The following supplement accompanies the article
An ecosystem model of an exploited South Mediterranean shelf region (Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia) and a comparison with other
Mediterranean ecosystem model properties
Supplement 1A: The input data and references used by each functional group for the Gulf of Gabes model. Biomass (B); production per unit of biomass (P/B); consumption rate per unit of biomass (Q/B); ecotrophic efficiency (EE); total mortality rate (Z); fishing mortality rate (F); non-predation natural mortality rate (M).
Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B P/B and Q/B Source
Phytoplankton -
A conversion factor was used to transform units of chlorophyll a per cubic meter (Chl-a m-3) into carbon
units per cubic meter (m3) and organic matter.
Units/km2 from Jorgensen et al. (1991) and Dalsgaard and Pauly
(1997). A conversion factor was used to transform carbon units/m2 year to organic matter (Sorokin, 1990). The
average concentration of chl-a between 2000 and 2005 (0.3 mg. m -3) was calculated by averaging monthly
SeaWiFS remote sensing maps for this period (See Supplement 1B)
-
The P/B ratio was calculated as the ratio of net primary productivity and biomass.
The average NPP for 2000-2005 (122 g C m -2 years -1) was calculated by averaging monthly maps for this period
obtained with Vertically Generalized Production
Model (See Supplement 1C). Conversion factor used to
transform carbonunits·m−2 to organic matter units·km−2 from Dalsgaard
and Pauly (1997)
- Behrenfeld & Falkowski 1997
Macro algae - -Fixed to currentvalues
-
Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
- Albouy et al., 2010
Posidonia oceanica Posidonia oceanica -Fixed to currentvalues
-
Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
- Albouy et al., 2010
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5
6789
101112
12
Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B
Micro and mesozooplankton - -
Fixed to currentvalues
Coll et al., 2007Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Coll et al., 2007
Macrozooplankton Euphausiids & Mysids -Fixed to currentvalues
Coll et al., 2007Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Coll et al., 2007
Foraminifera - -Fixed to currentvalues
Valls, 2009Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Opitz, 1996
Invertebrate suspension feeders
Bryozoaires
-Fixed to currentvalues
Ribes et al., 1999; Coma et al., 1995
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)
Opitz, 1996; Pinnegar & Polunin, 2004;
Eponges Pinnegar & Polunin, 2004;
Ascidies Opitz 1996
Polychaetes - -Fixed to currentvalues
Fauchald & Jumar, 1979; Opitz, 1996
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)
Schwinghamer et al., 1986; Riddle et al., 1990
Amphipoda & IsopodaAmphipoda
-Fixed to currentvalues
Greze, 1968; Opitz, 1996
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)
Schwinghamer et al., 1986; Opitz, 1996Isopoda
Echinoderms
Crinoides
-Fixed to currentvalues
Berthon, 1987; Verlaque &
Nedelec, 1983; Frantzis et al.,
1988; Pearson & Gage, 1984
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)Opitz, 1996
EchinidesOphuridès
HoloturidésAsteroides
Benthic molluscs
Gastéropodes
-Fixed to currentvalues
Opitz, 1996Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Opitz, 1996 Pinnegar & Polunin, 2004
BivalvesPinnegar & Polunin, 2004
Placophores
Crabs
Anomoures
-Fixed to currentvalues
Coll et al., 2007Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Coll et al., 2007Brachyoures
Benthic cephalopods
Sepia officinalisBiomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Najai and Ktari, 1979; Zghidi et al.,
2003; sifner & vrgoc 2009
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)
Mackinson et al., 2000 Coll et al., 2007Octopus vulgaris
Eledone moschata
234
Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B P/B and Q/B Source
