Arsenic Contamination

and Arsenicosis in Jessore

1990-2010PRESENTED BY – AZAMU SHAHIULLAH (11146018)

BRATAKATHA NATH (11146019)

MYMUNA RASHED (11146024)

SHUVO MONDAL (12210017)

Objectives

Arsenic – the metal

Contaminating causes Azamu Shahiullah

Ingesting modes

Statistical evaluation Shuvo Mondal

Impacts of Arsenicosis Bratakatha Nath

Mitigation Techniques Mymuna Rashed

Arsenic

What is Arsenic ???

Ubiquitous element in the nature.

Widely distributed in

Atmosphere (air)

Geosphere (Soil, Rock)

Biosphere (Plants, Animals)

Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water

Arsenic Contamination in Jessore

According to

WHO, ground

water of Jessore

contains 10 times

higher

concentration of

Arsenic than

recommended

level .

Causes of Water Contamination - Jessore

Ground Water

Low level water surface.

Affected tube wells are typically more than 20 meters and less than 100 meters deep.

Water deeper than 100 m is exposed to much older sediments which have already been depleted of arsenic.

Microbial change of sediments to arsenic.

Surface Water

Disposing Arsenic rich sludge.

Using arsenic rich sludge in

Brick making.

Causes of Water Contamination - Jessor

Arsenicosis

Arsenic poisoning.

Drinking water rich in arsenic over a long period.

The health effects are generally delayed.

Carcinogenic development.

Ways of Ingestion

Drinking

Contaminated

Water

Irrigation with

Arsenic Rich

Water

85% As can

be absorbed

Ways of Ingestion

Vegetable

Arum

(kochu) can

absorb 28%

of As.

Ways of Ingestion

Arsenic contamination in

Jessore

Here 98% of the tube wells are found arsenic contaminated (arsenic

concentrations above the Bangladesh standard of 0.05 mg/l).

90% of the tubewells of Samta village in Jessore are arsenic

contaminated.

Arsenic is also found in ground water.

Food items are also contaminated in this part of west bengal.

Not only in water arsenic is also found in different food items.

Arsenic contamination was detected in 211 upazilas of 59 district out of

64 in the country.

Arsenic Exposure: The alarming risk

Bangladesh is reported to be the biggest arsenic calamity in the world interms of the affected population.

The people in 59 out of 64 districts comprising 126,134 km2 of

Bangladesh are suffering due to the arsenic contamination in drinking

water.

Seventy five million people are at risk and 24 million are potentially

exposed to arsenic contamination.

The Cause of Arsenicosis in Jessore

Arsenicosis is the effect of arsenic poisoning.

Usually over a long period such as 5-20 years.

Drinking Arsenic-rich water over a long period results in

various health effects including skin problems.

Health Hazards: Arsenicosis.

Accumulation of Arsenic in the body

Highest levels (ppb)

– Nails (0.89)

– Hair (0.18)

– Bone (0.07 – 0.12)

– Heart, kidney, liver, lung (0.03 – 0.05)

Stages of Arsenicosis

Primary stage:

Melanosis

Keratosis

Conjunctivitis

Gastroentritis

Inflammation of respiratory tract

Stages of Arsenicosis

Secondary Stage:

Leukomelanosis

Hyperkeratosis

Non-pitting edema of feet and legs

Peripheral neuropathy

Liver and kidney disorders

Stages of Arsenicosis

Tertiary stage:

Gangrene of distal organ or parts of the body

Cancer of skin, lung and urinary bladder

Kidney and liver failure

Impacts with Environment

High arsenic level in crops

Sometimes initiate death of the plants

Arsenic toxicity in human and animals.

Contamination of ground freshwater which affects

the availability of drinking water.

Scarcity of irrigational water in the arsenic

contaminated region.

Arsenic toxicity of different marine invertebrates and

plants.

Remedy /

Management

OXIDATION

CO-PRECIPITATION

LIME FILTRATION

ADSORPTION ONTO

SORPTIVE MEDIA

ION EXCHANGE RESIN

MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES

oxidation

In-situ Oxidation

Solar Oxidation

Ultra violet

radiation

Passive

sedimentation

Chemical

oxidation

Bashi pani : 50% reduction of As

Reduced to half on addition of ferric

acid

Addition of Potassium permanganate

One third As reduced by SORAS

Accelerate oxidation rate

Chemical OXIDATION

Present in groundwater in As(III) and As(V) forms in different

proportions.

