ 'p. In I fD<! moving. bare bones rn,rrJuve. he 'lri~ away lhe heroIC mylhs 11>81 .,f'en rind lhei. way

,n' o a discu,,1011 of Ihis domm;",ng (lCr;nrolrly. Aco;ording IOCoolldly, lhe great Napokon h:rd 00 masle.

plan Ihalled 10 1'1" OI'punl'fl',' defeal.llis annoes W(re 00 brller Ihan lOOse or Au'tria "nd I" u,,;. I Ie was ""

,manenh,," h,s rival genemls. Wha' 01\1«1., Nap<.1 le<.1n .,,,",cc,,,,ful. <JUr aUlhor '5 con'·;nced. wa" fiN. llLiIl M

" 'as always x u .... alld looking for a way 10 gel al his oppoorcnl. In ;rdd'loon, M ';I11I,ly ,,-uuid ~ ~pI defea!.

Oncc he deC ided 10 go H) wa,. R<)I",p"nc'scam· paign_, were , wifl. lhough his operal l oll~1 plans were

of len vugue. COll llnlly pr.>inls <JUllh"l eVel' hi s greal OOlllc_, of Ulm ~nd Jcna_Aue.s ladl ""'''' ,,'l>I) . f' e. Ihc

eml'Cr()O", """t'~lion31 m3neu~c" h:rd g""" '<Ome"hal D<tray. Ho ... ·c"<'., ~urround'ng h,m>elf wilh lhe mosl cxperreoccd and ballJc-hanlcncd ComOOI Ic:rd·

ers in Europe. Napolwn could .ighlly e >IK.'C1 lhal hi,

gc"""," ""d '1):",hals coo Id reel ify whalc ver mnial errors he n .. "le in 11", •• t'dY of hi , fOKtS. Once Ihe

barlle WaS JO,ned. nflen ~1~ri"l: diu,le' in lilt fa«. he harnn~ C"Cl)' ouoce of 1'11_' incredible energy 10

;>chM:~c 1;><,I;"al VK'IOf)'. In bailie. al le"sl In 1M

caml""gn~ hcf,'lle h, s marri agc IQ lhe Auslrian pnn

cess Maria·Loui<e. he "'asn~ ryw~reon lhe bailiefidd. p~ssing every gu n, g rc"",']i"r, "nd ~om""'nder

10 lhe limillolurn IMlide. Wnh a lil1k llld Ihro .... n

,n for good me"",,,,. Bonapanc cOIIld reasonably ~'pe<'1 hIS 3nnywdom,nalelhc rockl.llheendoflhe

day

Connelly' ~ lenn ··hlundenn&" may. In _eases.

~ a bll 100 han;h. MoS! of 1'1" ml~l"kc.s "" 1M OOlllclielrl w~'" neil"", ""rrous no. cau~ by ,wpirl'ly . In mn,l ca>e<, lhey we'" lhe' resuh of Napoleon' < mlcn",

desire to find ,''''' """my and bring him 10 b:lrrlc . Connelly ;rdmilS IhOll HOOOJ'iln e u,,"al1y preVailed in

combar b«:ruSl: of hiS abill1y 10 ''''''''n>blc~ and ow.· com" lhe fnclion . fu •. and 'Ill'nia Ihal coofmnlw I", fOKe~. In modem m:",ugemo: nl parlance. NapolCOfl

IhO\lghl "out,ide ,I", bu." "nd l.ied 1<.1 bon!! new. ;Mo\,alive solulioos 10 lhe problems he cnl'OOnl(red,

Gh'Cn Ih~1 mosI of his opponent. wen: ~I III i"lell .. 'Clually min'(\ in lire mililal)' lhoughl of lire mid-clgh

I«nlh cemury. Ihi, 0[",n" '''''31 3nd l:rctical ... 'h,.lw,nd w., more lhan enough lncn, ul" ,n,,,, oflltc Corsican' s

V""or'c~ .

Yel. blurKlcr;nl: b c ~ acll y lhe ri~hl word 10 de·

>cribr many of lJooap.lne'. political and $lrale~1C

dtt"'ons. Ilow else can nne e 'pl~ in Tl3r~III~. lilt Spano.h ~IT~; •. and Napoleon '~ foroy ,,,'0 RU'~la?

ACCOIdlng loC'M11Idly . Napoleon tondUCIW hiseml'" RUSSian campaign by blunuer and m' s(>l.ln:..gemenr.

wi,h an amazmg lack o f person~1 c'IC.~y B lundcnn~ i, ~" C"c n ""XC accurate de.~ril"ioo, of ROllapalle', polrhul (~an,·. erossln~ lhe Berew .. on IKI2 .

afllf u,pz,g in 181 3. and cven dunng tho: final cam· pa'gn II) F'3'IIX in 18 14. AI anyone of lhc.-.e IIOinl\. M could have chO!.en flC3C<!l,,,d ""'.·~d h" ~~'II\l' . Ailihal w," left, i" Connelly' 1 .... ord" wa, ' lM 8'ollous irrel· c vancc" of Wale,loo 110:11 d<xmoed Bonapane 10 e"le and elcvale<! h,m rore . c. inlo tho: hall , of milll3l)'

."". Th,s , ,,,;,,on ma~e' no 5ubsla nl l"e IC\lual

change, 101M 1987 edinon Its ''''elvc chronalof'" "ally organ,zed chaple~ dl !iC II_" Na,1Olcoll', mil II: .. y

( >I","e nee from hi, youth unlll th~ 13<1 days "fler

Walc.I"". II, ""'jllr co~ l"b"lIoo "a new prcfate Ihal " t$~olially a hr<lor;')~t'd"hlC (-,>:oy on ,he' ,Ule of Nupo~noc sc holar'h ,p. Any :I<lldi~.,. or SlutkOI K'(k

,n, '0 purwe "udin ,n Ih, ~ field ~hnukl vI,,1 Ih;~ eSj,;ly fi l1'l. In ",l<Iill"" . Connelly has rtv,~ h,s

bibhog.aphy In include lhe newesl publ ical lnn~ In Ihis r,eld .

Thi, 'S n.ol a wor~ for ,''''' nov""", and ;1 bnng~ wilh

il c.:na;n 1;111ilalKrm.. h ,~ It.'nemlly an 0JlC"" ,,,,,,,I ~"d 13(lIcal h'51O'y, and Connelly:assumes IhailM ~

1\3, a grasp of b.:i~", EU'O[lClIn h,,,"'Y and geography.

He )pi:II'" 110 I'me d'!;Cu~~'ng !he perood's ~'3L £ullural. 0.- t!vcn p<'>1 11 ,c~1 ~l1uall00. In addition. he ~vOles ionic 31lem;OO 10 Ihe ~Iajl~ of N~pol~unj~ warf~It'. llow suffs and 1Uj\,,,j~al un;l~ fu" •• 1" ........ lhe dcla;b ... fl>i, "",nJ.a"· <.>pcrul ......... and!he r,,,,,r pomls

of ." .... II.unll 1""l jC~ are Icfl 10 OIhef!i. Yel Connc:lIy prOVIde .• a superb "n~ly,,~ of ba il ie from Napoleon') pc:rspe<:ljve.

Of courx. few won.s plca~ e'~ryunc, .. "d Ih ..

bQul "'" a few annuyinl: '1uili<, in lhe eyes of thIS .eVIC"":r. Most uh ... ou. ale lhe m,,1'" 1 .... 1 the edilor .,hould lI;t.e replaced, Willie ~~ping ""'ps ,impk

holds do"n !he C05I. lhe ones in Ihl. bou~ arc quile primili.~.nd ""Idum l'on.'CY the ~lIthot·. point wtth the clamy II ~.ln ;oo;klilion. wl>11e Conndlyc;lo

"""" ... • •• .'o:nl ""houlan-hi". he fail, 10 uSC II In hI< rev,~IOI1.

Fo. uample, hi' di."'u."oo of Walerloo t5 pr,>tl tcally unchanged from Ihe Ottginal ed'tion. tgoonng lhe ,"', ptJ<1;tn' ~nalys;s of Ihi, booille I'r<"' ~kod hy such boots a, l}avld Hamilloo,.Wtlltat1l~·s War",l_ No! .. · "fr·

,.,,~Cf" ·rl; TIu> e,rol &II/It /(tapprQlSM (Ncw Y url , 1994). It is alw imO:ll;.>lilll: 1 .... 1 oc ltI~l C) 00 ~Ommenl

on A 1.ln s.:,."",' ~ poplIla" 001 much c"I",ud. NlrjIQ'

I~v" /J1II'''/~'''''' (New Yo, ~ , 19!97), a ,,·Ot~ bound 11.1 afflXl huw I"'OPIe look al loc ~mpo::~ in lhe fUiure.

Firnolly, I " ' .... ,kI I>ave hop.'tl fOl a Il'IO<l: Ulen,,~e and detaIled eptlogue 10 d'~play whal Ihts dt51l11gui~hed Khular ha) I~~,ned ;lboullht~ fa~inaltn, w~" i,,, i~ Ih" la~1 lett )'ea ••.

If you ck) 1>01 have II copy of thi. ,upcrb wo~ . IIOW

IS II g~31 thance 1O:Idd ;110 your Ilbroll')' . If y ..... ~I"'ady own one \If 1100: Of'tg'rLal.-,,.,,,,, your rr.)nCy unl ..... you nr..'t.'tl CU!tt>"lIy', hi.rU!"'t:'31I1tic rev.e". No maller ,,·h,('11 ed li lon you choose. Ihl.\ fa<;l-paced summary uf

Napoleon'. c;m1p:llgn. ~hou Id be 111 e ""ry prof"",;':" ... I' .' 1t0000ry.

Dr SI~/mr<r A. Hour'l"~ I",.,.h", 11"'01" allhl' CIw",,~1

1..1",,,1,, '·"'''I'u., "I C"',lofllia S""~ Ulli,''''';'.''. Narll'rrdll~. A r~"r~d A nil. major. h~ )·~n't'Yl ;11 II,,, 2" Amrorrd Cam/,." ill 'h~ Prnl(lII Gulf 11'", "lid eOI'll '

m",,,""1 m 1992 Ihl' Armv', ""ty acl ... ~o(:omptNl~'"

",ili",,,! hi",,,..,, deltICh.nnll. lIo! (J",horrd Ih~ '!,;'I"a

"" ""111",.,d Imas ;It 0/1<"111101/ DES(lff S'WIIM '"

G.·OIX'· l/olml"l1/ OI,d Do"" Sill'"" "'/" .. From Camp Coli IQ Descr1 S'onn: The Hi,,"'Y of U.s. Anno ... ,,!