Benthopelagic cephalopods Loligo vulgaris
Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)Pierce et al., 1994
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)Mackinson et al., 2000
Mantis shrimp Squilla mantisBiomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Froglia & Giannini, 1989
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)Coll et al., 2007
Caramote prawn Melicertus kerathurusBiomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Karani et al., 2005Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Conides et al., 2006; Coll et al., 2007
Alien shrimps Trachysalambria curvirostris
Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia) Tabka Belkhodja, 2004
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)
Mustafa et al 2003; Coll et al 2007
Metapenaeus monocerosBiomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Deep shrimps Parapenaeus longirostrisBiomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Kapiris, 2004Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Ronaldo & Filomena., 2006
Horse mackerel
Trachurus trachurus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)
Ben Salem, 1988Z = F + M; M = empirical
equation from Pauly(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Algeria-Hernandez, 1983; Cherif et al, 2008
Trachurus mediteranus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)
Serbaji et al., 2006; Gaamour., 2005
European pilchard Sardina pilchardus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia) Server et al., 2005
Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Kartas, 1981; Gaamour 2005
Round sardinella Sardinella aurita Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia) Lomiri, 2008
Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Gaamour et al., 2001; Gaamour, 2005
European anchovy Engraulis encrasicholus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia) Catalán et al., 2010
Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Khemiri et al., 2007; Gaamour, 2005
Picarel
Spicara flexuosa
Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)
Pinnegar & Polunin, 2000
Z = F + M; M = empirical lequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Hattour et al., 1985
Spicara maena Gaamour, 2005; Hattour et al., 1985
Spicara smaris Dulcic et al., 2003; Gaamour, 2005
Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B P/B and Q/B Source
356
Bogue Boops boops Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)
Moreno & Castro, 1995; Derbal &
Kara, 2008
Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Khemiri et al., 2005; Gaamour, 2005
Benthic invertebrate feeders (1)
Gobius niger
Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Menif, 2000; Filiz & Toğulga, 2009
Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Fabi & Giannetti, 1985; Cicek et al., 2006
Symphodus cinereus Ouannes-Ghorbel et al., 2005
Ghorbel-Ouannes & Bouain, 2001; Verdiell-
Cubedo et al., 2006)Diplodus vulgaris Bradai et al., 1998a Bradai, 2000
Dentex maroccanus Abdelkader & Ktari, 1986
Chemmam-Abdelkader et al., 2004
Balistes carolinensis Vose & Nelson, 1994
Ismen et al., 2004;Mendes et al., 2004
Benthic invertebrate feeders (2)
Pagrus aurigaBiomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Chakroun-Marzouk & Kartas,
1987 Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Crawford, 1993; Pajuelo et al., 2006
Pagellus acarne Fehri-Bedoui, 2009 Zoubi, 2001; Andaloro, 1983
Solea aegyptica Molinero & Flos,1991
Jarboui et al., 2001; Fahmy Mehanna, 2007
MulletsMullus barbatus Biomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Ktari , 1979Z = F + M; M = empirical
equation from Pauly(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Gharbi & Ktari 1981
Mullus surmuletus Jabeur, 1999; Gharbi & Ktari, 1981
Piscivorous Fish
Zeus Faber
Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Akyol, 2001
Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Righini & Voliani, 1996; Merella, 1997
