arnold.hanslmeier@uni-graz.at

The Universe

What do we know about it age: 14.6 billion years Evolved from Big Bang chemical composition

Structures in the universe galaxy clusters galaxies voids

Separation of forces

gravity strong force weak force

what causes interaction?

gravity

electromagnetism

weak force

strong force

Some particle physics

Baryons: composed of three quarks

Mesons: composed of one quark and one antiquark

Baryons and mesons: hadrons Hadrons are composed of quarksstrong

interaction Leptons: no quarks, no strong

interaction

proton; the only long living hadron, t=1031s; measure for p decay= test for GUT

Higgs particle, higgs field mass=interaction of a particle In empty space, the Higgs field has an

amplitude different from zero; i.e., a non-zero vacuum expectation value.

The existence of this non-zero vacuum expectation plays a fundamental role: it gives mass to every elementary particle which has mass, including the Higgs boson itself.

GalaxiesClusters

what cause

s stru

cture

in th

e

univers

e?

Das galaktische Zentrum

La voie lactee

The solar neighborhood

Galaxis

200-400 109 SterneDurchm.: 100 000 LjRotation: Ort der Sonneetwa 200 Mill Jahre

Determination of the mass of a galaxy

2

2

r

MmG

r

vm

Galactic center

Star

attractioncentrigual force

Solarsystem…

Merkury: 88 daysEarth: 1 yearJupiter: 11,6 years…

Galactic rotation curve

v (R)

Kepler

Rotation of a galaxy

Rotation curve of NGC 3198

merde

Gravity lensing

Composite image of the Bullet cluster shows distribution of ordinary matter, inferred from X-ray emissions, in red and total mass, inferred from gravitational lensing, in blue.

properties of dark matter undetectable by radiation detectable only by gravitation

rotation of galaxies orbital velocities of galaxies in cluster of

galaxies gravitational lensing temperature distribution of hot gas in

galaxies and clusters of galaxies

what is dark matter made of majority: non baryonic non baryonic matter

neutrinos axions supersymmetric particles does not contribute to the formation of

elements in the cosmos

non baryonic matter

hdm hot dark matter: massive neutrinos

cdm cold dark matter: will lead to a bottom up formation of structure in the universe; neutralino

wdm warm dark matter

Neutralinos

big bang: neutralino halos mass of Earth, size equal to the solar

system can be detected:

disturb Oort cloud cometary showers produce gamma ray bursts when

colliding more probable near galactic center

baryonic matter

composed of baryons protons neutrons

candidates for baryonic dark matter MACHOs: massive astropnomical

compact halo objects brown dwarfs (M<0.08 MSun

amount can be calculated from big bang nucelosynthesis cosmic microwave background

MACHOS

Detect: gravity bends light MACHO may be detected if it pass in

front of a star or nearby a star; brightening of the star

candidates for MACHOS black holes neutron stars black dwarfs

WIMPS weakly interacting massive particles interact through weak force and

gravity do not interact through

electromagnetism large mass, slow moving, cold

particles could interact with the Sun, produce

high energy neutrinos

CDMS cryogenic dark matter search

RAMBOs Robust associations of massive baryonic objects

dark cluster made of white dwarfs brown dwarfs

radii: 1 pc … 15 pc

supersymmetry, susy

In particle physics, supersymmetry (often abbreviated SUSY) is a symmetry that relates elementary particles of one spin to other particles that differ by half a unit of spin and are known as superpartners.

In a theory with unbroken supersymmetry, for every type of boson there exists a corresponding type of fermion with the same mass and internal quantum numbers, and vice-versa.

Λ CDM Model of Cosmology I Λ cosmological constant associated

with a vacuum energy or dark energy explains the current accelerating

expansion of space against the attractive (collapsing) effects of gravity. ΩΛ, which is interpreted as the fraction of the total mass-energy density of a flat universe that is attributed to dark energy.

Currently, about 74% of the energy density of the present universe is estimated to be dark energy.

Λ CDM Model of Cosmology II CDM cold dark matter dark matter is described as

cold (non relativistic) collisionless (only gravity forces) 22% of the mass-energy density of the

universe

quantum chromodynamics describes strong interaction