~ (/~"'''K'VII. Kv .. 1Y'I'i}.

lkook k H it .. · by Robt rt II . Ilrul'~

l'h~ {IIol~_ Hoob o/ CQplQ;" Coi, .. fi So!ditr o/lht ",.",pi,.... /199-18 16 by J~n.R (II,"h Coi)tM I

wilh an iulrOOu(,l;oo, by Sir Julin t'on e5CUt SIlIr klKIi<' 1I000ks, 1'>'911, 2~2 pp., 51!i.9S.

lloe life ol Capta,n Jnn·Roch Colgnel. who ruse from tM ~:OlU~ <Jl an ilhlO:ra1c peaQIII .0 th.1t of a ""Ii''Clcrl off ICC' in one of the grealesl armies in hi" lOry, "pitnm 17.c:" lhe prom,se of Napoleunic Fmnec and provKk~ an invaluable siudy of why "'en follOwed En~)I;1I)f Napok."OI1 I. Cotglll'l '$ b<:M* Siands. along wllh I~ of Captatn Eluar 8130«: and B:aron de M~rboi, ' amurrg the be .• 1 and rn<»1 colorfully "'"lIen

"""M!,,,, to he produced by a soldter of N" puk'l)fl" fabled e"",d,' ~Il",s~. II is a da~>ic won of lhe genlt' , nus p:mio:ulu ~'tlih"n of C .... , .... "!·. NOII'·lJooII.s i, a loal)l;fb;oc~ "'I'unt of lhe 1928 edttlon of lhe " vrk . ~nd a~ ~lIch n lac~.< lhe ,lIus'r"JIlOIlS Ihal ",e'" !,uhll,hed

"ilh lhe tarl~r Engli'h .,.Ii. ion of , he boot. Ih., "I" pcan:d in 1897 and Wa, "'prinled In I:.rlgl~nd by Wurlo:y Puhlicalton. tn I'I'X>.

In his memotrCU1gno:.relale> hi, hu mble btg,n. ntng, and I .. ~t~ ~hiklhuud ... 'hen the homble Ire;M '

It"'''' he received from h,s stepmothe. fun:o:d him 10 run aw~y from horne al an .~ rly aG~ . Furt tlllaicly. COtlln~1

found won; " ' llh a fflmtly of huo.c trndcrs, and his life l:"""lly "''I''0'..:d. When he was ",nKnpled ,nlO Ihe French Army tn 1m. Coj~no:l refu",,", 10 ~Jlow ht~

~,nd mJSler .o hire a >ub>li1Ulc f .... I>im. Wnh a comb, · 11:11;011 uf ~ ... ,nse 0 " duty and a yumtng fo r advc", ,,r~ .

10" nnoounced 10 hb adopiN family. " I prom.", you

Ihal I wtll bnng No.'ck a si l"C.'r mu,~el ordie."(p. ~2)A 11\;\)01" !Joo<Icont in~ in I his crl i 11011 of Coo,nel' s me moi, " 1100: f.ilun: IU IlfO.-.de eoough edilOf'tal noll!> for

I"''''''t.£.. 'uch a~ Ih,~. Napoleon "'" lhe first ~om ' n .... nder 10 ;nlroduc~ lhe uSC of "",dais and awards fUt en hSled ""'n. One \If t he mosl . reasult'd of I"""" aWMhl.'

"'a. a " .... ~ ~I ", .11> a 'II'-Cf plait affiud 10 , he 'Ir"' ~ ~nd ",,,,,,hed "till a bond dr5(Criplion \If . he heroIC ftallhal

II.' owner pcrfon-ned lu win il. Coillne. W35 referring 11.1 lhis award, and ntt L'{hl or;al nOle 10 Ih3t err"" l ",nuld

I""...: I,,,,,,,n t~1femely valu3hle .

The re.lder "'110 '5 noI ""ell ~I:ffoed In the field oflhe

Napoleonic WM'" will Slumble o,-cr se"cf1l1 simi lar passages In I~ book. For ~.ample> when Coignel ",I.'es lhe SIOry of lhe b,nh of Napoleon's child in

1811. which was 10 be announetd by the firing of canoon at the: In.Y,lid~~. hc ,,·mcs ..• A~ the: first "'pools sounded frolll the f"m/id,.s. "'ecounled in ~. k~e. bul when we hurd the twCnty -.o;econd and t ... ,~nty-third

rcpor1. we Icuped for joy. ~od ~II shoUlcd ", uncc. 'Long liwc lhe Em,..n. , •. (p 2(0) An editorial OOI~ uplain

ing thill '''''c'''y~ guns would nwt .he iHnh or a daugh.cr to.hc emperor, but IhII. 101 gUn! would be

fired in honorof lhe binhor a >00 a",1 heir lothecnlpire.

would ha.c provided Ihc conle" nece."';llly 10 UllOcr

sund th,s dr.ul\iIlic """nl Tk .... edi.onaJ !ohoru:ominp 1lSide. there i, 1'10 qutS

lIoning the IOICf1Iry quality of C(Hg",",'s ..... ilinG or lhe

e..cOling and dmn .. lic life $\00')' thll he relate.\. Coi!:",,1 firM engaged i"batt le at Mom~bclloin lialyin 18OO.and he n;o,;oont, Ihal in 3 ITIOIllI:m of oc"per:ltiun hc single

handedly ch;o,p:d an Au~nln c;moon, OOYOll<.1ing.1I fi,~ of lhe: gunners and ""I.uring lhe gun. Th,sdr:m.ahc

fCIOt broughl him to the anenl""" of Napoleon. 31 ttlat

li"'e fi~ consul of lhe French republic and commander inchief ofthc French army. Napoleon waS 50 iml''';~!it'd wilh COIgMf .• feat th;ot he infonncd him that. although

Coig",", ~ ~"" too iM .. pcricrad 10 jom hI' su;trd. ~ "wid ~""P Mn ")It' on him and nulc lhe younS ,,>ldier • I:u~nl'n",n when thetime was~pproprial_ proml~ II-.:.I NapolWIl k(pt,

TIlls .ncldent i, e~ I'''m'''y rr"e~ling of Napoleon' . """""",I ~yle of command and lhe intimatc rellll00.

~hip he enjoyed with h.s am'y , Th~1 N~J'OIwrI as commander in c hie f of the Frr~h Army ... 'oold In ke

nOle of J prom,., ng youn!: off...-cr may pernap< he

e .pected, but thal ~ would <"ml~rly ""d lhecaretr of a French I"'VlI\C is simply astOOndmg. Yet Ihl~ in flOCl

did occu •. and three )It'3t1' lalcr Coignet. havlnll acquired lhe I1«'c., .... ry ti",~ in >(rv~. rrcCI\ltd hi.

".on>Olion 10 whal woold beroll1c the n"-"I ('1111005 military unit in lhe world.lhe: grrnoolers Mthe Imperial Guard. C(HgllCl ~Ial "" ,hal he was actually 100 Shoo'110

tOOI't the he'ght requIrement ofthc guw. but br:fl)rt hi .• mitial in'{l«t ion he placed a ,k,d o f playmS c.lrd~ In

tach of hi, ~hoes 10 boo~t h,m>clf "I' 10 the required

staturr. Duringthc coorsc of hi. ",ill1a,), carttr. COlgnr:t

woold panicipale in no I~ lluln (orty·n ine engage·

27

menlS, including some of the grcalc" bal1les of the NBIM}leunic Wal'$-Jena, Eyluu . WH!:nom, and Walc,'

100. Co'g""l d,-"" oM OOaSl aboul cuhe, h .. mililll')' car«r or hIS I"'rloOnal uploits and m f:oct is !:ven

...,.,.,..""h;u ~If«prccat ing 31 limes. For uamplc. he

,,<1"';1. thaI he was somewOOI ""'f..:onscious of hIS helghl. When h" met a RU SSian grcnrodicr during lhe

fesl1YlllCs !,ur 'ourl<lin!: the pexe of Til.,t . Coig .... 1

relates. "1 w~ obli,cd '0 loot up to i« h" f""c. I Iool~'tl likc a link boy be!;Kk; him." (p. 155) COIIlnr:t

al~ ",weal, that hc ""~ . llIterate "",ii the ~ge of Ih,ny

three. ""~n. 10 make possible hiS rromotoon fi,,;t !O

cOlpOral and lhe n to -.:rgcant. his commal"'ing 01T" ICcr

a"igned to him a team of l;Cv"n pri\f;lles as tutors '" ho wouldlclICh him how to .... ad and .... rilt:

By 1 K I 2 Coi!:",,! had nsen 10 the mnk of caplliln.

and ~ served a. an aide to Napoleon during lhe

disaMroos Ru",an c3n1raig.n of that year. Coignc'-' memOir I~h""'s 3 stlmn, OCCOOlnl of lhe Battle of Borodll'lO before 1>1,,,;0:0"". ""he:re he pame.patO."d in thc final French anx~ Ihal <C1~cd the great rtdouhl in lhe C<'."nl ... "f of lhe RUS5I~n line, and M darkly disturbln8

accounl ofl OO infamous French retreat from that city. CoiSntt rcm.ained ~Icad(astly 10~~I1O Napok."on e"~n

after Rus~I;t.~nd he: rema.ned :t»igned 10the "."'perot· ~

~arr durin~ the: 1813 eanopaign in ~nn.tny and lhe fin.1 Ikfense of F .. nce In 1814. i\ftcr N~1""con ' • ahd,eution and cxile 10 1'.100. Coig"'" wandered amI·

'es..'y, bul. ""hen lhe cmperorcscaped frum his Island prison ~nd lTIumed to F",,,,,,, in the ~prln8 o f 1815. Coignet wasoncoftho!;e whooroccmorerallied loh ..

sode. COI&""-1 .... dS again assigned to the emperor' .• slaff for.be ctim""ue do!"",,,,,,,,,nt of lhe Nlpaleonic W • .",

Ihe W:llcrloo camp.1'gn. Once again, Coignr:t wnn fawo .. by dnom:uically llJlln, an Enl!li~h ~u~11'}' officer In s.n,1e combat ,n fronl of lhe 31tcntowC eye. of thc

" mpelOt and hiS 51aff. Aftcr Napolron·. d.rc~I.»OJ final eXile. COlgnel

retu-ed (",on Ih" :ormy . In ISIS he momcd" charnllng

lady who owned" Mleccssful buSIMS~ "»OJ S<.1t1cd do .... n As COlgMI \Io'ti a ,",specled "Jl.onapar1i~t,~

royali., police Ir.KLed hI< ",owe,""nt, for many years.

bul while his hean renlJ'ncd ill ,ympalhy with Napo

leon.11e did nol become polillc.lly ItCli.e . In I S4S. 011 Coignet"~ scve,lIy_...:cond binhday. hi.' w,fe of Ihiny

ycaflj pa,sed 3"'"ay.lea".nl: him alone: and cre<1fallcn.