Pagrus caeruleostictus Ben Hadj Hamida et al., 2009 Bradai, 2000
Spondyliosoma cantharus Bradai et al., 1998 Bradai, 2000
Dentex dentex Abdelkader & Ktari, 1986
Chemmam-Abdelkader et al., 2004
Sparidae
Diplodus annularisBiomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Bradai et al., 1998b Z = F + M; M = empirical
equation from Pauly(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Bradai, 2000
Sparus aurata Chaoui et al., 2005 Chauvet, 1986
Diplodus sargus Benchalel et al., 2010
Man-Wai& Quignard, 1984;Campillo, 1992
Macro-carnivorous Fish (1)
Lithognathus mormyrus
Biomass estimates from traw surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes
(INSTM-Tunisia)
Bradai et al., 1998b
Z = F + M ; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Bradai, 2000
Pagellus erythrinus Ghorbel & Bouaïn, 1991 Ghorbel & Bouain, 1990
Scorpaena porcus Bradai & Bouain,1990 Bradai & Bouain, 1988
Scorpaena scrofa Bradai & Bouain,1990
Bauchot & Bauchot, 1978; Campillo, 1992
478
Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B P/B and Q/B Source
Macro-carnivorous Fish (2)
Serranus hepatus
Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Bilecenoglu, 2009
Z = F + M ; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Bouain, 1983
Serranus scriba Arculeo et al.,1993 Bouain, 1983; Petrakis & Stergiou, 1995
Trigla lucerna Stagioni et al., 2011
Boudaya et al., 2008; Campillo, 1992
Trigloporus lastoviza Boudaya et al., 2007
Campillo, 1992 ; Dulcic & Kraljevic, 1996
Medium pelagic Fish
Merluccius merluccius Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Bozzano et al., 1997; Carpentieri
et al., 2005 Z = F + M ; M = empiricalequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Bouhlel, 1973
Pomatomus saltator Dhieb et al., 2001 Dhieb et al 2007
Scomber japonicus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)
Hattour, 2000 Hattour , 2000Scomber scombrus Hattour, 2000 Hattour , 2000
Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus
B=C/F (C= catch and F= Fishing mortality rate ) The F value used is
0.139 and it corresponds to an average value for the Mediterranean Sea between 2000-2005 (Fromentin
personal communication)
Hattour, 2000Z = F + M; M = empirical
equation from Pauly(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Hattour, 1984; Hattour, 2002
Small tuna
Sarda Sarda
-
Hattour, 2000Data corrected to consider
temperature differences between areas using the
Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989
Hattour , 2000; Shane et al., 2010
Auxis rocheiFixed to current values
Hattour, 2000
Euthynnus alletteratus Hattour, 2000Orcynopsis unicolor Hattour, 2000
Rays (2)Pteromylaeus bovinus Biomass estimates from trawl
surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Capapé, 1977 Z = F + M; M = empiralequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al.1989
Torres, 1991
Myliobatis aquila Capapé, 1976 Martin & Cailliet 1988; Filiz & Bilge, 2004
Rays (1)
Raja clavata
Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Valls et al., 2011
Z = F + M; M = empiralequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al.1989
Cannizzaro et al., 1995a; Krstulovic et al., 2009
Raja radula Capapé. & Azouz, 1976 Cahide Çiğdem, 2010
Rhinobatos rhinobatos Enajjar et al., 2007 Ismen et al., 2007; Basusta et al., 2008
Dasyatis pastinaca Santic et al., 2011 Ismen, 2003;Pallaoro et al., 2005
Sharks
Carcharhinus plumbeus
Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of
Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)
Saïdi et al., 2007
Z = F + M; M = empiralequation from Pauly
(1980)
Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al.1989
Casey & Natanson, 1992;Kohler, 1995
Mustelus mustelus Saïdi et al., 2009 , 2004;Filiz& Bilge, 2004
Squalus blainvillei Capapé, 1975 Marouani et al., 2010; Cannizzaro et al., 1995b
