Art of Walking

THE LONDON CURRICULUM ART AND DESIGN KEY STAGE 3

THE ART OF WALKINGLONDON ART AND ARCHITECTURE:A LONDON CURRICULUM PRIMER

LONDON CURRICULUM

PLACING LONDON AT THE HEART OF LEARNING

The capital is the home of innovations, events, institutions and great works that have extended the scope of every subject on the school curriculum. London lends itself to learning unlike anywhere else in the world. The London Curriculum aims to bring the national curriculum to life inspired by the city, its people, places and heritage.

To find out about the full range of free resources and events available to London secondary schools at key stage 3 please go to www.london.gov.uk/london-curriculum.

Art and design in the London Curriculum London is an international hub of art, home to thousands of artists and a buzzing network of galleries, art dealers and colleges. London Curriculum art teaching resources aim to support teachers in helping their students to:

DISCOVER the art and architecture of London past and present, and how they reflect and shape the citys story

EXPLORE the galleries, public art and cultural quarters of the city

CONNECT learning inside and outside the classroom to develop their own creative work, inspired by the city and applying ideas generated by the art and design they studied.

1THE LONDON CURRICULUM KEY STAGE 3

LONDON ART ANDARCHITECTURE

CONTENTS

LONDON ARCHITECTURE: AN OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION 2

London architecture timeline 4Londons architects 12

AREAS TO EXPLORE 16

Kensington and Chelsea 17Snapshots of key landmarks 18Maps 29

Kings Cross, Fitzrovia and Bloomsbury 31

Snapshots of key landmarks 32Maps 56

Skyscrapers and Bank 57


St Pauls and the river 84


Trafalgar Square, Westminster and the Strand 111


Glossary 132

Credits 143




INTRODUCTION

The London Curriculum aims to draw on the capital city as a uniquely rich and concrete context to inspire learning at key stage 3. The art of walking, a London Curriculum art and design unit, explores the built environment a natural focus for learning in one of the most architecturally exciting cities in the world. This primer has been developed, in partnership with Open City, to support the unit. It provides a guide to the movements and architects that have shaped the city, snapshots of the landmarks in some of the most architecturally interesting areas of London and a glossary of terms.




INTRODUCTION

Using London architecture and public art when teaching the Art of walkingThe content of this primer supports the Art of walking learning activities in the following ways:

The London architecture timeline captures the key features of architectural styles and movements, drawing on London examples. This can be used by students to explore the design of Londons buildings throughout the unit as indicated in the lesson plans.

Londons architects provides short biographies of some of the men and women who have helped to shape Londons built environment, and a number of the buildings that feature in the Art of walking. References to the architects behind Londons landmarks can be made as appropriate as students study and explore the buildings.

Areas to explore introduces five architecturally interesting areas of London. You will need to select one of these areas in advance when teaching the Art of walking, which will then become the focus of the units lessons and class visit. The following resources are provided for each of the Areas to explore:

A short introduction to the area and its architectural significance.

Snapshots (image and key facts) of some of the significant buildings and works of art in the area. These are used in the lessons as indicated in the Art of Walking lesson plans.

A map showing the location of the key buildings and works of art in each area. Again used in the lessons as indicated.

The Glossary provides definitions of each of the architectural and technical words highlighted in pink in the lesson plans.

4

TITLE PAGE

LONDON ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE

A pictorial introduction to the key architectural styles and movements that have helped shape the design of Londons buildings.




KEY SHAPES: semi-circle, cylinderKEY MATERIALS: stone

KEY FEATURES: massiveness, thick flat walls, roundness

KEY BUILDING: The White Tower, Tower of London

KEY SHAPES: pointed arch, narrow trianglesKEY MATERIALS: stoneKEY FEATURES: pointed arches, flying butresses, large windows, rib vaults, elaborate decoration, gargoyle

KEY BUILDING: Westminster Abbey

battlements

buttress

round topped window

semi-circular arch

massive cylindrical columns

carved patterns in stone

pointed arch

tracery: stone-work that supports the glass

Cusped arch

Early English11901300

Gothic windows

Decorated12501400

Perpendicular13501500

flying buttress

rose window

pinnacle

NORMAN 11th12th century GOTHIC 12th16th century




JACOBEAN 16031625

KEY SHAPES: triangles, rectanglesKEY MATERIALS: timber, plasterKEY FEATURES: timber frame, black & white stripe, upper floors stick out beyond ground floor

KEY BUILDING: Staple Inn

KEY SHAPES: rectanglesKEY MATERIALS: stoneKEY FEATURES: classical detail, symmetry

KEY BUILDING: Banqueting House

TUDOR 1485 1603

bay window (sticks out from building)

black timber beams with plaster panels inbetween

pier

Renaissance balustrade forms the parapet

Banqueting House was one of the first buildings in England to be influenced by Italian Renaissance architecture Indigo Jones, the architect had studied in Italy for some years. The buildings strict classical details would have looked alien to Londoners.

parapet (hides the roof)

regularly spaced columns along front

rusticated stone blocks




KEY SHAPES: rectangles, trianglesKEY MATERIALS: stone

KEY FEATURES: columns, dome, pediment, lantern

KEY BUILDING: Royal Hospital Chelsea

dome

lantern

classicalcolumn

carved decoration

pediment

pier

Window opening supported by piers and pediment

KEY BUILDING: St Pauls Cathedral

Sir Christopher Wren

ENGLISH BAROQUE 17th18th century




KEY SHAPES: rectangles, triangles, semi-circlesKEY MATERIALS: stone (Portland)KEY FEATURES: use of columns, repetition of elements such as windows, reference to classical architechture (Roman and Ancient Greece), symmetry, proportion

KEY BUILDING: Somerset House

NEO - CLASSICAL 18th19th century

rustication

parapet

dome

series of columns identify entrance

examples of classical columns

pediment

GEORGIAN 17141820

KEY SHAPES: rectangles, semi-circlesKEY MATERIALS: brick, stone, wrought ironKEY FEATURES: classical proportion, piano noble KEY TERRACES: Bedford Square, Fitzroy Square

Most important rooms placed on first floor, therefore usually higher than other floors, with taller windows.

parapet

sash windows

railings

piano noble:

bays

storeys

1

4

3

2

1

2 3

Typical front door

Fan light (window above door)

The Georgians developed the terraced house and the garden square.

pier




A style of architecture copying the forms of medieval church architecture using Victorian engineering and materials.