In an cffort 10 di""n hiS mind frum his suffenng~ he

romml11ed hlm~lf 10 wriling hi , li(,,' $ >'01)' as a soldier In Napoleon's G,.,,,,,/, IIrrm'" hnd produced TM Nou·8otH...J.

Coigncf. booI< I,m'''~ boIh hlSlonan, and ,'''' gCII" .... lllUblM: with an Invalu:tbk :tCCOIlnl of milnary <crvlce wilh lhe p,<,mier elile lighllng fon.:e o f lhe

world during one uf the 11"'" d .... mallc and colof'ful

epoch, in miliu"y h'story. h. :idd.llOO. COlg .... 1 I""'" vide... an Insl(lo::,' ~ 811m~ n, one of hl!'lOf)"" &rea,,,-<, COUlnliJndel& Napoleon Bonaparte. re",,~11I18 not only

hI' 11"lllary ~enlus bu, aho hi, hun~'" Side and hi . g,<,a, 3ff«,1011 for lhe ,;oId",1'5 who <cr"ed h,m. 1 highly

re('omrro:nd Cuogncl' S "'''OI~ 10 ~nyone inlen:.lcd in Ih" I,,;rio<! oOf hl,'iOf)' or 101M ge""rdl ",a(ler .... ·110 enjoy> an ".ci,illg ,ul" of a .",Id,e, and his e>rlo;'"

NOTES

1. Fur ",-'Cen, oo illon~ of Blue and Mamu. . ...:.'<: £Il~a,

HI~u. Lif<' III Naf'(JIi'Ol1's Army: The M,·"h·/I't "I Capillin Ellior 8/":dM"",ha,,lC~bu~. p~ . 1995) ... nd

Jun·Bapli,lc.Amoonr..Ma,,:dln. baron de Marbot.

n,,· Me",,,irJ of 8MO/l d~ M"rb" •. h," /J~UICllilm·

Gm,·,.,,/ III 'h" F',,,ch 11"".1'. 2 ,ol~. (London. 1988).

/l,JI",n B. Brue, iJ a PII D. mllllitla,t' in 1"~lon' at

Ka"j{'1 51111r VIII''''''''''' Hu "rliclt' "1'0 (/,t UIJI /."''''1 "f nt',,, .\"tf'n/(.h: 7'1tr Fr,·",'" A '''','' ,/lid 'hI' I"',:i)/,,,:. of Alldllm, <lI II,,, Ball/( ofV~,.,lulI. 21 f'~b

r ... ,,· .. _18 D«elllbu 1916" appm,n/ in IIr#' S",,,,,,.., 1998 .ur,,- 01 Army Hi-.tory t N ... 45 ).

llook I(e'~'" by Thoma~ Coos

",infit'ld 5<;,,{I: 'I'lle Que~1 Illr MiIt"llIry GI"ry by Timothy U. J ohnson.

Un;' ersllY I>rns or KMn~ I Y'oIIi. 31S pp .. SJ5.

Wht:n a trilllllpham CH!nerJI Winf",ld SCOll en

ICn.'d lhe hean flf Mexico City on 14 Scp'~mbtr I&H

Ifl lhe !l(llJrtds of <l mililary band plaYln! "y~"l...,

I )oodle:' his place i" the aml:!l< of mililary hl~'OI)' :L<

a brilhan! milim,y rol11m:mder and s'r~'rt'" .-.eemcd as.",,,,d_ nil. ,.ucccs~ was the crown,ng achl( 'emcnl

of ~ lQng C:lf<"<,r ,hal guided lhe cVll-iullon of lhe U.s.

28

Amy frum lhe dd",d~s of lhe war of 181210 lhe ;u • ."",dibk 2~mile·dn,·e frol11lhe U.S. "'my's rim

lrue amphlblOU~ landing 101 Vern CIU~ 10 lhe epic

""Illes around Ill.: M"uean capnal. Yet soon .Ocr ,hi. conq""". Sc()ll ....-a~ a,,,,,1ed by conlempor.ry CnlM:S. :m" hel"o", lon/l: he was o"cr-h",luwcd hy Ihe fanJ(IU~

teneral> oflheCi"il War Few A"'~ricani. ,,'lItn asked

aboul ~31 Ame,ica" tcne.-al< of lhe nme~oXnth ""n·

lUI")'. Ihinl ''"'' (iranl. 1.«. and Shem",,, 10 recall Sc",t"~ oonle> al Lundy's Lane and Cerro Gordo, H" ..... ever.lhis hl i'IOrical faV""';li""can he ",medioo by a fudlng of Timot hy 0 , John<on's new bio;l1Iphy.

W",fifld SeOI/" n... QuO'., 10'" M""oO' Glory. John" .... " an a-SOCIJIC profe1<Wf "r hiMOf)' al

Lipscomb Univc,.,.; ly in Tenne~see. and he lIdnS-' ~

Ir~jnoeJ ~n:.l ylical ah,l ily and a peoc .... n! for 'n-de~h R...",,~rch to h,~ flam,nallon of 5<:011" hf~ and 1U11Q.

The mulling WUl~ . Til" Que;!/ for Milill' ...... Glory.

;IP"""" '" Ill\' ..c,,~, of Modem W,,' SI ",Io.~~ published hy lJnive,,"y Pressof Kan ... , . Afler lhe I"'hlitalion of Ch~r1es Win,lo .... Elliou's 1911 b~r.tphy. Wi,ljielJ

Se'11/." ThO' s<,J,/, .. r IUK/II,t' Itt(tll. Scon "'~< IlOl . he ",ub';"..,1 of ~ n~IJor siudy for nil)", III"n ~ hall ' century,

In 1991 John S, D. Ebc"ho ..... cr produced A~m' of o..·JIIII\'.· TIlt ul""'K/Ti"'~ofG.."a(J1 W",ji .. I,/ .'icO/l.

a pupubtr accoonl thaI narrJrn lho.· life of lhe ~ner:ll

"'"hour CI1hc:t lhe do:ep an~ly,,, or IIl-deJllh ~rch

,hal Johnson· s ..... urI< ,,,,,v,,lc<. While EiscnlKowcrgUldes rhe reader through many Its"', known as-jlecl~ of

Scot~· ~ Ilr., ",,'h 1M w;lllful pnI>C he h3.~ demonlolf3l00 10 all hIS work,. a mon: dclinu,,-c bioJ!raphy ~wa'.ed

,he ""blicaliuo. nr John<on'~ rhorough H'kl ~nJOy~blc

""'" John..on leoo. I ... · ",,,,ler Ihrough a namlm.., of

XOI1's b¥lgn.M.Hld and ~nl$ an an:dy'" of how each hi>loncale,'cOl ,h.:t.ped lilt: ,!\an and lhe ge""r~1

5 • .'011', ,mp""l nn Ihe Anny UrliWfCO'l'>. on Amcncan

11I1"r~1)' Iradl1ion . and on lhe ' UCCe5S of ,he Mlion' s :ums a'<' cun,odcn.'<I chronoloJM:ally and on delail.

from lhe im1""'1 on American """"Ie and S1r. .. egy of Sc()ll' S all""~ al Lundy '~ Lnllc dunng lhe Warof I H 12 alilhe way 10 lhe ~i&"irM:a,,« of his 1861 "Anacoodll

I'I~n." While many ollrer $Iud"" "r Scan conch ..... , soon after n~rr.lllng Ihe 1847 M.,~ICO ca m,"'ign. Jolln''')11 conllnue, Iht: >-lory 10 uamine and e .plain ScOlI' 5 ellOllllUliS impacl over nearly h_lf a cenlury on

,he profnl'iollalilJlllOn oflM Army'~ offocercorp.arod

on lhe dirooion of lhe Ame ...... an "Hlnary. John""" ca~full y pl3("e~ Scou in Ihc ~onlexl of his lime. by de...,rihin!: lhe polilie~l. soc,al. ""d culluml fo.><c!Cli lhal

~hapcd hiK world. Nevef1he~ il is in hi , analysis of Scon'~ plan_

ning and gentml~h'pdunn, lhedrive from V('f1I Cruz

I.., Me.ieoCily "'~fC John''''''' cffons lod~rify arod refule pa.,1 il1l~rprelal;ons make I'" 1n0" 1">ljn~ im·

pre,,-~ ,on . Wh ile noc failin, 10 pre..,nl lhe gc""nol' ~ many fl~ws. Including hi,amlmion. ,·anlly. arod ari." <>c.-.nic kanin8s Ilia! !.O infur!al~-d his crilieS lInd prejud"",d ",me hi slorians). JoItn!.On c .pl.in, lhe immense

challcngc.s ScOlI llad 10 ove~ome duri,,!: I he dl i,'c on

MuieoC"y. He lheref"", place:; ScOIi secood behind George Wuhin,lonamong I"" nalion' Slmal ~...,rals. John"", l'OllCl00cS lhal "ScOII ~Id h~~e CIt1O:.-,:ed

from I'" wa, wilh an elo:valed repulalion 8nd lhe n:cognilion of h" righl ful place amon, Ihe ,realeS! gc • ..,,,,I, in American hl ~lory :' (po 2 10) BUI an ··e rup·

uon of ego,." "mbroiled ScOiI. and hi. repulalion declined from 'lhe g""'lestl;v,", soldler.- aocording 10

lhe Duke of Wdl inglC ..... lo"'01d FUM and '-ealhers.- as he i,rummonlycalled loday. nll spcriod ..,flhejl.cnerJI ·s

life holds lhe ~rt:alesl signifICance for ScoII as"" hiMori

c~1 figu~ and ""''''rc Johnson ', 3S1Ule an;tlys'~ a nd po;rtXpuvc In,i,llu add ITlOSlIO oor undcrsland,ng.

n.c "",nglh of Ihn biography rc.<I~ noc only ,n liS rc".",rch ~nd an~l ySlS. bul al~ in ;IS readab'IIIY . Henef,ung from H ,'CI)' inl~resllng ~ul'l~l. the book is

enjoyable 10 read. (0 i, al "" une o f lhe rare bioaraphocs lhal ha, good 1TI3p5 and ,lI u~Ir:ll ioo" lhal d.rrclly sup

pon I'" namoliw. In 5UmlTl3ry. John""" bii"p allennOlI 10QOeoflhe nalion', firsl profess,onal ~dlCn; u"d

greal c~plall1s. and he docs w ;n ~ way Ihal ~ve31.\

much aboul ScOlI. his 11111*"1. a nd the world in "hie h .., li'cd . Beyond ,imply enJoYing lhe "Of)' or one of

lhe grealesl campil'tnS eva won by Amencan arms. readers w,llleam ahall the gro .... th of a ~...,ral ·s talent

lInd the evolunon of hi s pmf~"i<>n .