Scyliorhinus canicula Saïdi et al., 2002 Zupanovic, 1961;Filiz& Bilge, 2004
5910
Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B P/B and Q/B Source
Dolphins Tursiops truncatus
Data from visual surveys around the area (0.1945 individuals per square
km) (Ben Naceur et al., 2004). Units of
individuals·km−2 has been transformed to t·km−2
with the mean body weight per species (Carwardine & Camm, 1998)
Blanco et al., 2001Data corrected to consider temperature differences
between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)
Mackinson et al., 2000; Innes et al.,1987; Trites et
al.,1997
Sea birds
Phalacrocorax carboData from visual surveys around the
area (Azafzaf & Feltrup-Azafzaf, 2007). Units of individuals·km−2 has been transformed to t·km−2 with the mean body weight per species (Del
Hoyo et al., 1992)
Morat, 2007; Fasola et al.,1989;
Abdennadher, 2011; Myers, 2007
Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz
1996)Opitz, 1996
Larus melanocephalusLarus ridibundus
Larus geneiLarus michahellis
Sterna caspiaSterna sandvicensis
6
13
14
1112
Supplement 1B: The method used to calculate the consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratios and natural mortality (M)
Q/B ratios for fish were calculated according to the empirical regression of Pauly (1989) and
Christensen and Pauly (1993):
log (Q / B )=7,964−0,204 × log w∞−1,965 .T '+0,083 . A+0,532. h+0,398 . d
where W∞ (or asymptotic weight) is the mean weight that a population would reach if it was to
grow indefinitely; and T is the mean environmental temperature expressed as 1000/(°C +
273.15). The mean annual temperature for the Gulf of Gabes is 18.83°C over 2000-2005. This
was calculated from the outputs of NEMOMED8 model (Somot et al., 2006; Beuvier et al.,
2010), which is a Mediterranean configuration of the NEMO (Nucleus for European
Modelling of the Ocean) model (Sevault et al., 2009). A is the aspect ratio of the caudal fin
which is indicative of metabolic activity and expressed as the ratio of the square of the caudal
fin height and its surface area. Dummy variables h and d indicate herbivores (h = 1, d = 0),
detritivores (h = 0, d = 1), and carnivores (h = 0, d = 0). Usually W∞ is calculated from L∞
using published length/weight parameters a and b (preferentially using data from local
studies).
The natural mortality M was generated using the equation in Pauly (1980):
log M=−0.0066−0,279 log L∞+0.6543 log K+0.4634 logT C
where M is the natural mortality (yr−1), K is the curvature parameter of the von Bertalanffy
growth function (yr−1), L∞ is the asymptotic length (cm), and Tc is the mean water temperature
(°C).
7
1516
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
1314
Supplement 1C: Diet composition matrix for the functional groups of the Gulf of Gabes model. Predator groups are listed on the vertical axis and prey groups are along the horizontal axis. Data are shown when values are > 1%; grey cells indicate lower values.
Prey \ predator 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
1 Phytoplankton0.65
0.10
0.36
0.25
0.21
0.13
0.14
0.45
0.02
2 Macro algae0.05
0.13
0.18
0.05
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.14
3 Posidonia oceanica0.03
0.12
0.14
4 Micro and mesozooplankton0.80
0.06
0.05
0.02
0.10
0.08
0.16
0.91
0.84
0.98
1.00
0.86
0.06
5 Macrozooplankton0.05
0.10
0.31
0.06
0.49
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.02
0.01
0.23
0.01
0.19
6 Foraminifera0.04
0.05
0.25
0.14
7Invertebrate suspension feeders
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.03
0.01
8 Polychaetes0.05
0.03
0.05
0.52
0.18
0.07
0.24
0.17
0.23
0.02
0.05
0.30
0.06
0.06
0.22
0.17
0.02
0.07
0.07
0.05
9 Amphipoda and Isopoda0.05
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.10
0.03
0.12
0.10
0.06
0.13
0.02
0.05
0.24
0.17
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.10
10 Echinoderms0.01
0.01
0.04
0.21
0.06
0.04
0.16
0.23
0.13