Architects no longer wanted to look to the past for inspiration.spire

pinnacle

turretarched windows

MODERNIST 1930s1950s

KEY SHAPES: pointed arch, narrow triangleKEY MATERIALS: stone, brick, iron metalworkKEY FEATURES: a mix of materials, vertical emphasis, rich colours & decoration, irregular appearance

KEY BUILDING: St Pancras Renasissance Hotel

KEY SHAPES: cubes, cylinders, thin long rectangles, gentle curvesKEY MATERIALS: concrete often painted white, steelKEY FEATURES: metal window frames, minimal or no decoration, flat roofs, asymmetrical forms, cylindrical columns

KEY BUILDING: Royal Fest ival Hal l

GOTHIC REVIVAL 19th century

KEY BUILDING: Peter Jones Department Store




H IGH TECH 1940s1980s

KEY SHAPES: large geometric forms, long thin rectangleKEY MATERIALS: rough textured concreteKEY FEATURES: massive concrete forms, small windows, geometric shapes often express buildings function

KEY BUILDING: The National Theatre

BRUTALIST 1950s1970s

pipes on the outside

stairs on the outside

large concrete form expresses theatre flytower

Small windows in relation to other building parts

The inside-out buildings

KEY SHAPES: cubes, cylinders, trianglesKEY MATERIALS: steel, glassKEY FEATURES: expressed structure, pipeworks, stairs, lifts on the outside and often brightly coloured, looks lightweight, factory like

KEY BUILDING: Lloyds of London




KEY BUILDING:The Gerkin

KEY BUILDING: The Walkie Talkie

CONTEMPORARY 21st century POST MODERN 1970s1980s

KEY BUILDING: The Cheese Grater

Compter aided design allows for large unusual shaped buildings usually all glass facades

Architects started to refer back to styles from the past

KEY SHAPES: circles, semi-circles, trianglesKEY MATERIALS: stone, brick, glass, metalKEY FEATURES: over-sized decorated forms, often classsical, lots of different shapes and materials, bright colours

KEY BUILDING: No 1 Poult ry

KEY MATERIALS: glass, steelKEY FEATURES: large unusual object shapes

TITLE PAGE

LONDONS ARCHITECTS

An introduction to the lives of some of the people who have designed the buildings of the capital, from the aftermath of the Great Fire of London to the London Olympics and Paralympics.




ART OF WALKING

ARCHITECT B IOGRAPHIES

Sir Christopher Wren (16321723) Wren is arguably Englands greatest architect, yet until the age of 30 he was engrossed in scientific studies and in 1657 was made a Professor of Astronomy. His career took a new turn when he studied architecture in France in 16656 and after the Great Fire in 1666 he was appointed one of the surveyors to rebuild the city. He

was put in charge of constructing churches in a series of varied and daringly original designs to replace those lost. He is most famously known as the architect of the new St Pauls Cathedral, a unique combination of classical and Baroque forms that had never been seen before in England. He lived to see its completion in 1709.

Sir William Chambers (172396) Chambers was a man with an international background: he was born in Sweden, the son of a Scottish merchant, and aged 16 joined the Swedish East India Company and travelled to India and China. He trained as an architect in France and Italy and didnt settle in England until 1755. Chambers became one of the best-known architects working in the Palladian and Neoclassical styles, and his designs were influenced by the buildings he had seen abroad. He held several official positions including Architect to the King and so was responsible for many official buildings of the day, most importantly Somerset House. SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, 1711

Sir Godfrey Knell, Bt National Portrait Gallery, London

SOMERSET HOUSE




Sir John Soane (17531837) Soane is admired as one of Englands most original architects. The son of a Berkshire builder, he trained as an architect in England and then in Italy but his career really only began when he was appointed Surveyor to the Bank of England in 1788. He created some of the most startlingly unusual designs of the time in the Stock Office and Rotunda with their extraordinarily plain, simple forms and shallow domes. His own highly eccentric house in Lincolns Inn Fields, with complicated floor levels, clever lighting, Gothic arches and huge collection of objects, is now known as Sir John Soanes Museum and is a fascinating visit today.

Sir George Gilbert Scott (181178) Scott was the son of a clergyman and is most associated with church designs and restoring a huge number of medieval cathedrals and churches in England, although he began his career by designing workhouses. He was made the Surveyor of Westminster Abbey in 1849. He worked in the Gothic style and even wrote a book to prove that this style was as suited to non-religious buildings as it was for churches. He put this theory into practice in the magnificent Gothic Revival forms of St Pancras Station Hotel.

Alfred Waterhouse (18301905) Waterhouse began practising as an architect in Manchester in 1856, where he designed the Town Hall, but moved to London in the 1860s. He designed churches, offices, schools and country houses and was known for working not only in the Gothic Revival style but also other historical styles, such as the Romanesque. The best-known example of this in London is the Natural History Museum.

SIR JOHN SOANE, 1828

John Jackson, National Portrait Gallery, London

ALFRED WATERHOUSE, 1891

Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, National Portrait Gallery, London

ST PANCRAS STATION HOTEL




Richard Rogers, Lord Rogers of Riverside (born 1933) Born in Italy, Rogers studied at the Architectural Association School of Architecture and at Yale University in the USA, where he met Norman Foster. They set up the practice Team 4 and worked in partnership until 1967. He became known internationally after designing the Pompidou Centre in Paris (with Renzo Piano, who later designed The Shard). This building had a major impact and made Rogers famous for designing buildings that put the lifts and services (pipes and shafts for water, air and heating) on the outside, leaving the internal spaces uncluttered and open. He used the same inside-out principle at the Lloyds of London Headquarters in London.

Norman Foster, Lord Foster of Thames Bank (born 1935) Foster is one of the leading architects working in the High-Tech style. He studied at the University of Manchester and at Yale University, and worked in partnership with Richard Rogers in the practice Team 4 until 1967, when he set up Foster Associates (now known as Foster and Partners). Foster gained a reputation for designing elegant office buildings that use a sophisticated engineering approach. The curving forms of his buildings 30 St Mary Axe and City Hall are among the most striking contemporary additions to the London skyline.

