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Art of the Enlightenment, Rococo
and Neoclassical Art
Professor A. D’Ascoli
Rococo Art CharacteristicsRococo Art Characteristics
Stresses the main traits onlyStresses the main traits onlyUses mirrors and reflections to blur and Uses mirrors and reflections to blur and
create a world of dreamcreate a world of dreamTotally free and a-symmetric in styleTotally free and a-symmetric in style Irregular lines and contoursIrregular lines and contoursUsually mundane or palace life scenesUsually mundane or palace life scenesDepicts the pursuit of pleasure and leisure Depicts the pursuit of pleasure and leisure
time of the wealthy; decadencetime of the wealthy; decadence
1818thth Century Art - Rococo Century Art - Rococo
Pilgrimage to CytheraPilgrimage to Cythera 17171717 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Jean-Antoine Artist: Jean-Antoine
WatteauWatteau Noted for his Noted for his fete galantesfete galantes
(outdoor party scenes)(outdoor party scenes) Lightness of content and Lightness of content and
color is representative of color is representative of the Rococo movementthe Rococo movement
1818thth Century Art - Rococo Century Art - Rococo Bath of DianaBath of Diana 17421742 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Francois BoucherArtist: Francois Boucher Pale, delicate and well Pale, delicate and well
taken care of was the taken care of was the typical female ideal of the typical female ideal of the periodperiod
Nudity was only Nudity was only acceptable if it was placed acceptable if it was placed within an antique contextwithin an antique context
1818thth Century - Rococo Century - Rococo The MeetingThe Meeting 1771 – 17731771 – 1773 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Jean-Honore Artist: Jean-Honore
FragonardFragonard Boucher’s studentBoucher’s student Famous for his rapid Famous for his rapid
brushwork often brushwork often finishing paintings finishing paintings within an hourwithin an hour
Sculpture is an Sculpture is an imaginary oneimaginary one
1818thth Century Century
The Artist and Her The Artist and Her DaughterDaughter
17851785 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Marie-Louise-Artist: Marie-Louise-
Elisabeth Vigee-LebrunElisabeth Vigee-Lebrun Court painter for Marie Court painter for Marie
AntoinetteAntoinette Classical style of nobilityClassical style of nobility
Self-Portrait with Two Pupils
1785
Paris, France
Painting - oil on canvas6 ft. 11 in. x 4 ft. 11 1/2 in.
Adélaide Labille-Guiard
The French Art Academy only allowed 4 women in its ranks at any one time; this piece was used as a propaganda piece to allow more women in
1818thth Century - Rococo Century - Rococo
The BriocheThe Brioche 17631763 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Jean-Baptiste-Artist: Jean-Baptiste-
Simeon ChardinSimeon Chardin Chardin was a master Chardin was a master
of still life paintingsof still life paintings Use of oil paints allows Use of oil paints allows
for realistic portrayalsfor realistic portrayals
1818thth Century – Rococo Century – Rococo
The Marriage ContractThe Marriage Contract 17441744 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: William HogarthArtist: William Hogarth Hogarth painted in series, Hogarth painted in series,
this one is about this one is about arranged marriages and arranged marriages and how they often turn sourhow they often turn sour
Always had a moralAlways had a moral From the Marriage a la From the Marriage a la
mode seriesmode series
1818thth Century - Rococo Century - Rococo
Lady Elizabeth Delme Lady Elizabeth Delme & her Children& her Children
1777 – 17801777 – 1780 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: Joshua Artist: Joshua
ReynoldsReynolds Favored classical art Favored classical art
rather than new stylerather than new style Places aristocratic Places aristocratic
subjects in naturesubjects in nature
1818thth Century - Rococo Century - Rococo
Mary, Countess HoweMary, Countess Howe 17651765 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: Thomas Artist: Thomas
GainsboroughGainsborough Reynolds and Reynolds and
Gainsborough were rivals Gainsborough were rivals in the English courtin the English court
1818thth century portraiture is century portraiture is supposed to flatter the supposed to flatter the subjectsubject
Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
1787
London, England
Painting - oil on canvas7 ft. 2 5/8 in. x 5 ft. 5/8 in.
Thomas Gainsborough
A friend of Gainsborough who was a celebrated Soprano singer
He depicted her seated upon a rocky knoll on a windswept hillside almost as if she were a muse of nature.
Neo-Classical Art CharacteristicsNeo-Classical Art Characteristics
Reaction to Baroque and Rococo Reaction to Baroque and Rococo extravagances extravagances
Return to classical lines and themesReturn to classical lines and themesUnemotional and straightforwardUnemotional and straightforwardDiscipline and order are the focusDiscipline and order are the focusMoral themesMoral themesRestraintRestraint
George Washington
Ca. 1779-1781
New York
Painting - oil on canvas95 x 61 3/4 in.
Charles Willson Peale
The original portrait was so famous that Peale made several copies, in several uniforms with several backgrounds.
This one is shown after the Battle of Trenton, one of the turning points of the Revolutionary War
Portrait of Paul Revere
Cs. 1768-1770
Boston, MA
Painting - oil on canvas2 ft. 11 1/8 in. x 2 ft. 4 in.