MtJ). ·I "Io.Jmw (;, ..... < is rJOt auiJum' p,ojeuor o/I",w" al 11o~ U.S. !>fi/nary AnNumy H~ holds 0 mtUIU'J

d",r.-, '" hislory from 01,,,, .'il"'~ U"i'~rsiry a"d is cu,r,,",I, ... ",;nll a d'SSl'lfll",n 1m Civil War ~m,:'alship. A" i"/tm'ry affiur. Go .. s,.,,·~,1 ~,,,,h ,m, Il2' Aimam<' DIVIS,,,,, '" O/",,,,,i ,,,, JUST CloUSE in ParIUIrW lInd OMro'_ D£SI.IIT -'<"-HIM i"'mq.

29

Boo!. Rultw

hy Sh."I.y L. Fa lk

lIold Iht ",,,,wn .... TIre J"polltJt DqtllSe 1>/II.e Mnri .... a IJll>nds hy II . C ... 11 Drnftld

Wh ile MWII" I'" bl;, h lnll CompD ny, 1'1'17. 250 PI'. S29.?S_

For lap.ln ·s ", .. n.nl rortu~ in lhe !lUmmer of

1944. lhe American ConqueSI of lilt "brianas I,lands was an unmil ig.I~-d d, s,1sler. The greal II:IV~ I .ir b"ltl~

Ihallhe American i,wa ,ion preclpilaled de."mycd Ihe

'~SI "lemenls of lhe onet powco-ful.crikln.l! force of I"" Jap;o'""" navy_ n.c, Amenc~n navy in IUm gained a

ITI3JOf forward 1<.>g"l il:al base. Even more In.".,,-13nlly. IheMananasprovKledamplll ,il~~ for Amenean a,ma",_

fn)n' whi~h B-29 heavy bomho;nI .... UI,ld wn:a~ havoc

00 lhe herclofore sacrosarICl bp;lnc..<c hili"" is landf and a ycar laler ~Ii"(r lhe final. cillnacl", ."""kar

.crike:;toend lhe Ion,. h,,,,,. war. Finall y. the fall oft"" Mariana. would loppleGencrnl Hidc~i Tojo'~ " 'anmlC

gO"emmcnllh:l1 had led lhe naliOfl illlo ho~ksscOfl

fliel and reso.<lcd for >0 lonll: any talk of making 1"'>ICe.

~ Amenun victOf)'. ,n sho<!. was a deciii"e blow from .... hoch Japan could IJever "",,-,'·Cf.

T~ 0101)' of lho-: bp;oneSC' loss oflllc M~ri~n~' h". been l\.'Countcd many limes. usuall y f..."n lhe Amenca~ poinl of View, in oc..h ..,fficial and ullorr .c ial hislo

rit:!.. man y of .... hlCh 1lC' crlhdc.ss incl00c 800d rover_ age 01 lhe Ja~ ioOt of lhe bioll~ . Dr O. Colt Dcnfdd. however, f ..... n .... ny yeMSa h'.<lor,an wilh 1M

Army COfliiof Engmf:<:rs III AI~,.j,;aand a i pe<:,ah<l on M,cro ... " ia. haschose- n to leilihe "'II)' ~ga 'n. prilTl3nly

from lhe Jal""""" ~rspecli'·e. He Ihu~ provides only 3,ood ,eneral xcaum of lilt Amer",an sMk. C""""n'

'mhn; in~ead 0fI ""1\;111'" Jap<onc.se -...ere Ihlllkong and doing .

Thi . would h~,"" been a weicolllo! IICldiliUl' to 1M

literalure had Ucnfcid c .ploiled J;tp;Inc.oe· languagc

""" .... -es previously unlapped hy OIher Wt!>lem h'!>IOrl ' ans. Unfortunately. he has limOlal h,~ ~lICa~h 10

Engh'h· languaJ;e malerlals. Whi le he h;u ~ ~.ood

uSC' of 1"''-(:. """I ..,f lhe'n have ~n well UI ili«d by oIher hi!>looans bef",,' him. Thus. for Ill' occoonl focuMn, on t .... J~SC' .ode. II i, '>!nonge Ihal Dtnfteld

Ignored such .... m:S a~ I'" ofrocilll JapallCsc war

hlSlOf)', unorrK:lal hpa""""" ",",ount., and ~tl il Olliff unpllbloshed hpanese m.nerials, man)' of ",hio:h are

mva.ibbk on mK:rofjlm in oor o"'n N~ional AI'l·h .... .os. Nor ha, Donfrld cuno;ulted _ Engli,h, I~II&uate

wur l s Ih~1 ",!oed haovilyon J"","""'MlII~ such aJ;

Edward Ima ' s volume on UL1'IIA, I'au l Dull's hlj./Ofy

of!~ World War II Japanese na~y, and eVen John

Toland's s" 'eeping account of Japan 's wardron. "'" reader woo ,.:eh new ""'Inial in [).:nrdd· ~ 'lUdy WIll

Ihll s be fruW"lI;d . IId di"'PI)()illl~"d,

I)e~ r 'le I h I ~ 1113 jill' ~ honcoml n g, I/"Id tllr M Ill';""" ~ is slill a "ood brief narrdlive of Japanese pia" . and lK'1ion. and of the ex~ricll('\.')C of III .... y individual Jaf'll~ . Funilc",""re, ""Iil ,, Ollie< hlSioriall~ of!he Marillna, b.ilult:. D.:nfdd ha, ",lied h"""ily 00 mr chaenlogical and hi'lorical ~<ierv.lllOO pIIbll(;luon, as well as Ilts own on-I~-ground sul'\'e)'s of the maJO!'

bl;Ullboflhe MlIflIIIl3S_ He Ihus i, ~blc looffe. ImJlff'~ive lk1al l~ lIbool the ICffilin and topog ... pb), and (he

n;lIUIl' of the Jap;lllese defenses 001 .... achl)' avail"bk: el~"'hrn:. Ne~rl)' fi~ <k>~en photOt:r~I"'" cOIl~l iIUI

i"C olle '1" ~'lcr of the hnoi;'s I"'Bc~. fUI1Mr reveal Ulcn~1 ve " ,formalion 300m JapaneS<' defens ive po!l

tions: I""':~' fonifkallons. we;lpon Slles. ","0011'

n"g" h:chlli'l'''''' .IId,;o fOllh . Dcnfcld al~ provide_< good b;oc:lground m;l1erial

00 the Spanish, German. and Japanese OCCUpal iur,~ o r lhe "lan.Js. TlM.'11, afle.- ~ brief gC'1O!nI1 _ ,M of hp.l11e>e and. 10 a ~"'r e~lem. A~ncan military

plans and Jlffpar.llions for lhe Manan;l<, he de""ribe> lhe nav~1 bailie thai opened lhe opI:l1Ilion. and .n '"m lhe fi&h!\ for Sai!",'" Tini .. n, a,w! Guam. HI< Guam narraove also IIlclodes an occoum of .he J:.I"'r'IOC

~afllUIl' of Iha. island a. the Sian or the war. H" ~OI'ICludcs wilh M brief account of.he b;".I~·, ~lllcrl1la.h

~nd " <k:§c"!~;O" of rhe pre""nl <lnle of Ih~ Japanese ,Idense., ~11d wor .nifael .• Ih~1 ~till r~",aln on 1m, i,laoo_ ~urpnsing amounl haifa cemury lal~r.

't'h( short ch~pI~ on I he na va I bal1le of I he M "liarnil' IlluSl .... e. (he problem of DcnfeW' s alle",,~ 10 deKnbr

Ja ... """, op:nI.ion, withoul u''''g Japanese SO(lrtt~ Ib<ed almosi enlill'ly on Samuel EI~ Morison's 19~~

V<)1u~ ca>enlli the bank, i. igllOfn Dull', alllooroulive I,"", x<:oont 3'j .... ell as a few OIhcf uscful FAfllsh

bnt:lIIIgc 'OOOrn::s. n.e 00"'1)' fi"" ~s deVOled 10 the (meial ~ ho:mic thus offer very lillie on JapafIC!;C p/;ln<

and not much ~ on .heiroper~tion.-incllld"'g.he

5ignirlC301 fact Ih:u U.S. fon..'t'S "'''1'1.' in po!..~'Slon of .hese plans. 000 of the "lInt,,;ng qlK'!SllOO~ abovt (his :r.ca ""11k I~ why VICe Adm.. KatuJI ~Ula. oornmo>n<t

[email protected]·h:lsedairunlbin the Ma~ kepi

f«dlng Admi ... l (h:,,, .. fahe infonnation aboul lhe .raIUS ofhis fOtCC<.. ;lI fon",,"oo .hal he ~new to br faist

and 1"-''' "","""sly "'''~ (h:,w3. Donfeld ~nlions Ihi' Mr~llge behavior 0I'Itt in p.:Issing b," OIakes no cffon 10 e~plain il. de~pi.e ;IS cvid.:nl ((f....." nn Onlwa-S OCtlons.

The chaplcr~ co"cring lhe land fighting are more dcwilcd ~11d "'IICI, bo:ller, The bpanese ma.erial. gi "~n .he limilatlons described abo~e. i, skillfully \I!oCd. And

.here is a nice. albril brief. cApl~nal iun ~,Id ~, ... Iys is of

Japa"""" 'iailurc," io lhe !)lillie. BUI the documenlalion is ullI:""n and of.en IMdeqU~(C • • rId the maps also leave """,""thmt 10 he des ,f(:d , H,)/d IIrr M"",,'IOs. in

,uon, j~di!'1OflIIOimillgand offer..!he n:aderfar 10-. ,""11 liS duM-jackn blurb promise..

Or. SI""I",' L Full. ~'''J "hl.-j MIlOri1ll1 Qj tlrr U.S. Air f'orr~ "lid d.· pUlV cll,.-/ hmorlil" for Soul h ... l£t ,h;o at

rh~ C</II~r 0/ Mil"tln' His/QI'Y H~ i .• the autilor 0/ B.I;I""'''''' M llrch of I)calh (N",,' Y"" •. 1961/ ",,,/ Sc,-enty U1ys to S"'8apore (Ne'" York. 1975 j,

Kook Hn~ .. '

by MichMI A. BOOf n

)()

f ',.., ... N"zj T.-M PiJOI'II lIiflu', 8u"krr

Th t ,"'(ml"Snt Fli/thls oj 1111""" Rrilnl! b), o..nn;"· Pis-Lki~ .. ic" Pracgcr _ 19'17. 149 pp_, S22.95.