Zaha Hadid, (born 1950) Zaha Hadid was born in Bagdad, Iraq. She studied mathematics at the American University of Beirut, before moving to study at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. In 2004 she became the first woman to be awarded the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. Hadids buildings, characterised by their curving and futuristic forms, can be seen in cities all around the world. As well as the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, featured in the Art of walking, she designed the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

ZAHA HADID

Brigitte Lacombe

30 ST MARY AXELLOYDS OF LONDON HEADQUARTERS

16

AREAS TO EXPLORE

Five areas of London in which the capitals architecture and public art is at its most diverse, iconic or historically significant:

Kensington and Chelsea Kings Cross, Fitzrovia and Bloomsbury Skyscapers and Bank St Pauls and the River Trafalgar Square, Westminster and the Strand



AREAS TO EXPLORE

AREAS TO EXPLORE

KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA

This area is home to some of Londons most elegant residential streets and garden squares, and here embassies, Royal Parks and exclusive shopping streets sit side by side. Centred on Exhibition Road is the famous Victorian quarter of Albertopolis, with its world-renowned museums, cultural institutes, universities and scientific organisations, all the legacy of the vision of Prince Albert to create an area of the city dedicated to science, education and the arts.

Landmarks (see map for location, page 29) 1 Former Barkers Department Store

2 Royal Albert Hall

3 Prince Consort National Memorial (The Albert Memorial)

4 Serpentine Gallery

5 Serpentine Sackler Gallery

6 Diana Memorial Fountain

7 7 July Memorial

8 Natural History Museum, Waterhouse Building

9 Natural History Museum, Darwin Centre

10 Victoria and Albert Museum

11 Exhibition Road

12 Embassy of Denmark

13 The Royal Hospital Chelsea

14 Peter Jones Department Store

15 Embassy of Czech Republic

16 New Design Museum

Snapshots (image and key facts) provided for landmarks in bold.




MATERIALS: Stone, bronze and glass

STYLE: Art Deco

ARCHITECT: Bernard George

DATE: 1938/1958

LOCATION: 63 Kensington High Street, W8 5SE

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Art Deco style reflected the fast and streamlined new means of travel of the 1920s and 1930s such as planes and ocean liners.

The tall, thin, glass and stone towers are like ocean liners funnels the building seems to sail into the street.

The building was begun in the 1930s but wasnt completed until the 1950s because of World War II.

SNAPSHOT

FORMER BARKERS DEPARTMENT STORE

1




SNAPSHOT

ROYAL ALBERT HALL

MATERIALS: Red brick, terracotta and glass

STYLE: Renaissance Revival

ARCHITECT: Captain Francis Fowke and General Henry Y D Scott

DATE: 1871

LOCATION: Kensington Gore, SW7 2AP

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Victorians reinvented architectural features from the past. The Albert Hall is based on a Roman amphitheatre but with a roof.

It was designed as a hall dedicated to promoting art and science and named after Prince Albert.

The outside contains 6 million red bricks and 80,000 blocks of decorative terracotta.

A critic of the time described it as a monstrous cross between the Colosseum, Rome, and a Yorkshire pie!

2




SNAPSHOT

PR INCE CONSORT NATIONAL MEMORIAL (THE MEMORIAL)

MATERIALS: Bronze, marble and stone

STYLE: Gothic Revival

ARCHITECT: Sir George Gilbert Scott (architect), John Henry Foley (sculptor)

DATE: 1872

LOCATION: Kensington Gardens

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Memorial commemorates Albert, Queen Victorias husband, who died at 42.

The design celebrates Victorian progress and Alberts interest in science, industry and the arts. Around the base there are 187 carvings of artists, poets, musicians and architects.

Prince Albert was the creative force behind the Great Exhibition of 1851. The memorial shows him holding the exhibition catalogue.

3




SNAPSHOT

SERPENTINE SACKLER GALLERY

MATERIALS: Glass-fibre fabric, glass and brick

STYLE: Neoclassical/Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Zaha Hadid Architects

DATE: 1805/2013

LOCATION: Kensington Gardens, W2 2AR

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The light modern extension was designed to complement the solid classical architecture of the original Magazine building.

The Magazine was a former gunpowder store and was last used to store the Malls flagpoles.

Zaha Hadid also designed the London Aquatics Centre at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

5




MATERIALS: Terracotta

STYLE: Victorian

ARCHITECT: Alfred Waterhouse

DATE: 1880

LOCATION: Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Museum was designed and built in the Victorian era to house the then British Museums growing collection of animal and plant specimens from around the world.

Terracotta tiles inside and outside of the building feature carved plants and animals.

Terracotta was chosen as it is both attractive and hardy enough to resist the industrial pollution of Victorian London.

SNAPSHOT

NATURAL H ISTORY MUSEUM, WATERHOUSE BUILDING

6




MATERIALS: Glass and steel

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Moller Architects

DATE: 2009

LOCATION: Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Darwin Centre contains a giant, eight-storey-high cocoon providing a state-of-the-art science and collections facility.

The surface is hand-finished polished plaster, bound in steel channels resembling a cocoons silk threads.

The buildings design allows visitors to see scientists at work.

SNAPSHOT

NATURAL H ISTORY MUSEUM, DARWIN CENTRE

7




MATERIALS: Stone and brick

STYLE: Victorian/Neo-Classical

ARCHITECT: Aston Webb (main building)

DATE: 18571909

LOCATION: Cromwell Road, SW7 2RL

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Museum was founded in 1852, funded by profits from the Great Exhibition.

Its aim was and is to make the best works of art available to all and to inspire British designers and manufacturers.

Much of the Victorian design features medieval and Renaissance-inspired designs.

The museum houses a collection of more than 4.5 million objects.

SNAPSHOT

VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM

10




MATERIALS: Stone and irons

STYLE: Victorian/contemporary

ARCHITECT: Dixon Jones

DATE: 20032012

LOCATION: Exhibition Road, SW7

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Exhibition Road links the museums and universities of South Kensington with Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens.

The original Victorian street, with heavy traffic and narrow pavements was not suitable for the millions of visitors to this area every year.