Methods are effective in removing arsenic in pentavalent form

Atmospheric oxygen, hypochloride and permanganate are

commonly used for oxidation in developing countries:

CO-PRECIPITATION

AND ADSORPTION

Bucket Treatment Unit (BTU)

Stevens Institute Technology

Iron-Arsenic removal plants

Bucket Treatment Unit (BTU)

fails to remove arsenic to the

desired level of 0.05 mg/L

DPHE-Danida Project

based on the principles of

Coagulation

Co-precipitation

Absorption processes

doses of 200 mg/L aluminum sulfate and 2

mg/L of potassium

permanganate

Stevens Institute Technology

separate flocs

by the

processes of

sedimentation

and filtration.

BAMWSP, DFID,

WaterAid , 2001

effective in

reducing arsenic

levels to less than

0.05 mg/L in case of 80 to 95% of

the samples

iron sulphateand calcium

hypochloride

Iron Arsenic

removal plants

DPHE Danida

Arsenic Mitigaton

Pilot Project

Lime treatment

Quick lime

Hydrated lime

pH required 10.6 - 11.2

So

rptive

Filt

ratio

n Activated Alumina -

Granular Ferric Hydroxide - iron removal as pre-treatment

Read-F Arsenic Removal Unit - (EVOH)-borne hydrous cerium

oxide (CeO2 • n H2O), is the adsorbent.

Iron Coated Sand - effective in removing both As(III) and As(V)

Indigenous Filters - uses brick chips and inert aggregates

Cartidge Filters - operation costs of these units are high

4% caustic soda, NaOH

Ion Exchage

BAMWSP, DFID and WaterAid,

2000

By Tetrahedron Exchanger

Technology

- chlorine tablet

Promising results but not

recognised

Membrane Filtration

MRT-1000 and Reid System Ltd.

Jago Corporation Limited

manufactured by B & T

Science Co. Limited

tested at BUET and showed

a arsenic (III) removal

efficiency more than 80%.

Low-pressure Nanofiltration and

Reverse Osmosis

applying low pressure by bicycle

pump

Low recovery and low pressure

range from 0.2 to 0.7MPa.

average ratio of arsenite to total

arsenic was found to be 0.25.

high arsenite rejection.

NGOs Working at Jessore on Arsenic Problem

References

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037842740200084X2. https://html?state=%7B%22ids%22%3A%5B%220BmVwFMkmiCfWEJkQklEZldIZGM%22%5D%2C%22action%22%3A

%22open%22%2C%22userId%22%3A%22113954926508224231135%22%7D3. http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/Arsenic4. https://secure.thebiggive.org.uk/projects/view/7750/arsenic-free-drinking-water-jessore-bangladesh5. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812953-overview#a01046. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00139351110007397. Talukder, S.A., Chatterjee, A., Zheng, J., Kosmus, W., “Studies of Drinking Water Quality and Arsenic Calamity in

Groundwater of Bangladesh”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Arsenic Pollution ofGroundwater in Bangladesh: Causes, Effects and Remedies, Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 1998.

8. Khan, A.W. et. al., “Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Its Effect on Human Health with Particular Reference to Bangladesh”, Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.65-73, 1997.

9. Daily Star Report, “An Urgent Call to Save a Nation”, The Daily Star, A national daily newspaper of Bangladesh, 10 March 1999.

10. Smith, A.H., Lingas, E.O., and Rahman M., “Contamination of DrinkingWater by Arsenic in Bangladesh: a Public Health Emergency”, Bulletin of World Health Organization, Vol. 78, No. 8, WHO, pp.1093-1103, 2000

11. Ahmad, S.A. et. al., “Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water and Arsenicosis in Bangladesh”, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 7, pp.271-276, 1997.

12. Biswas, B.K. et.al. “Detailed Study Report of Samta, One of the ArsenicAffected Villages of Jessore District, Bangladesh”, Current Science, Vol. 74, pp.134-145, 1998