Hanna Reihch cen"inl)' ",'''"~ B plocc In che hi,lory uf the IWClllicth ceot .. !), as a sc rong wu"",~

wh"", li f~ wa' filled w'th challenges ~nd "",<ked hy oovcntu"'~ Ihrn culmi naled in Uit1~r', blin ker dunng

lhe final days and hour) of.1M! Third KelCh. Dennis Pis-zk jewiel -.cl, ""I In .el1 her ~Iory and 10 nplore 11M:

Itialsofher lIfe. Unfonunaoely . Ihi. "'()f ~ nc~lIe<does

complele jUl-licc to Han,.. Reu<,Ch nor fulfills lhe

aUlhor's )l3Icd inlcrlhOOS. Wh,1e Plszklewi,,£s "". t"OUn( has l«)OlV: Slrong clemenu. for- tho:. nl(ll<.l p.:an ;1 failS to Iliuminale what anl""'h:d Rcil<'ch, and lhe

.... ader fini~hes lhe boolc ,,-ithouc really ulldenrandin8

moch aboul her

!!~nn~ Reind, was. in !tulh. quilr an a,lOnishlni "."man,;U Pinkiewicz POI"" 001, SIll: flo;w nulnC'rws aifCl1If1. n>m1ly in lherok of,eSt p,loI. and <.el a numl.,. of a,iallon 1«00d,. ~hc "" ..... cd Hiller', "'lime failh· fully during ils entire e.i.te"ce. She w~s injured on a n",nb"r of occa~ions 3nd wa5 th(, only fe"",1e ""'ipient of Ih(, Iron CroM, Firs! (Lu,. dunng th(, Second World

Will'. Her wan, r'~ c 'pcricllCC" cillmin;uw ,n her pre .• · rner al lhe Betl", btm~cl "" 28 Apri! 1945. jU51 hour. 1:N.;(0f\: lhe final c ,'<'nlS of H" ~r", life. Pi.,~l lew ic~ dor. a .sall~f;oclory jubnarn,ing Ih,,'clllnaclic!.lOO)' !nOlller .reu,. ho....:vcr. Ihclt' an: 'nnlld~rable .• honeomi"s"

In his i",roducllon. Pi S7kit:wicz ~'a numberof q .... ~nons lhal he wI~hes "-..dd"",,, in lhebool;, I1lOSl o(

' .... m rccardin~ the 'Iruggle~ of a woman '" IIx: ma'~ world of Nazi Germany Th" "ulhor wme •• "Why ~'OUldn'l lM x eep! ..... do::.,i"Ia1~..J role: of wife and buedco- of flllure membeB of ,'''' ma~lcr """,7 Whal drove ""r 10 u ccl in a m:d,,·oominaled world a. an aircr-Jt1 leSI piloc? Whal Icd 1>0:. 10 b«ome a clo~ a.<,OC;ale of ,'''' Nazi ~adellih'p and. In lhe end. an 1011 "",Ie membo:r orH ille:r" • inner ( m: Ie· ... · (p . .. ) Unf ",. Iun.,ll y. ,he ."Ihnr ,loci; 1i1!1( 10 addn: S5 t .... s.: que.· lion. in Ih(, coors< of lhe~ .

I'l:rhal)S Pi,Aocwiccz b,ls on hi' at1Cnlpllo wri.e ~ hl slOI'I(:a l btogl1lrhy because as a scien,," and .c:oche. "f culle~- kvel c .... l1li~try HIMI hi"" .... mislry, .... doe. nulha"l t .... hl ~,()Iic-~IIr-~inin, 10 anal yze h,~ ""'lc .. ~1 '0 ans"'er hiS ownque,aions. Fureumple:. m:lOy ofhl~ ~fC\!S Mrual>lobiogr:lphle~. ~mon& lhe'" IhuseofOno Skornny and teni Riefen~lahl. bul,he ~ulhor spenJs litlle: time OOdra~'n, any bi~"",.t.e.c biographies nl:ty hue: This i~ panKularlyevKlcnl wi,h hi. use of 113nn~ Rei I f,( h . ~ pc""""a I " 'ri ti ngs. Pi $zk ie w K Z U n fort un" lei y s«ms ,0 lake Rrit<eh's word wlthoul que."io". R, dcmon.<lr:lled on h,s discu",,,,, o f ~peciroc cn"c ,sn'~

leveled al Hanna b~ h(,r n~k coo"I""riOi' On one OCC~Slon. she i, e, ilicized for nylOg "wllh herhea n ;",d nul wi.h her bfain_1 Ic;,SI withoul Cflilcal under· .>landing of h(,r wtwt. ... She i, .ceu"'" of bei~ V~ln. arrogant. and ... Ifish .0 I"" po,nt of being oc. rimenlal 10 I ..... uccc~~ of lhe "-"po:rimental am:mt1 ullit" ~ mission. BUll'i.zk iewicl dismISses I""~ ;r.ccu~.ions wilh noanalysisOf s.udy oflhe uppo;»ing vicw: " I-Iow much lfUlh lhe", ...... in the~ cmici'll" Icvckd al I [anna by lhe m.lle pilOl' is ,,.,. known ... . Whal is obviU\l'. lhough, is ,hal Ih(,y dId "01 wanl her as pm of ,hei,

group," (p. ~J) l'i'7kiewicz <101:_ acknowledge. how· ever, d,at Rellsch·. wntlll'" lack "introsp«lIon or a",oIy~i, of.he moral conseqlH:,,"" of Iv.:, OCIion. on

behall oflhe ThinJ Reich ." (p. 124) For ,he h, slOri;'n. Ihis doe~ IInle 10 provide an f~amlOalion of lhese

q"'''iuns.

l!

Colllpli ..... n,ary 10 .he proble,na';" ,..,holarly 1'(

<ean:h I< Ihe ~ulhur", ,onfu.ing fOOInOic 'lyle, While uiKler5landlllg Ihal in 11~'ny Cases an aulhor .~ eo,,· .Ir:li...-d by lhe rcqut<1< of cdituo.. the f(ll'Tn.lt of Ih,s book _ms more complicatoo IlllIn 11lOSl . r«lOlllOle~

are nOll>C<jllCnlial. and Piszk ,ewic1.·' '>Ck~lcd bibliog· roph y ;~ ,,·ocfully ~hon. noI1i5lIn, all of.he ......n.. lhat he CItes ,n fOOlnClfO . In addi"on. lhen: are n"mem,,, C""'. uf qllOlfd e"chan,es ,ul'I"'"oo by no documen· 1~liOlI ., "II, particulmly during the ch~"lc", on Ih(, fin~1 days of t"" ,,'ar . ... hen .weh con"cB;U"",~ ~m """"

inlrig""', 3nd wOO'lhy 0( f"'1he:r >4udy, The ..,ader .ler. 'I''''''tioning Ihe yalidny and icgilim;oey of these pa"\~8Cs. I'cr .... ps lhe mosl problem,n", ,ingle ex · ample: 0< (oomOle 36 on I"'SC 102 (followed ,n lhe: ne~1 l'"r~gJ1lrh by fOOIOOlIl: 24). whi\-h ,iles Simply "Vari · 00, ,.., ... '0, .... ",)' ""'''':lS.''

An ""porl~'" a~po:" of Itell ,ch'~ IIf" Ihal Piukocwicz f~ll. 10 add""" adequ;uely .. her e<.>rK);:p,ion ofhonor and loyalty. Allhough he doe~ 'K)! e , I'''c, Illy .Me liIal ~xl'l",ing Ihi~ llIe",e wlll be """ "f h" goals. Pi.zI;iewiccz fretJ"""' ly relumno Hanna'. hel",( sy .. em I() ~ltcmp! 10 e~pl3,u he< '""'i",,, .Ionor and loyally are COO>CCIM' Ih~t lhe aUlboo- addre. • .c., U<.'Ca·

.iunally dunng lhe (OUf'l;C of the boot, bul h(, prm-ode .• lhe read;.'f .... i,h only a brief. wnpliMic diS(.·us"on of Rel1Kh 's valuel> and "" .. ion). An e-antlllallon I .... t coold "cry C3S1ly have pro"en ,ompal ible wnh 3n nnaly.is of lhe role: of women in III" Th ird Reich IS relep'w to " "",,-vnd,r-~Ie aflenhoughl on Ioi) work. Rellsch~h~ngc.~ IIv.: foc") ufheT Ioyal.y .hlOll&houl he. life- fr"", God 10 lhe Falhellh"d. tu fellow nyers. ,0 lho! 1."f1"" </J~. and fin~lIy 10 Hiller himself Pi'lkie,,·ocz oow here u Ifla."s eunl y whal dc"'nmncd he. )Ioif II nl! Ioyahocs and. <l"oOI'e "nf'O'1:tlll . how her (han,mg COlI· ecpli.,,", affecled her life.

A word should he ",id "boo. MIII"oe P""'lIVC a.peel. of,h" bool AI.hou,1o l;r.c\,n, ," hi,..urical an.aI>·sl.I.. Ptszkocwl(:z do:lcs~" adm'T3ble Jt>b of dc .... :.ibin~ ,he key evemS on Genna" .. ialiun de'~lopOlcm ",,"ng.he war yca.". inelud'~ lhe .. tcehn".! ilSpCl:lS. Hand_on_

II.1nd w,lh Ih,~ oovallCl:lII.:nl wcnllhc dal ly penl~ faced

by til<: 1.:..1 pilob. 011" \:u"'~ an appreclat,on for all . hey h: .. IIO e AJle ncnce alld lhe rI.'ks lhey took. I·b:t.kl"wi,·~

31~pnwldesa clear chronological (nur.:wOIk forth ..

devtlopmem. Moreover. the .... .....,r >cktoon f""l., tll.1l he i~ los! in ",btic.Jro 10 .he 1'fO&re.<i.~ of the WOIr.