A new project created Londons first road shared by pedestrians, drivers and cyclists, with priority given to pedestrians.

The diagonal pattern on the road surface is made by light and dark pieces of granite.

SNAPSHOT

EXHIB ITION ROAD

11

EXHIBITION ROAD

Olivia Woodhouse




MATERIALS: Steel and concrete

STYLE: Functionalist

ARCHITECT: Arne Jacobsen

DATE: 1977

LOCATION: 55 Sloane Street, SW1X 9SR

FEATURES AND FACTS:

This bold modern building was designed to fit with the traditional houses on either side.

The buildings five bays are equal to the widths of the houses. The top of the building is set back at the same height as the roofs of the houses.

The architect also wanted the outside to be a pale sandy colour to fit with the neighbouring buildings.

The ground floor has no windows for security reasons.

SNAPSHOT

EMBASSY OF DENMARK

12




MATERIALS: Red brick and stone

STYLE: English Baroque

ARCHITECT: Sir Christopher Wren, Nicholas Hawksmoor, Sir John Vanbrugh

DATE: 1682

LOCATION: Royal Hospital Road, SW3 4SR

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Royal Hospital was founded in 1681 for soldiers broken by age or war.

After 300 years it is still home to retired soldiers (known as the Chelsea Pensioners), who wear red and black uniforms.

The simple classical form was suited to the functional nature of the building.

The first women Chelsea Pensioners were allowed to join the Hospital in 2009.

SNAPSHOT

THE ROYAL HOSPITAL CHELSEA

13




MATERIALS: Glass and steel

STYLE: Modernist

ARCHITECT: William Crabtree/ John McAslan and Partners

DATE: 1936/2004

LOCATION: Sloane Square, SW1W 8EL

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The building has a famous curved steel and glass curtain wall.

The architect William Crabtree had visited Germany to study the design of streamlined department stores.

The store was renovated by John McAslan and Partners in 2004.

SNAPSHOT

PETER JONES DEPARTMENT STORE

14



AREAS TO EXPLORE

Queensw

ay

Baysw

ater

Holland P

ark

Barons C

ourt

Earl's Court

West B

rompton

Ladbroke Grove

Lancaster Gate

West K

ensington

Gloucester R

oad

Fulham B

roadway

South Kensington

Notting H

ill Gate

London Paddington

Kensington (O

lympia)

High S

treet Kensington

Norfolk

Square

KensingtonG

ardens

WestfieldP

ark

ClevelandS

quare

Princes

Gardens

LadbrokeS

quare

Stam

fordB

ridgeC

helsea FC

HollandP

ark

Cranley

Gardens

AvondaleP

ark

Hyde

Park

Norland

Square

Hannover

Gardens

Pow

isS

quareC

olvilleS

quare

Cam

pdenH

illS

quare

Pem

bridgeS

quare

KensingtonG

ardensS

quareS

ussexS

quareG

ardens

Queen's

Gardens

Wildlife

Garden

East

Lawn

Dana

Centrelaw

n

Princess D

ianaM

emorial

Playground

Ifield Road

Playground

Shrew

sburyG

ardensK

ildareG

ardensPrince's

Gardens

LeinsterG

ardens

Gw

endwr

Gardens

QueensC

lub

LonglandsC

ourtP

layground

Roper's

Garden

Norm

andP

arkVirginA

ctive

Marcus

Garvey P

ark

Alec

Clifton-Taylor

Mem

orial Gardens

KensingtonS

quare

Edw

ardesS

quare

VictoriaB

order

Cleveland

Gardens

Cluny M

ews

Gardens

Hyde P

arkP

uttingC

ourse

RussellR

oadP

layground

DanceA

tticS

tudios

Imperial E

thosS

ports Centre

Crom

well

Gardens

ThurloeS

quareG

arden

Gw

endwr

Gardens

Dog E

xercise Area

"Berlin

Wall"