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
11 Benthic molluscs0.01
0.04
0.04
0.38
0.38
0.25
0.07
0.50
0.05
0.02
0.50
0.08
0.17
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.09
0.02
0.51
0.02
12 Crabs0.13
0.21
0.01
0.42
0.03
0.16
0.09
0.08
0.02
0.08
0.24
0.49
0.34
0.07
0.12
13 Benthic cephalopods0.04
0.01
0.02
0.14
0.23
0.05
0.08
0.14
0.22
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.19
14 Benthopelagic cephalopods0.01
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.09
0.05
15 Mantis shrimp0.03
0.03
0.08
0.21
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.10
16 Caramote prawn 0.01
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.03
17 Alien shrimps 0.01
0.10
0.03
0.12
0.09
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.01
18 Deep shrimps 0.03
0.05
0.01
0.02
19 Horse mackerel0.14
0.06
0.04
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.22
20 European pilchard0.03
0.34
0.15
0.15
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.13
0.13
0.30
0.14
0.30
0.03
21 Round sardinella0.02
0.20
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.07
0.17
0.10
0.20
22 European anchovy0.03
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.06
0.10
0.04
23 Picarel0.01
0.12
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.06
24 Bogue0.05
0.09
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.04
25Benthic invertebrate feeders (1)
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.13
8
37
1516
26Benthic invertebrate feeders (2)
0.04
27 Mullets0.01
28 Piscivorous Fish0.02
29 Sparidae 0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.12
30 Macro-carnivorous Fish (1) 0.01
0.01
0.02
0.06
31 Macro-carnivorous Fish (2) 0.01
32 Rays (1)33 Rays (2)
34 Sharks0.03
35 Small tuna
36 Medium pelagic Fish 0.01
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.02
37 Atlantic bluefin tuna38 Dolphins39 Seabirds
40 Discards 0.12
41 Detritus0.30
0.64
0.37
0.48
0.75
0.41
0.22
0.18
0.16
42 Import0.40
0.42
0.14
Total1.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
01.0
0
91718
Supplement 1D: Average concentration of chlorophyll-a (mg.m-3) in the Gulf of Gabes for the period 2000-2005 based on SeaWiFS remote sensing maps. Processing was completed using the web application Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure (GIOVANNI GES-DISC).
10
39404142
43
45
1920
Supplement 1E: Map of average net primary production for the period 2000-2005 obtained with Vertically Generalized Production Model (VGPM; Behrenfeld and Falkowski, 1997)
11
4647
48
49
2122
Supplement 1F: Cluster analysis representing the similarity between (A) bony fishes (41 species) and (B) cartilaginous fishes according to the species diets. (11 species) analyzed with the Factorial Correspondence Analysis (C) Factorial Correspondence Analysis of trophic data of 11 cartilaginous fishes species with first and second axes represented. Species codes are listed in Table (D)
12
A
B
50515253
54
55
56
57
2324
13
C
58
2526
Table D: Codes and names of fish species used in the factorial correspondence analysis.
Code Scientific name Code Scientific nameAUXROC Auxis rochei RAJACLA Raja clavata
BALICAR Balistes carolinensis RAJARDA Raja radula
BOOPBOO Boops boops RHINRHI Rhinobatos rhinobatos
CARCPLU Carcharhinus plumbeus SARDPIL Sardina pilchardus
DASIPAS Dasyatis pastinaca SARIAUR Sardinella aurita
DENTDEN Dentex dentex SARSAR Sarda Sarda
DENTMAR Dentex maroccanus SCOMPNE Scomber japonicus
DIPLANN Diplodus annularis SCOMSCO Scomber scombrus
DIPLSAR Diplodus sargus SCORPOR Scorpaena porcus
DIPLVUL Diplodus vulgaris SCORSCO Scorpaena scrofa
ENGRENC Engraulis encrasicholus SCYOCAN Scyliorhinus canicula
EUTALL Euthynnus alletteratus SERAHEP Serranus hepatus
GOBINIG Gobius niger SERASCR serranus scriba
LITHMOR Lithognathus mormyrus SOLEAEG Solea aegyptica
MERLMER Merluccius merluccius SPARAUR Sparus aurata
MULLBAR Mullus barbatus SPICSPP Spicara sp.