Thc OIlI~"(\t'1C I~ a book Ih~I cons.m chiefly offac.~ ,,, ,,1 ",fMIHalio ... P"'>CIIIS 'nlcr~stinll h:t: hni",,1 de

scnp! IOnlo. and I~ fairly "'~II""riHcn bUi faill '0 Jlrov,de any an:Ily5'~ or evalualic.Jro of Hanna J(eil<.eh as ~

PCI">Ofl. TlIe crilical '1""",oon, I."<l<lC<'m,n, her rok as a wo" .. n III ,he German nnllllll)' apparalus a .... rq;",I1 :,

bly glos!ied over. as lhe OUl OOr neVer a" ~wel'S Ihe key

que'lIon~ he asked at . heOUI"'1 oflhe hom l1lc.., a .... 'I""c ~ few areU whcre tn-depth dISCII.,,,,,,, ... · .... ,Id

Iu~ bc<: .. warranted. among thcm her1li,'" I""ninl!- as a youlh. her dealin\:, ... i,ll Ono Skorun)'. and her p"'IW",. Ire .. , .. ", .. t hy both h'Slorians :md joom:tl" .. 11Ic author. howe,'er. goo:s Iml~ funher ill hi , allal YSi. Ihan 10 e.plain. II,;,,\: HIIIt. .. ·s word, to J(etlsch. tllat

di",,,mlnallon ......... unfonunalely lhe fale uf many

" ·oonen.M (p. 1 11) In the end. the .... :tdo.-r l~dl~l'pOlllled. Wh ile this book 'ssubjecl ,,''''3 rcn~'rkable a",al n~. ils lack of hi"orieal "nnly~i' or probing exam;n",ion of her I ,fe relr!l!-ales " 10 ont Ihal is ofv~lueonly for lhose Inlel'tsted In the !('Chnic,1 and ehn>n<>losocal asp«lsof

I~ Gennan a~i:tlion rwO£"'mdunnl!-thc Third Reich . A ,t.·ro" illv/: "n~ly'" of Hanna R(l1sch 's li((ande~n:er ha~ yello be wrillen.

Mqj. MichiNf A &,,"n i. "" i"slr~Iorol hiJ'OI)' Q/

Ih~ U .. 'i. M;lila,"! AcOOtn,... A Ph.D c"",lillirl., "I

Vomlublil U",.. .. rs;ry. It .. U p'rpming" ,/i.UC'lTas,oo 0', .. F ri .. tlrich E,,;:<,I., ",,,I'h~ Ar! 01 Wa, . . , IIf un'",1 duri,,!: ,h .. eullw"';11 SmuU Ambil' art/I K" ... "i, K·ill, ,h .. I" (ng,.,) Hriga<h.1' "mwr,'d Di";.';""

IJook Rni~ .. '

by IllIruid 1::. Ra ll.:h , Jr .

CitiZ"" So!di,rs; TIt, U.s. A,m:Jfm ... tJr, Nor_ady /Jelleh" I" Ih" Bulr'" 10 Ilt t Su"em/rr of W ""ony. JUt/II 7. 19-14. /0 M"y 7, 11145 t.y Stellhen ~: . AmhrOSl'

Simon and Sc:h usl ~r. S Ill'I" flolh.. 1m. $11.50; pMIK':r. 1';198. $ 16.00.

32

P,,)f~ Slqllocn E. Ambrul;c:'~ h,ghly acclaimed

Caiun Soldillr_Ihe sequel 10 hiS enlhrnll ;n!: n· (R,y: Ju,,,, 6. 1944; rll~ ClimaCTic Hmt/e "I World Wa, II-ha~ now bec:n publi sl ... -u. wi lh thc add ;l ion u(

a new ~fle .... ·ortI. in l)al""rbar: ~. Ihus making Ihis bool. av.ilable 10 an eVen I~rger aud~nc:e. Highly buded

and a rive"n/! read. CII;z,n SoIdi,., i, noI a study of geuernl~hip o r " mlq;y b,,1 ··i. alloY! Ihe Gis. Ihe

junior oflicer) And culi.'ted men of ETO [Eu,opean

Thealer of O" er.ltloosj- " ·ho lhey were. how l~y (lUthl. why tMy fou~hl. whallhey clldored. how tMY

'flumphed.M

Ip. 13) f rom lhe hc,J!:el<)ws of Nonnandy .Iolhe Sicgflled

L;ne . and Ih"",&11 tl!( Hiil1g~n f-on:"5t and lhoc wintry Ardennes.. b.:I!1 lin; lho:ir ~oo.,;e inc:AOfably c;u,waru ar"",. lho: RhifIC ,0 lhe Danu~ and Elbr Ri,"C ..... ,~

A" .... tican ciuun ..oldlers fooghl indefal igably and B~IIJllIly. bpern:,":cd German ~Idlers. rugg(d Icr·

r.lln. ~r.d terrible wlllier ,,·calher. (wpied wilh I,.",nd." k'ti"'ical ~honDgn. challcngr:d bUI n,",vcr hailed 'M

Amencan lighltng I...," ~ An>enc~n soldiers. 11\:",· Ing for their bud<l~ and ~u3ds and pl:NOOII>. al<o

"h"", lhey ... ·ere fighl ,n! for det:cncy "lid deU10tracy mid Ihey were proud uri t and nlOl"a led by ":' (p. 14)

In ",riunJ; Ihi!. tJool; , Amh,,)~ h.1s retainc<J lhe formul~ pro'"'!n MI ~ucceuful III >Urrte of his cvittr

vOlu me<. He has cu lied ",le.....,1 in, quotes ar.d paSS3j/C

from memolTl>. .... min1sa:nces. and or.tl hl ~torln of American fa",t !>Ome Genn~n) World W"r II "ele .. ~ns, 00n~1 i!d 10 lhe l: lscnho"'er Center al the UIlIversi,y of New Orleans. Tbe.se , ·igfICues.. along wilh scl«t~-d

pa~s;lgcS fro'" publo<Jocd I>oc>b. havc bn:n WQven ,1110 a hamollve OTgiinlud chronologically and topically.

humples of Ihe laller,.,.;1 ion •. which proviOt: in. ;!:"' lin ~Upporllr<.1l1p) alld VO"OO.1 other wl,Jicl'S. include ··Repl......,rocnls and J(e;nforccmenl ~. Fall . 1944":"'"Tbc: All W"r'": MMed,U. NuIXs. and I)oclon;M;and ··Jerb.

Sad Sacks. and Jim Crow.M

In leuin\: tbe 5Old.en; Mspeak f<.>r ,hem<el ve~M

Ihroogh ,heir ~ 1 ... 'Cdotes and "",I hi.,<.>rics, lhe aUlhor

ooids u"equl voca ll y ,hal--They speak ""nh an aU lhen

licny no one else can ""'Ieh. M Ip. 13) Thl ~ as:;erltOll "

highly qlle:l-lionablc. 0r:I1 h.stoneli lind "",uni.w:cnc:c$. ",eluding II~ nlade days and. even more MI. thole

ITmdc decades oreven 3 half """" n",ry after tbcc''ent . ~rc frequently and un;nlcnllooally of dub"",. occul1lCY and ,"Cnocity O'"'!r IIllle. memtll'ies flOde. are ,nOumced

by C>lcm~1 fIoclon ( i:>Qoks. m\)\'~~. etc.). ~ome em· belli>lled. or Ir~usrorm ,nlO oro:::'. I"'"-,,,piun ut ,,1t.aI should h~,·t II3ppo:ned. I':ll~r IlL:r.n ,,'1131 ocnl3l1~ dod

h~wen . Thi~ ,s 001 me~m lodelracl 1M any "-:iI~ fmm llK

~""''''J:C.I'''..".,~tl1lna. and oul5l3./ldmg acrompll~

menls oflhe «IkIIC".dcplCl<"'Il in Ihis >ludy. buliV pI.)Int OUt 1M poc~n"al ,honcomjnt-~ of oral n:m;,,,,,,",,,,w..'CS

and te<'Qllet:l!oo" Many of the M)ld,er.· 01111 h'Mo.>rio:~ and remlll'"

c~ncc~ recounled in Ihis " "fly \.uu,,,j ver~ ,imil:', 10 "war Morie~." ( I nde~d.lhe aUlhor sl al.~ on p. 471 Ihm II< heanl hi. '"fin.t War .Itories·· from World W~r IJ vClerJlI.I in 1947 aoo hal '"been li5lenin~ ever .\Inc:e. ") The.«e «elect,ve m:oIlechon~ are OOIewQf1hy noI onl)'

for .... h~llhey .nel~. hul frequently (Of " · .... 11 .... )' 00 OOImenlion. For eump!e.1lOI all UX Sheromn 13nh in lhe: ETC had 75_mm. guns: lhere were Il13ny mod,roed M4AM w"h 7(o.mm. , un, lu b..11 .... cuunler ~r

Il13Il I;lnls. The U.S. Army al.o had "'I"',b I~"l de· . 1fU)'e,-,,<,\'c' mentioned 'n thebook w,th 7().""ll. and 'XJ.mm.lun". In Chapl"r 10. ~Njght on the: L"Ie:' Ambrol.c >lalt •. "Ihe pr,,"'ipal eha" "' le';,lic uf lhe front line wa< howquiet il was . . .. Nor waS there m,och

move",c", ." (p. 2~ 1) I" tealily. nighttime "'al a period of "gn,ficpnl ~I' ... ,ty, "he", I .... ~huw wa, brough' up to the: sold,ers (3nrnhN lOP'" IlOI mc"tillf",d in 100

buuk). ""'munition W:IS resupplied . "'ouOOed .oldlCrs ~re evxuated. sokl~rs at ot..e ...... I;on P'J'I. ""'It: ""~IN.arld p:~roIlln, was X t,"ely pursued. A,ntxm.:· ~ "~fIlmcno of ",,,',,,,,,,,,,,ot """'plion is also somewh,::u

mbludillj. a~ many COItIf"'ny-lc",' ,nfanlry k.xieD n:c~i"ed and Ire3,ed their ne" ."Id",r:<. ",uch I>.:lIer

t .... " IlOIt"'rOO' Nono..1he:1e$". the boItom lone " Ih~t lhe c,uun·,;oId,er:<. l new .... hal ,I",y wen; ,upposcd 10 do. 3nd they d,d the,r Job well.

Tho.: .ubi"l" of th., boo~. Th,' U.S. An", /tmll II,,· N",,,,,,,ul,"II"'''"It~, 10 1/,,, Suh;" 10 dlt' SUrI"'IIJa of Gerrtumy. ""'~ 7. 1944. ,,, M"y 7. 1945. and lhe author', .I 1~ted inlenl 10 Itilihe .<;IDly or Ihe wid,.;,. in lhe: ETO. need _ clarifica,;on. C;ri;:~11 St>ldius rocu~ .... , lhe ...... ldio:D aoo oper~tioni of Uod,e~' Fl""t Army and l'a1lon' \ ThIn! A",,~. which became oper~

I...,.,alon , Au,u ... 1944. " 'hile ~in"ally og",,"n, lilt

adi"olio and athle"ernenl! of Paleh' ~ Sc,·.,nlh A'IIIY. whICh landed in _, ....... Fr~nce on IS ,\ulu," 19-U.

and S'mpson'~ N ,nth Anny. " 'hich became oper;u,ona' on 5 Seplemtll'r 1944. TIllS ~Iso 1\:!,.,It, '" a "'_""hat

l3

sl;e,,"Cd ponraY31 of lhe lITO.