Holland

Park Law

nTennis C

lub

West

Lawn

publicgarden

Sussex

Gardens

Old FootballP

itches

TalbotS

quareG

ardens

Earls

Court 2

Imperial

College

LondonNatural

History

Museum

Victoria&

Albert

Museum

Portobello Road

Leinster Mew

s

NorthEndRoad

Hillgate Place

Bark Place

Crom

well R

oad

Crom

wellR

o ad

WarwickRoad

Sussex Gardens

Sedlescombe

Road

Baron 's

Court R

oad

Earl'sCourtRoad

Ongar RoadKensington

Road

KensingtonH

ighStreet

Portland Road

CampdenHillRoad

Clarendon Road

PorchesterTerrace

Hyde Park Gate

Old Brompton Road

GloucesterRoad

Westbourne Park R

oad

ChepstowVillas

Onslow Square

Avonmore

Road

Radnor Mews

JayMewsLamont Road

PembridgeRoad

Bayswater R

oad

Holland Road

HollandPark

Avenue

Lillie Road

West C

romw

ell Road

Earl'sCourt Square

Harringt on

Roa d

Edwardes Square

ExhibitionRoad

Hamm

ersmith

Road

FulhamRoad

Spring Street

Leinster Gardens

Addison Road

Colville

Terrace

ThurloePlace

IfieldRoad

LimerstonStreet

Lancaster Gate

Cromwell Road

Park Walk

Moscow

Road

Gilston Road

Kensington Place

Bishop'sBridge

Road

BlenheimCrescent

Talbot Road

Kensington

Road

Westbourne G

roveSussex Place

South Parade

Par k Close

Lill ieR

oad

Phillimore Gardens

Flower W

alk

Albert Place

West Road

Ken sing ton

Gore

Cheyne

Walk

NorthEndRoad

Trebovir RoadCollingham Road

Douro P

lace

Greyhound

Road

Rich Lane

LongridgeRoad

Praed Street

King's Road

KenwayRoad

FarrierWalk

Edge Street

Beckford Close

Onslow

Gardens

Chilworth Mews

RedcliffeSquare

Netherton Grove

Phillimore W

alk

Slaidburn Street

Ladbroke Road

Ladbroke Grove

Fabian Road

Danvers Street

EdithGrove

PellantRoad

Marchb

an k Road

DisbroweRoad

Cornw

allMew

sSouth

Archel Road

InvernessTerrace

Onslow Gardens

RussellRoad

Q

ueensway

South Walk

Aubrey Road

Oakwood C

ourt

KensingtonParkRoad

Hillsleigh Road

B

lantyreStreet

CravenTerrace

Normand Road

The Vale

SeymourW

alk

Westbourne

Grove

Challoner Street

Ayrton Road

Rott e n

Ro w

Stanford Road

Tournay Road

HorntonStreet

Pelham S

treet

Craven Hill

Redcliffe Road

Cam

pd enH

ill

HaldaneRoad

TurnevilleRoad

Ossington Street

Chelsea Square

Holland

Street

Epirus Road

WrightsLane

Battersea Bridge

New

ton

Road

Uxbridge Street

Hereford Road

Queen's G

ardens

Palace Court

Kynance

Mew

s

MusardRoad

Estcourt Road

ShorroldsR

oad

Aubrey Walk

Wetherby G

ardens

Bolton Gardens

Courtfield

Gardens

Logan Place

AnselmRoad

Racton Road

Nevern Squa

re

Walham

Grove

Palace Gate

SunRoad

Chepstow Road

Hogarth Road

Hortensia Road

CresswellPlace

Prothero RoadDelaford Street

Mendora Road

Olympia Way

Princes Gardens

Eastbourne Terrace

EardleyCrescent

CampdenHillRoad

ChelseaSqu

are

De Vere Gardens

ClarevilleStreet

HollandPark

Road

Pembridge Place

Penywern Road

GunterGrove

CranleyMews

Argyll Road

Gw

endwr

Road

Fawcett StreetIlchester Place

Bramber

Road

Bedford Gardens

Ar tes ia n

Road

Fernshaw Road

PalaceGardensTerrace

Beaufort StreetDov

e houseStreet

OldChurchStreet

Elvaston Place

Peel Street

Campden Street

Hollywood Road

Chepstow Place

PotteryLane

Vereker Road

Star Road

Chesson

Road

Pembridge Villas

Edith

Road

Holland Park Mews

AddisonRoad

Gunterstone

Road

Elgin Crescent

Ladbroke Square

Holland Park

TheLittleBoltons

Comeragh R

oad

BeaufortStreet

Imperial C

ollege Road

HerefordRoad

Talg ar thR

oad

Earl's Court RoadAbingdonRoad

CranleyGardens

Halford Road

Prince Consort R

oad

RylstonRoad

HarringtonG

ardens

Tregunter Road

CourtfieldR

oad

Palace Green

Allen Street

Daw

esR

oad

Queen'sClub

Gardens

OldChurchStreet

MarloesRoad

Ledbury Road

Kensington Palace Gardens

LexhamG

ardens

DraytonGardens LancasterWalk

GloucesterRoad

Seagrave Road

Queensway

Central Avenue

Abbotsbury Road

Queen's Gate

Budge's Walk

GloucesterTerrace

HollandWalk

WarwickG

ardens

Palace Avenue

KensingtonChurchStreet

West Carriage Drive

Redan Place

The Broad Walk

Roland Way

Old

Brompton Road

Iverna Gardens

Lind

en

Gardens

RedcliffeSquare

Lansdowne Road

Queen's Gate

LisgarTerrace

Hesper Mews

Victoria Road

Bathurst Mews

Pembroke Road

WoodsfordSquare

SheldrakePlace

PalaceGardensMews

Roland Gardens

Barkston

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AREAS TO EXPLORE

Victoria

Green Park

Bond S

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Sloane Square

Knightsbridge

Oxford C

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Lancaster Gate

St James's P

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London Victoria

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London Paddington

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Knightsbridge

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Onslow Square

SemleyPlace

Sussex Gardens

Piccadilly

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Cadogan Square

Harringt on

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Ebury Bridge Road

Eaton

Square

Beak Street

ExhibitionRoad

OldChurchStreet

North

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Spring Street

SwanWalk

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Rex Place

Conduit Street

Dovehouse Street

Petyward

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Onslow

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Belgrave Road

Danvers Street RadnorPlace

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Hugh Street

Hasker Street

Franklins Row

West Road

Kingly Street

ClabonMews

Roya

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BuckinghamGate

Smith Street

Ranelagh Grove

Yeoman's Row

Budge's Walk

Carnaby Street

Wilton Street

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The Vale

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Beauchamp Place

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Battersea Bridge

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Cringle Street

Milner Street

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Albemarle Street

Belgrave Place

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St. Leonard's Terrace

Cadogan Square

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Mount Street

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Queen'sWalk

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Turpentine Lane

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Cumberland

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Francis Street

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BressendenPlace

BourdonStreet

BromptonRoad

Portman

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Davies Street

Clarendon Street

Royal Hospital Road

Carlisle Place

CathedralWalk

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VauxhallBridgeRoad

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Queen's Gate

GrosvenorSquare

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James Street

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Bathurst Mews

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Hay's Mews

Ixworth Place

Onslow

Square

Christchurch Street

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Harriet Walk

RutlandGate

Hans Place

Pimlico

Mayfair

Knightsbridge

Chelsea

Belgravia

Victoria

Chelsea

Gate

Chelsea

Manor

Estate Chelsea

Manor

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Crem

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Queen's

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AREAS TO EXPLORE

AREAS TO EXPLORE

KINGS CROSS, F ITZROVIA AND BLOOMSBURY

Once the proud centre of Victorian travel; until recently Kings Cross was notoriously run down. Now with a major regeneration programme, the area has been transformed and historic industrial and commercial architecture renovated and put to new uses. Central Saint Martins School of Art and Design has found a new home in a refurbished granary building, while the painstaking restoration of Kings Cross station and St Pancras Chambers is complete. Further afield the built environment reflects Fitzrovia and Bloomsburys cultural, academic and scientific life.