MULLSUR Mullus surmuletus SPODCAN Spondyliosoma cantharus
MUSTMUS Mustelus mustelus SQUABLA Squalus blainvillei
MYLIAQU Myliobatis aquila SYMDCIN Symphodus cinereus
ORCUNI Orcynopsis unicolor THUTHY Thunnus thynnus
PAGEACA Pagellus acarne TRACMED Trachurus mediteranus
PAGEERY Pagellus erythrinus TRACTRA Trachurus trachurus
PAGRAUR Pagrus auriga TRIGLUC Trigla lucerna
PAGRCAE Pagrus caeruleostictus TRIPLAS Trigloporus lastoviza
POMTSAL Pomatomus saltator ZEUSFAB Zeus Faber
PTERBOV Pteromylaeus bovinus
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Supplement 1G: Confidence intervals and index values used to describe parameter uncertainty in the balanced Ecopath model (A). Assigned index values for each group and each input (B).
Inputs Name Index value Confidence Interval (+/- %)
Bio
mas
s
Estimated by Ecopath 0 80From other model 0 80
Guesstimate 0 80Approximate or indirect method 0.4 50Sampling/locally, low precision 0.7 30Sampling/locally, high precision 1 10
P/B
and
Q/B
Estimated by Ecopath 0 80Guesstimate 0.1 70
From other model 0.2 60Empirical relationship 0.5 50
Similar species, similar system, low precision 0.6 40Similar species, same system, low precision 0.7 30
Same species, similar system, high precision 0.8 20Same species, same system, high precision 1 10
Die
t
General knowledge of related group/species 0 80From other model 0 80
General knowledge for same group/species 0.2 60Qualitative diet composition study 0.5 50
Quantitative (but limited) diet composition study 0.7 30Quantitative (detailed) diet composition study 1 10
Cat
ch
Guesstimate 0.1 70From other model 0.1 70
FAO statistics 0.2 80National statistics 0.5 50
Local study, low precision/incomplete data 0.7 30Local study, high precision/complete data 1 10
15
A
6162
63
2930
Supplement 1H: The balancing strategy
First, we created a model with all the available parameters and the basic outputs were
estimated. Three groups of benthic invertebrates (benthic cephalopods, caramote prawn, and
deep shrimp), six groups of benthic fish (benthic invertebrate feeders 1 and 2, mullets, macro-
carnivorous fish 1 and 2, and Sparidae), and two groups of pelagic fish (medium-sized pelagic
fish and the European pilchard) generated an EE value higher than 1, revealing that these
groups are being over-predated.
16
B Functional group Biomass P/B Q/B Diet CatchPhytoplankton 0.3 - - - -Macro algae 0.1 - - - -
Posidonia oceanica 0.1 - - - -Micro and mesozooplankton 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 -
Macrozooplankton 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 -Foraminifera 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 -
Invertebrate suspension feeders 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4Polychaetes 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 -
Amphipoda and Isopoda 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 -Echinoderms 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4
Benthic molluscs 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4Crabs 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4
Benthic cephalopods 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4Benthopelagic cephalopods 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4
Mantis shrimp 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.4Caramote prawn 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.4Alien shrimps 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4Deep shrimps 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.4
Horse mackerel 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4European pilchard 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Round sardinella 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4
European anchovy 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Picarel 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Bogue 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4
Benthic invertebrate feeders (1) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Benthic invertebrate feeders (2) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4
Mullets 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Piscivorous Fish 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4
Sparidae 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Macro-carnivorous Fish (1) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Macro-carnivorous Fish (2) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4
Rays (1) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4Rays (2) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4Sharks 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4
Small tuna 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Medium pelagic Fish 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Atlantic bluefin tuna 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4
Dolphins 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 -Seabirds 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 -
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The strategy chosen to balance the model was to first, sequentially adjust the most
unbalanced components (highest EE) by changing the input data. To reduce the EE of these
groups, we corrected our diet matrix inputs, especially for groups for which data were not
originally from the modeled area. Diet composition modifications were preferred to other
parameter changes such as biomass or production rate, particularly for the species for which
biomass data and growth parameter existed. We considered that confidence was higher in the
biomass data and production rate than in diet composition, which is known to be highly
uncertain even if these data are primarily from the modeled area.
The model was therefore balanced by reducing the predation on those 11 groups and
reallocating the consumption to other prey groups.
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