Some hi>lvnans >«m~~ ... "h lilt purpnncd

'lJpenor fithl,n~ qualily of III< Gc-ml.1n Weh~hl and find "d,frocull 10 e>pb,n lhe: e,"<nlual succcs, of the: U.S. Army in Wocld War 11 Manyacadcmoclans

altnhule lhe Amencan HClllr)l 10 an o veN 'heln"ng

IlIl:fIOIKk"' .... "" uf firepower and Il13leroel . Ambro".,. howe,'(r. hit' the t"re~t whcn II< pro~rly I,ves lhe

lion's . hare of lhe credIt for lhe A""~roca,, 'uC'CC.!', '0 the b;ml".han\o:ned. re~ihent and co"r~8Co", C<II"",,1

,,,fa"I!),"'c" II wa~ th,~ gc"""'tion uf ~'I'lcn wldier.;. memori ·

ahtt(! by Ambro<e Ihn)o,&h il s mc",tll'n.· own "'Ofds. .... 110 fooghl. bled.anddoed. ,f ~c;a!)'.lo 'lop Hiller

and Top. Thi s ~me gener.lI,oo. afl ... "'!"\Ii""'1: the

hoon>n. ur "-~'. en ... """ Ihrough tl..:" cktcmHnallon. d'~'ph"". and Ic~mw<)Jl lhe. pcrpet ... uon 0( the,r

hUIHou,h, klaey of peOICe. f!«dom. , .. IIlI""'»PI',il ~ ~ mcn. conlrary IV cOlnempor~ry concept' of

pohlocal correclnes.. ... "'cn; I",I~ Mthe nlen ,,'110 hu'lt

modem Arnerica.·· (p. 472) Hoc~"", of lhe" unro"'

promi,ing ...,Iue, ~nd deeply ,nc:ulca'cd scn-..e "r ""'y. 11>c'iC American' '"rwght. and won. and we all of "" hong and yet to he born. ",,,'I be (orever profOUndly gnuttul.·· (p. 473)

1.1. (,',,1. H"",1f} f:: Raugh. Jr .. U.s. Am .... Hdi,,,,J.

stn'tyj in 8~rl",. Soull, K"'nL lit" M;,hll" Emr. ",ul e","";,, Jurinll " ,..· .. ntv·.w\lr ("Qrr~r <lI "" "'fiuorn oJficu. II~ 015<' rU"KIt, hiJlO<'y (II Ihr U.S. !tfllll<l'" A.clld.-... v (Jlld h<>Ids a I'h.V. J""n U.C.L" CoI"" .. 1 HtI"XIt is ,It.- aurhor o/W~vell In the: M,ddl<: Ea>l. 1939 194 I : A Sllldy ill ("IC",:rlOhllip f Lom/ot,. 199)/

llook lotC\"i~w

by Conrad Cr3ne

Th~ Uniled Stales fllld BiolQKic fl l WarJurt! SuursJrom Ih~ EurlJ e"ld Wara"d Kfll'tu by Slepben EndicClIl a,wl Ed"· .. nl lI ~J:~rn' an

Indiana Uni"fnity Press. 111'111. 275 pp~ $2'.1. '.15.

Tho.: ..... in value of thiS boot « 10 .<t:f'·C lIS a prlnlC

t''''''I.k ofhiorl hi"'-1fY. The aUlhQn, oII"""",ly heran lhe" tYscarc h wnh the mien' 10 pro"c Ihal the Uoned Slaies did employ b,ololical wa,f~n: as~in't Com·

mum,! f....:s during!he Korean War. Bl)lh are Cana

d,P" h'S!Ol..ans. and Stephen "ndiron '~ fat~r. a mi~.io"",y III Chin~ . ....-u 1I1T1Oflg the nrlieSl We)tcm

~uPflOnets of C",mnunis! alleJ:ation. of germ " ·arbre. llIe author~ tWI" faclS, Igoon, C(lnulOdicta<y

c~idenc... and g .. up at stm"·s to re;w:h the" foresone conclu,ion. I" !he proce.o;~ !~)" campi lea lanil~d wcb of cIf(:lImstam',,1 (vide","", Ihal will ",,'·tr all ~ di,·

proved andlnd ICt lhe u.s. Ai, Force. U.S. Army. Fal

!!as! Command. Far "ast AI r Forces. JOIn! Chief~ of Sta fr, and Centml Inlelligcnce Agenc)". among oth·

er~. Nevellhde.o;,. Ih" "ulhun haye tv IIdmil. ·"Clc~r al)d l~nllfiahle dilccl evidellcc Ih~1 Ihc UIIII~"tl Slate,

e~po::rimen!ed with bIological "..,apon_ in Ihe Korean WU I~ IlOl avail"ble i" the U.S. "",hi,·c ••• lhey pres-enll)" UI>! for public <;cruliny"· (p. I ItS, Italoc, ~moved)

TIley bcgllllhel< invc;.liJ:ation wilh a cureo( lrulh· ful reveiallOM. n.:y do , 'cry "",II >ho ... tnl IMt the U.S. o.,ren!>C Dt:panmem was 1I")'lng to impro,·c IU

ht<llogical w ... f~", ~"I"'bi l ity al lhe tinte uf 11M: KOfcan War. C,vilian and military re~"rdt rlloo, and dfon~ were cQllsldcr~bly increased. II , hn",\'ful deal had

a lrclldy I"",,, .,,"ck I" ""nJ<)1llhe Jap;tne!IC Wlcm", uf tho: 1IOI0nous Unit Dl in n::1"", for Ih,) i " fQfll~1tio"

obtaIned from their bact~nological ··e~po::rimelll'·· 00

p< I WlICIll aoo Chi""", ci vi I ians . Sin« I he U.S. lIo,·em· n..,nl co~r~ up I~'" crrorl~. 11M: ~ulhoo a,w.no: it

tl)n("e~kd ",och 1t"I()o!"e. and t~y are: '~cptlcal of any ulTlClal ,;Iatcmenl!; or posilions.

Unfonu""lciy the 3Uthor1< do not m~al the ..,.her

~ tde the <:itme ""'y. ","sillS lhei. 01'" he~"ily 001 nodcno:c pro"idcd by the Nonh Kore;ul~ ~.III Chine...e.

while f'''hng to menllon Iha! many of t~ d«umenu

"'" 'IUC..,KH".bk ;11 be$1 300 for~~ri~. at WOf>;I RI.""cnl ",velallon~ from lhe Soviel archive. ",dicUIC Ih~t mid

b'd Chinese and Russli'" opemllve~ fnled ",uch ~~ideIICC. Tlw:y c~~led false infeslation maps. "'jcclcd

~"t~Kk:"""'" I'""""'''' ,,·olh di'>Cll!IC" soo b"''''"tl ill_ fccled bodies th,,1 could be: c.hunted I~ter In ."ppot"1 cptdemlC claim~. lloeir elTon. were: ,,!oed !o conv,nce

c!lrefully ~I«!ed observers tilal the Untied Stales had ,11d«<;I employed Ncleriological WlIrfare. When the

pu>t-Slalin g<>~emment fouoo out about the do.. ... "CptMlO'

by AprIl 19.B. the Soviet. reared revclahon~ ollhe

lruth could embam~~ lhem and made tile: Ch"'ese aoo Nonh K~an! ~;tS( IlIe:i r ;l(cu,:alions. n.e aUl h"",

might m;t l e lheucu$e lhallhc!lew information came

001100 latc for lhem 10 incorpornlC "'to their booI:. but lhat does not eAplaln ... ·hy lhey did not mmllOO the

de!ailed scienlirlC refulatlon of e,·idc-n« thaI .... 4S P">' ,·ided al too time. For inManoe, the .ulhors reproduce

!.Orne Chi~ phoiosmp-h. and captions III their book

wilhout menllomng the IIpril 1952 N .... · York Tim .. J

reoonal Ihat conviocingly demonSlraled naws in the

picl""".OO ","""""'p,,,,)"inl: lICC",,"li,,"s. The best 11 1,,1 ,,..-,,ot balanced sourte.<nfinforma!ion 00 the biological

" 'arfare a llegations incOtJ)Or.tl ing lhe ne"'eSI evidence

are anicles by Kalhryn Wealhersby ~nd Mihan Lcilcnbcrg in hsuc II (Winlcr 199I)of!he Cold W", In/,m"/;'H1ld Hi,,,,,",, Pmjr,·' Hul/din (CWIHPH).

Endi<'otl and Ilagcrman al.ooo not undr""aoo the .. alu"" ,,00 CQu • .., 01" n"l itnry OI"'"'tKlf1 .... TIley suspect any cl;tSSlrtcd .nt~lIlfCllCt'·,alheflng m,ss.on as some·

how beIng Connecled to lhe dohVC'f)' or tmtlogical WC~I""". Aftc. fi,~lins OUt II .. t leallet bombs .... en::

coostdcred .... a dolt ,·ery n..,~"s for II1fecled malenals.

they i",ply Ihal ~ycholOf!ical warf~ drop!' w~re

,,,;,lIy di'llCl";" ~ Se"", and "ot l"lJI~lg""d~ pa"'phlct~. In perhap' the" mO.'1 lud,CfOU.< claIm. t~y

argue Ihal F-86 Sa~ JCI fi~hler.; ..... ere not I>.Ished to KorcII 10 ""OOlIlcr cnemy MiG- IS,. hul inSI<.:lid were h ... l<lght in t.::cau>c lhey ""Cre Ihe "IOU cfr,c",nl plat

fann from .. ·h,ch to dmp bacteriolol!.K:al munilKlf1S. n.., authooalso lale~ highl)' qlJCSlionabk- """"ion 00

I he lIttur.a:y oI"binIo&lC~ I .... arf are <:011 fo>.ion. «>treed

from AlllCncan p.IOI~ .n Contll1un .. 1 pilson •• EndICOtt

and Hagerman al")!tIe tll3l ~ioce . on 1M" ""i"ion. lhe

ainren were "'" ~ubjc<1~" to IIl\ICh abu"" in lhe POW C8mps, but were prc~~urcd WOOlly 10 deny lhe allega·

lionS when they " ·ere repatrialed. lhe r«antalloo, an:: actually Ie" believllbk Ih"n the oriGina l , .. onf,,';""'n,!