Landmarks (see map for location, page 56) 1 Kings Cross Station

2 Kings Cross Square

3 St Pancras Renaissance Hotel

4 St Pancras Station and the Barlow Train Shed

4a The Betjeman Statue

5 Central Saint Martins School of Art and Design

6 Granary Square

7 Kings Cross Filling Station

8 Gas Holder No. 8

9 St Pancras Old Church

10 Kings Place

11 The British Library

11a Newton after William Blake

12 Fitzroy Square

12a The View Sculpture

13 BT Tower

14 Cavendish Campus, University of Westminster

14a Giant Scientific Instruments

15 Headquarters of the Royal College of Physicians

16 Institute of Education

17 Congress House

18 London Central YMCA with the St Giles Hotel

19 Centre Point Tower

20 Bedford Square

21 British Museum

22 Brunswick Centre

23 Regents Park Outer Circle




KINGS CROSS, FITZROVIA AND BLOOMSBURY

MATERIALS: Steel, stone, glass roof panels

STYLE: Victorian Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Lewis Cubitt, William Cubbitt, John McAslan and Partners

DATE: 18512/2012

LOCATION: Euston Road, N1 9AP

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The station was built as the terminus and hub of the Great Northern Railway.

The Victorian building is based on two great arched train sheds, with an arched brick structure at the south end.

From 2007 the building underwent a major restoration and improvement programme. It now has a new Western Concourse with a spectacular glass-panelled roof (and a luggage trolley passing through the wall at platform 9!)

SNAPSHOT

K INGS CROSS STATION

1




MATERIALS: Stone

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Stanton Williams

DATE: 2014

LOCATION: Euston Road, N1 9AP

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Kings Cross Square was created as a new public square in front of Kings Cross Station.

The square improves public access to a previously neglected space occupied by a 1972 building.

The square reveals the original Victorian faade of the station for the first time since the 1860s.

SNAPSHOT

K ING CROSS SQUARE

2




MATERIALS: Brick

STYLE: Victorian Gothic Revival

ARCHITECT: Sir George Gilbert Scott

DATE: 1872

LOCATION: Euston Road, NW1 2AR

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The architect won a competition run by the Midland Railway Company to design a hotel for railway travellers.

The ornate decoration, with balconies, arched windows, patterned brickwork, gargoyles, towers, spires, a clock tower and weather vanes, represents the wealth and power of the Victorian railway companies.

The bricks were brought from the Midlands, to reflect the owners pride in their region.

SNAPSHOT

ST PANCRAS RENAISSANCE HOTEL

3




MATERIALS: Red brick, iron work, concrete

STYLE: Victorian Gothic Revival

ARCHITECT: William Barlow

DATE: 1876

LOCATION: Euston Road, NW1 2AR

FEATURES AND FACTS:

St Pancras International is one of the greatest Victorian buildings in London. Its impressive Gothic architecture represents the power and success of the Victorian railway companies.

When it was completed in 1868, the Barlow train shed was the largest enclosed space in the world.

SNAPSHOT

ST PANCRAS STATION AND THE BARLOW TRAIN SHED

4




MATERIALS: Bronze

SIZE: 2.6m

ARCHITECT: Martin Jennings

DATE: 2007

LOCATION: Pancras Station, NW1 2AR

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The statue celebrates the famous poet and railway enthusiast Sir John Betjeman, who saved St Pancras station and hotel from being demolished in the 1960s.

The sculpture shows him looking up at the splendour of the Barlow train shed while catching hold of his hat.

SNAPSHOT

ST PANCRAS STATION




MATERIALS: Brick, concrete, steel and timber

STYLE: Victorian/contemporary

ARCHITECT: Stanton Williams (refurbishment)

DATE: 1852/2011

LOCATION: Granary Building, 1 Granary Square, N1C 4AA

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The new home of Central Saint Martins is in a former 19th-century granary and two former train sheds, combined with two new blocks.

The architects wanted to keep the sites industrial feel, so they used industrial materials such as concrete and timber.

The old granary building once stored Lincolnshire wheat for Londons bakers.

Did you know? Old horse stables were converted into student bike sheds.

SNAPSHOT

CENTRAL SAINT MARTINS SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN

5




MATERIALS: Concrete and stone

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Townshend Landscape Architects

DATE: 2000

LOCATION: North of Kings Cross and St Pancras Train Stations, N1C 4AA

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Granary Square is roughly equal in size to Trafalgar Square.

The new square is the heart of the Kings Cross development, and events including an ice cream festival have already taken place there.

At the centre is one of the largest water features in Europe, containing over 1080 water jets.

Look out for: historic features such as bases that once held cranes to bring goods up from canal boats.

SNAPSHOT

GRANARY SQUARE

6




MATERIALS: Translucent fibreglass

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Carmody Groarke

DATE: 1960/2012

LOCATION: Goods Way, N1C 4UR

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Filling Station was a derelict petrol station that has been converted into an events space and restaurant, providing a new social space in Kings Cross.

The fibreglass screen hides the space from the busy traffic outside.

When lit up at night the building becomes a landmark in the Kings Cross area.

SNAPSHOT

THE KINGS CROSS F ILLING STATION

7




MATERIALS: Ironwork

STYLE: Victorian

ARCHITECT: Bell Phillips Architects

DATE: 1850s, re-erected in 2013

LOCATION: North side of Regents Canal, Near St Pancras Lock N1C 4PN

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Gasholder No.8 was built in the 1850s to store gas.

This listed structure has been restored and moved to a new site alongside the canal.

The frame sits in a new landscaped setting and houses a new park and event space, lit up at night.

SNAPSHOT

ST PANCRAS LOCK

8




MATERIALS: Stone

STYLE: Medieval /Victorian

ARCHITECT: Alexander Dick Gough (19th century)

DATE: Medieval, but mostly 19th century

LOCATION: Pancras Road NW1 1UL

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Christians have possibly worshipped on this site for more than 1500 years.

The fabric of the building contains fragments of Roman stone but most of it is Victorian.

Did you know? Many bodies had to be dug up and moved when the Midland Railway line was built through the churchyard in the 19th century.

SNAPSHOT

ST PANCRAS OLD CHURCH

9




MATERIALS: Glass and limestone

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Dixon Jones

DATE: 2008

LOCATION: 90 York Way, London, N1 9AG

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The three-layered, very slightly curving glass facade on York Way makes this building stand out when see from far away, but also stops the building from getting too hot in summer.

The building contains offices, music and arts venues, and restaurants, arranged around public spaces.

Did you know? All the oak panels inside Hall One, the main concert hall, came from a single 500-year-old German tree.