John Singleton Copley
Copley was the most famous American portrait painter
Revere is shown wearing linen which was banned by England but is contemplating a tea pot, the artist attempting to stay neutral in the conflict
1818thth Century – Neo-Classicism Century – Neo-Classicism
The Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court Oath
1789 – 17911789 – 1791
Paris, FranceParis, France
PaintingPainting
Artist: Jacques Louis DavidArtist: Jacques Louis David
A return to the classicalA return to the classical
ideals of the Renaissanceideals of the Renaissance
briefly reappeared duringbriefly reappeared during
the French Revolution and the French Revolution and
Napoleon’s reign Napoleon’s reign
1818thth Century – Neo-Classicism Century – Neo-Classicism
Napoleon in his StudyNapoleon in his Study 18121812 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: DavidArtist: David Surrounded by objects Surrounded by objects
to celebrate his to celebrate his accomplishments accomplishments Napoleon attempted to Napoleon attempted to portray himself as a portray himself as a Roman EmperorRoman Emperor
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-Classical
Oath of the HoratiiOath of the Horatii 17851785 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: DavidArtist: David Scenes set in ancient Scenes set in ancient
Rome became the rage Rome became the rage when Pompeii was when Pompeii was rediscovered and rediscovered and excavatedexcavated
Horizontals and diagonalsHorizontals and diagonals
Death of Socrates
1787
Paris, France
Painting
Jacques-Louis David
Classical objects in the painting were inspired by those actually found in Pompeii
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-Classical
Death of MaratDeath of Marat 17931793 Paris, FranceParis, France Artist: DavidArtist: David PaintingPainting Left large empty space in Left large empty space in
upper portionupper portion Purpose was to create a Purpose was to create a
public memorial after his public memorial after his murder by Charlotte murder by Charlotte Corday (a Royalist)Corday (a Royalist)
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-Classical Cornelia Pointing to her Cornelia Pointing to her
Children as her TreasuresChildren as her Treasures 17851785 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Angelica KaufmanAngelica Kaufman She trained in Italy where she She trained in Italy where she
studied the paintings at studied the paintings at Pompeii and modeled her Pompeii and modeled her figures on the classical idealfigures on the classical ideal
This work champions family This work champions family values values
Simple attire and a bare Simple attire and a bare interior to show that material interior to show that material things are not importantthings are not important
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-Classical Watson and the SharkWatson and the Shark 17781778 Boston, MassachusettsBoston, Massachusetts Artist: John CopleyArtist: John Copley PaintingPainting Although trained in Although trained in
England at the Royal England at the Royal Academy and basically a Academy and basically a Neo-Classicist, this work Neo-Classicist, this work foreshadows the foreshadows the movement of Romanticism movement of Romanticism that was to comethat was to come
Real event that was Real event that was depicted for political depicted for political propaganda when Watson propaganda when Watson was running for officewas running for office
Voltaire
1778
Paris, France
Sculpture18 7/8 in. high
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Voltaire was a master of Enlightenment philosophy – here he is seen in old age
1818thth Century- Neo-Classical Century- Neo-Classical
George WashingtonGeorge Washington 1788 – 17921788 – 1792 Virginia and ParisVirginia and Paris SculptureSculpture Artist: Jean-Antoine Artist: Jean-Antoine
HoudonHoudon Stance is Stance is contrappostocontrapposto In general’s attire rather In general’s attire rather
than everyday clothesthan everyday clothes 13 fasces (rods) 13 fasces (rods)
Paulene Borghese as Venus
1808
Rome, Italy
Sculpture
Artist: Antonio Canova
She was the sister of Napoleon
Cupid and Psyche
1787-1793
Rome, Italy
Sculpture
Antonio Canova
Probably his most often imitated and copied piece
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-Classical Chiswick HouseChiswick House 1725 – 17291725 – 1729 London, EnglandLondon, England ArchitectureArchitecture Artists: Lord Burlington & Artists: Lord Burlington &
William KentWilliam Kent Design based on the Design based on the
Pantheon in Rome and Villa Pantheon in Rome and Villa RotondaRotonda
Central dome and pediment Central dome and pediment are tributes to classical are tributes to classical RomeRome
Brandenburg Gate
1788-1791
Berlin, Germany
Architecture
Karl Gotthard Langhans
Similar to a triumphal arch and a temple facade
The Panthéon (Sainte-Geneviève)
1755-1792
Paris, France
Architecture
Artist:Jacques-Germain Soufflot
Originally a church turned into a Temple of Reason under Napoleon – now a mausoleum
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-Classical La MadeleineLa Madeleine 1806 – 18421806 – 1842 Paris, FranceParis, France ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Pierre-Alexandre VignonArtist: Pierre-Alexandre Vignon Based on the Parthenon of Based on the Parthenon of
AthensAthens Renamed by Napoleon briefly Renamed by Napoleon briefly
as Temple of Glory (he was as Temple of Glory (he was going to use it to store his war going to use it to store his war trophies)trophies)
Corinthian order was usedCorinthian order was used Raised base and steps only in Raised base and steps only in
front are Roman temple front are Roman temple characteristics characteristics
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-Classical MonticelloMonticello 1770 – 1806 1770 – 1806 Charlottesville, VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Thomas JeffersonArtist: Thomas Jefferson He designed his own house He designed his own house
based on Chiswick House, based on Chiswick House, the Pantheon, and Villa the Pantheon, and Villa RotundaRotunda
Dome is polygonal rather Dome is polygonal rather than a simple circlethan a simple circle
Very symmetricalVery symmetrical
1818thth Century – Neo-Classical Century – Neo-ClassicalVirginia State Capitol BuildingVirginia State Capitol Building
Maison CareeMaison Caree
Dome of CapitolDome of Capitol
George Washington as ZeusGeorge Washington as Zeus
The EndThe End
Next lecture … Next lecture …
Romanticism and RealismRomanticism and Realism