Tltc Dcren", OIid SI.lle l~panmem. denied the

gemt ,,'arfare 3CCuS3Iion$ when Ihey firsl appo:are<l in early 1952 and have conlinued 10 do,;o. Y cl pulemics

like thi, book di,guised a> i"'l",ni"l lt islory continue 10

sed"ce the unwary. Unfnnunalely. a. John "Uis van Coonland Moon lias remarl;ed about bIological "·ar

farc 3Ccos.atlons .• "Once an alieKalion is "' .... Ie, it is ,mpom;lbic 10 disprove it CUI"plt.:tcly. ~illC'!: IIlC nature orlhe .. capon mal es il al ,nost inv,sIble, If II IS dif(jcull

10 pro,.~ " II .... beoen us.ed. 01 1$ imPl'"ible to prove l/tat i! hn Il0l,"' (quoted by UilCllbe'l: in CWIHPH. no. II.

p 195)

U. Col. Conrad Cram' iI pm/eSID' 0/ history at Ih~

U.S. Mililll,,· Modemy. Allllkde/clise anillery officu

... ·h" SUlll'(} (IS" b<"'"ryeomm{",d~r in Korea III 1977-1979. h~ hulds" Ph.D. in hiSlQrvjrom Slali/om VII/· versify. His IleM"~SI b(NNt.. Amcric~n Airpower Str.;tegy

in Koua. 1950- 1953. is sch~,lul"d 10 /", ,,,I.-me,1 b.v

Ihe Ulli"ers;ry fress oj KaltSas at Ihe elld 0/ Ihi .• yeor.

Book Re~ifw

by Mwso" R. Schadu

ViCIOf)' al AllY Com The & nillS oj Viet Nom 's Gell . Vo Ngllyen Giap by C~il B. Curr~y

Rr",,,,,,,y's, Inc., 432 1'1'" 1'" I", r, 1998. S21.9S.

Gene",1 Vo Nguyen Giap has long in.pir~"<l conlro

ve/Sy . During thin y ye~ of warfare ( 1945- 1975). hi.\

Viet"~mc"" g"crrilla armi"" DeMW SIlperior French and American conv"n tlonal fnrces. While Ho Chi Minh $uppliw polilical le3dership. Giap direcled tDe

milila')' drive. C~""il C"",,y', symp.llhelic bUI fair bIography wcll der.cribes IDe general" S l" m"lluOll' life.

Currey i, a senior UnIversity of SOIlth Florid" history professor WM .Iso serve-<! as a rese,,'e colonel on Ihe U.S. Army. Li ke """" biog"'pnc rs. he imme";,,, himself i" hi, subject. For this book. I>e imervie ,.,w General Giap and many other Victnamel'l: mililal)'

ollici~ls. He thus adds detaIl, other hi"nri~"s ha"c mi~l'I:d. Though he does tIOI anSwer e,~1)' question. he

brings uS d o"", tu (i i apt han do mosl 01 her seho lars. N 0 hagiographer. Currey nOles Gi~p' s naws a, well as his

suenglhs. Theautoor's tighlly written narrative cover.; many

comrie . evenl.< ~..,(momical l y alKi vividly bUI does tIOI

bog down in minu tiae. Stor)"telllng aside. Curn.:y has re!iw hea~ily on secondary sources. 'Ilte"" wor~~

include Gi~p's own sc'·cr.,1 memoirs. The a ut hor also d",ws on such familiar a ut r.ors as Joseph BuUing~r and

Bernard Fall . along with the recollections of promincnl Viel n,mese li ke Ban Oai. His original re~arch in·

dude., inler'",w, w ith A merican as ~II a5 Vletnam

c~ pmlicipml1S. Though il i, po: maps inevitable. his l>eavy reliance on G lap·. own wrilings and imervi~w s

have color«l his approach toward tl>e gene",1. AI lhe

""me lime. he 0 "CTCOm I'" nsales when dese ri b in g Giap' •

l5

f"u ll ~. lI.\ if he wantoo lu prove his objectivity. "lltal saId. the author con,ider> Ge"" ... 1 Giap one

of the great captains of hi,tory-and Inc greatesl of Ihe

tWemielh cemury. Stan"'g with vinually nOlhing. he

built effective Vietna!Th'~ annIe! f 10m tl>e grou ,td up. ··His ..... ·um is unp;u;,IIe1w and his re~u l t~ are e~ l mor·

dinaI)'. Thai is military genius." Currey concludes. Many otl>er hl."Ofian~ aC ..... 'C, .lll>uugh some do w grudgingly. Other.; ha"c e~adW l hls diminUlive gi'''''. I" TIre TWf'm,v·Fi,...,·Y"" lVar: AIlIf'rico 's Mi/i/",,· Rale ill Vi"/II"'''. Genem1 Bn,ce Palmer ment ions Giap

exactly once . Diplomatic hl.I1Mian P." I Kallenberg olllits him entirely. Otl>ers. li ke George C. Herring.

1'1""" hi'" ",.inly in the context of Dien Bien Phu and tl>e French Ittdochina War. Sl ill olrn,rs credit ~im a~

logistklan-h~ suppliw l~rgc forccs using exceed· ingly primitive methods. mcluding eleph~n ,"--hul nOl

as ,tmlegisl ona,,!ieian . To Ilarry Summfr.; and mhers.

he Ihre w Irool'" hccd lc.sly against impenetrable en · emy fornuuon~ . A, they sec it. his indiffe,..,,,,,,, 10 casualties made him a callous commander.

In ronl""'I. CUmlY gi~es Giap full Cred l! as a strule8,st. t.lC1icmn. and logistici.n . Giap dt:vired Ir.t. military slrJlegy that first defeated lhe Frend, coloni,,1

forces and lhen the Americans. Giap pur.;ued polit,cal a, wel l as military end~. r~ising hi. forces ' national cooS<"iotlSIleSS with Con,n'un'., idoolo}!y. With ~ ",,,ion in

onn,. he wag .. -d a war orthe ""1';=. In addition. Giap aimed his offensives at hi.enemy·s IIomc from . Fighling only when I>e wanted and pulhnS back when he clio""

he made the I>< •. :eofholding Vietnam e~c~sslve forboth the French and tl>e Americans . To Giap. hi, goals of a

united. independent V~nam were worth ony 1'"'-"', He tom great ri,ks and I01e",!C"d l>eavycasua lties lo ac hicve thi, end . Dienbi~nphu c>cmpliflt:S his boldnen: his

forces pulled he~vy artillery Ihrough " imp;<s""bl,,'" jungles and mo,ml.ins to besiege among !'reneh I"'rce

MlI'ported hy airpower. ~pite high los~sarod Internal dli..~Mion. IDe Viet Minh p«:~~iloo .

Cum:y acknowledges Giap·. defeats as well a' hi., v;"torie, . Fore . ample . (hat commander' s ntas~ al tack~

on we ll-eqUIpped enenty fon:es oflen failed badly. In

19~ I his heoolong """"ults d id "01 break rreoch POS'_ tions near tl>e Day Ri'er ~nt.1 Vinh Yen. The Vie,

Cong's 1%8 Tel offensive mct a major ",pulse. In 1972 sliffen;ng South V,etname", rcsi.".nce "nd

American ~ir pu"'cr ""lied the Non h Vietnamese

Easle, offen sive. Giap overeslimaled hi ~ forcc,' drive in each ofthcsc ~a><:~.

Howe ... cr.HsCurrcyllirectlyorindireclly~~s.

lhese defeals cnnbled Giap'S ,·ictories. The frontal al!ach mit ially st unned lho;: Frellch and A "",ricans nnd ""arly ~ucceeded at vanous p<1mt~ . Moreover. they rcvc~kd enemy weaknesses lhat gU Ided Giap h) tinat victory . Ann Tel. for nample. the Un ued Slales dId nOl nghl to wm, bIOI onty to ~uppun it~ willllJ''''''a!. The fai ted Caster offensive atm",1 rollied the SOllth Vieln""""",: AJllt'rican aIr slrt~e~ combined with North Vielnamese tactical errors 'ilJlled the al1ac\.:s. All enhanced Giap' .• slr.l1egy of fighting when he ch~ to fight. breakmg otT actions wh~" Ik,,"C""'')', alld erodmg lhe enemy'S will 10 "" in .

Currey de.crihe, G,ap', ca,ty career more fllil y than do many historians. From 1943 to I94S hIS emerg_ ing forces stood off the more powerful French and Jap.lneo.e. Some lIislOri"lI$ ",inimi"" lhe Viel Minh" pre-t945 operallo",;. bul their very ,urviv,,1 hcll>C<l Giap builll a v;"lonOUS army. Over half of Currey' s narr01iYe COnec"" 11", gCI", .-~r se;<rly career, "'hlt~ h~

cm'en< lhe Arnen,an war mOre ,ucc inctl y. TIli s "1>-

OEI'AKTMENT OFTHE ARMY

THE Cl llEFOF MILITARY HISTORY AND

TIlE CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY 10J THIRD AVENUE

FORT LESLEY J. McNAIR WASHINGTON. D.C. 20319-5058

OHICIAL BUSINESS

proach illuminale~ the forces behind Giap, 1llc aUlhor discusses Ihe b"'ncr~1' ~ perwna! life a~

well a~ hi~ offid"1 career. D'·crall. Giap pul country ahead of falm Iy. ' I'hough lhe general married twice and

~ired >e.'eral children. he remained wedded to hi s c,,,,><' . Hc could be lender. but did never lost his !ien~ of ",i,siml . SOlr"'thill~ of an ~~O'n.1niac_ writesCurrey. he enjoyed lhe """,d of hi.' o,,'n voice: at Communist Pan y COnVenllOnS. he would orate imeml",.bly on

Nonh Vi~ln"!TIe-Se military taclics. Nonetheless. he inspired hi. ll'O<l!)s tO almosl impossibl~ Ileeds.

Occ"~lonal naw~ aside. Currey has produced a

"ery solid . readable wor1o< . Some historians cover Giap 'pu.-.><Ji~"lly. wh, I~ 0111<:", minlmi~e hi s conuibulions. Currey ha~ pro"11led a slgmncam corrective. For lhose and OlM' reason" Vir/ory '" Any COS! will be 3

sl"nllard work in )'e~rs 10 COnIC.

.11<1<011 R. Sch{/~fa is" IllSIori"" ~'i"1 lI~adqll(lners. U S. Ann)' Fo"':~s G",,,,,,,,,". His {/nid~ "S{/ry:~ aI

SI", f -' .. ",ci.w: A Pori Aflu P""r/ H"r/H}r. 1941-41" apflt!",wl '" ,h.' Fall /990 inu., of Army H,.10ry (N", .IV).

-~ us, Pooioge PAID

-~ _ND.«Ot

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