SNAPSHOT

K INGS PLACE

10




SNAPSHOT

THE BRITISH LIBRARY

MATERIALS: Brick

STYLE: Postmodern

ARCHITECT: Colin St John Wilson

DATE: 1998

LOCATION: 96 Euston Road, Camden, NW1 2DB

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The red bricks of this building were chosen to match the shade of nearby St Pancras railway station.

The site and plans were agreed in the mid-1970s but funding and other problems meant it was not completed for more than 20 years.

Did you know? The building contains storage space for 12 million books.

11




SNAPSHOT

NEWTON AFTER WILLIAM BLAKE

11a

MATERIALS: Bronze

ARTIST: Sir Eduardo Paolozzi

DATE: 1995

LOCATION: British Library, NW1 2DB

FEATURES AND FACTS:

This sculpture is of the 17th-century scientist Sir Isaac Newton.

It is a 3D version of a colour print by the late 18th-century artist William Blake.




SNAPSHOT

F ITZROY SQUARE

12

MATERIALS: Portland Stone

STYLE: Georgian

ARCHITECT: Robert Adam

DATE: Late 18th century

LOCATION: Fitzroy Square, Fitzrovia, W1T 5HF

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Fitzroy Square was designed as a series of elegant, high-quality and desirable town houses for rich families.

The symmetrical layout with a central garden is typical of Georgian architecture.

Look out for: number 29, where the writers George Bernard Shaw and Virginia Woolf both lived at different times.




SNAPSHOT

THE VIEW SCULPTURE

MATERIALS: Bronze Resin

ARTIST: Naomi Blake

DATE: Late 1977

LOCATION: Fitzroy Square, W1T 5HF

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The sculpture is in the middle of Fitzroy Square.

It was made and placed here to mark the Silver Jubilee in 1977, when Queen Elizabeth II celebrated 25 years of her reign.

12a




SNAPSHOT

BT TOWER

13

MATERIALS: Concrete, steel and glass

STYLE: Post-war

ARCHITECT: The Ministry of Public Works

DATE: Late 1965

LOCATION: 60 Cleveland Street, W1T 4J

FEATURES AND FACTS:

This tower was the first purpose-built structure to transmit high-frequency radio waves and is still a major communications hub.

It was the highest building in London until the NatWest Tower was built in 1980.

The top floor of the tower rotates and originally contained a restaurant.

Did you know? The tower can sway up to 20cm in winds up to 100 miles per hour.




SNAPSHOT

CAVENDISH CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER

14

MATERIALS: Bronze and glass curtain walling, concrete

STYLE: Brutalist

ARCHITECT: Lyons Israel Ellis Gray

DATE: 1969/70

LOCATION: 115 New Cavendish Street, W1W 6UW

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Cavendish Campus was developed in the late 1960s to house a new College of Engineering and Science for the University of Westminster (then the Regent Street Polytechnic).

The design represents the organisation of the building into different functions, including labs and lecture theatres.

The Brutalist style was used for many higher education buildings of the 1960s and 1970s, when the number of universities and colleges grew quickly.




SNAPSHOT

G IANT SCIENTIF IC INSTRUMENTS

MATERIALS: Steel (stainless and brushed) and bronze

ARTIST: Ben Joiner

DATE: Late 1994

LOCATION: 115 New Cavendish Street, W1W 6UW

FEATURES AND FACTS:

These seven sculptures represent scientific instruments, including flasks and a funnel.

They relate to the activities that take place inside the building behind, which houses the universitys department of bio-sciences.

14a




SNAPSHOT

HEADQUARTERS OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS

15

MATERIALS: Concrete

STYLE: Modernist

ARCHITECT: Sir Denys Lasdun

DATE: 1964

LOCATION: St Andrews Place, Regents Park, NW1 4LE

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Modernist architects of the 1950s and 1960s believed that design should always be led by the way a building would be used.

Lasdun spent a long time watching the Royal College members meeting and socialising, which helped him create the final design.

He chose the colours and shapes to harmonise with the nearby Georgian terraces.




SNAPSHOT

INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION

16

MATERIALS: Concrete and glass

STYLE: Brutalist/modernist

ARCHITECT: Sir Denys Lasdun

DATE: 1977

LOCATION: 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Institute was designed to replace a large terrace of buildings partially destroyed by bombing in World War II.

Although the building is modern, it matches the scale and height of the 19th-century terraces opposite.

Only one of the five wings of the original design was ever completed.




SNAPSHOT

CONGRESS HOUSE

17

MATERIALS: Concrete, glass and steel

STYLE: Modernist

ARCHITECT: David du R. Aberdeen

DATE: 1958

LOCATION: Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3LS

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Congress House was built for the Trades Union Congress (TUC), an organisation for Britains trades unions.

The modernist style of the building reflects the TUCs aim of promoting progressive art and architecture after World War II.

The building incorporates a memorial to TUC members who died in both World Wars.

The roof of the Conference Hall inside features unusual six-sided glass panels.




SNAPSHOT

LONDON CENTRAL YMCA HOSTEL WITH THE ST GILES HOTEL

18

MATERIALS: Concrete, glass

STYLE: Brutalist

ARCHITECT: Elsworth Sykes Partnership

DATE: 1977

LOCATION: Bedford Avenue, WC1B 3GH

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Central YMCA, founded in 1844, was the worlds first building for the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA).

This building replaced an earlier Edwardian building on this site.

It was built at a time when the YMCA began to open up to include women and so needed more space: it contains 670 guest rooms in 4 tower blocks.

Did you know? It contains the largest gym facility in central London.




SNAPSHOT

CENTRE POINT TOWER

19

MATERIALS: Concrete, steel and glass

STYLE: Modernist

ARCHITECT: Richard Robin Seifert & Partners

DATE: 1967

LOCATION: New Oxford Street, WC1A

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Centre Point was one of the first skyscrapers in London, and represented a new mood of optimism and confidence after World War II.

The office tower was built of segments of concrete cast in Dorset and brought to London by lorry.

The building has appeared in many music videos, films and novels.




SNAPSHOT

BR ITISH MUSEUM, GREAT COURT

20

MATERIALS: Concrete, cast iron, brick, stone, glass and steel

STYLE: Greek Revival/Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Sir Robert Smirke/Foster and Partners

DATE: 1832-52/2000

LOCATION: 91 Great Russell Street, WC1B 3PS

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Great Court brought back into use the courtyard at the centre of the British Museum.

The design of the columns and the pediments were borrowed from Greek architecture.

The state-of-the-art glass canopy has a unique geometry designed to span the irregular gap between the Reading Room in the centre and the courtyard facades.

Did you know? The roof contains 478 tonnes steel and 315 tonnes of glass.

VISITLONDONIMAGES/ BRITAINONVIEW



Temple

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Euston Square

Warren Street

Oxford C

ircus

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Leicester Square

Piccadilly Circus

Kentish Tow

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Mornington C

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London Charing C

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Tottenham C

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Duke Street

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Parkway

Russell Street

PancrasRoad

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Holborn

Wynford

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Hartland Road

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Dean Street

Crowndale

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Hampstead Road

Offord

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PancrasRoad

King'sCrossRoad

StPancras

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New

Oxford

Street

YorkWay

Camden Mews

CamdenHighStreet

CamdenStreet

ShaftesburyAvenue

Kentish Town Road

Long Acre

EustonRoad

Regents Canal tow

path

ClevelandStreet

Macklin Street

WardourStreet

Carnegie

Street

Swinton Street

BroadwickStr eet

Bedford Row

EustonRoad

Britannia Street

Eversholt Street

Great Russell Street

Riding

House Street

TottenhamCourtRoad

Argyl e

Stree t

Bruton Street

Pentonville Road

GoughStreet

Marylebone

Road

Gray'sInnRoad

MountPleasant

Outer C

ircle

TheobaldsRoad

Savile Row

BloomsburyStreet

Euston

Road

Hampstead Road

Gray's Inn Road

Harrison Street

Agar Grove

Beak Street

Great Portland Street

Bloomsbury W

ay

Kingsway

Shaftesbury AvenueNewR

ow

Strand

Mortim

erStreet

Judd Street

Wigm

ore Street

Rupert Street

Millman Street

Rosebery Avenue

Brill Place

Euston Road

Strand Underpass

Blundell Street

Goods

Way

Devonshire Street

CopenhagenStreet

Penton Street

Burton Street

Bolsover Street

Hanson Street

Plender Street

DruryLane

MaryleboneLane

Great Percy Street

Portugal Street

Bidborough Street

Strand

Bingfield Street

Greek Street

Calthorpe Street

Great O

rmond

Street

Portland Place

Strand

Rip plevale

Grove

BedfordStreet

Montague Place

Jamestow

nRoad

Berners Street

Margery Street

Charlotte Street

Beaumont Street

MorningtonTerrace

MarchmontStreet

Newman Street

Doric Way

BellYard

Conduit Street

Herbrand Street

TavistockPlace

RochesterPlace

Brewer Street

Carey

Street

Cobourg Street

AveryRow

KellyStreet

Brownlow Mews

C edarWay

Vale Royal

ChanceryLane

Gilbeys

Yard

BernersMews

Stratford Villas

Hunter Street

Grafton Way

Thanet Street

Wren

Street

Adam's R

ow

Triton

Square

WellsMews

John's Mews

Wild

Street

Weym

outh Street

Grafton Way

Milford

Lane

Colonnade

MeltonStreet

LisleStreet

St Paul's

Mew

s

Kingly StreetMandela Street

BrandonRoad

Lyme

Street

College Place

Hadley Street

Short's Gardens

Jockey's Fields

Boswell Street

Carnaby Street

Belitha Villas

Varndell Street

Camley Street

BrutonPla ce

JohnStreet

Chenies Street

Donegal Street

VictoriaEm

bankment

Foley Street

RathbonePlace

Bridgem

anR

oad

CalshotStreet

Store Street

Bedford Place

FrederickStreet

GordonStreet

Floral Street

Handyside

Street

Havelock Street

BedfordAvenue

Montague Street

GordonSquare

Clipstone

Street

College Place

Whetstone Park

Doughty Street

LongfordS

tr eet

Camden Square

Bemerton Street

Murray Mews

Camden Square

Bedford Way

StanhopeStreet

LoftingR

oad

PhoenixPlace

Woburn Place

Guilford Street

Rossendale

Way

BarkerD

rive

TileyardRoad

Crom

er Street

Charrington Street

Huntingdon Street

Poland Street

HowlandStreet

Maple Street

Maddox

Street

RedLionStreet

Market Road

Frith Street

GranaryStreet

Welbeck Street

ParkVillageEastRedhill Street

Rodney Street

WerringtonStreet

NewSquare

Hallam Street

Cardington Street

LloydBaker Street

PrinceAlbertRoad

Collier S

treet

ParkVillageEast

Chalton Street

Carnoustie Drive

St. Augustine's Road

Grosvenor Street

Broadwalk

WellsStreet

Bartholomew

Road

Copenhagen S

treet

ChaltonStreet

Rochester Road

Wimpole Street

Richm

ond Avenue

New Bond Street

BreweryRoad

Hemingford Road

Arlington Road

FreightLane

Leice

ster

Square

Exeter Street

Regent'sCanaltowpath

Royal College Street

ParkC

rescent Albany Street

CharingCrossRoad

CaledonianRoad

Albert Street

Q ueenSquare

Acton Street

Outer Circle

Outer Circle

Bayham Street

Wharfdale R

oad

BourdonStreet

CamleyStreet

GowerStreet

Davies Street

Barnsbury Road

Romilly

Stree t

BayhamStreet

St.PancrasWay

RussellSquare

Russell

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Castlehaven Road

Bedford

Square

Soho

Square

Lincoln's

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King's Terrace

Balfe Street

ThornhillSqua

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PhoenixRoa d

James Street RegalLane

Penton Rise

Oakley Square

Marquis Road

King's Boulevard

Cla

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AugustusStreet

Kingsway

Oakley Square

Centurion

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Tibe

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Cumberland Terrace

GreatCourt Stable Street

Pembroke Street

Stanhope Street

Oval Road

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Chester Terrace

Cam

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Soho

Mayfair

St Giles

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Barnsbury

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AREAS TO EXPLORE

AREAS TO EXPLORE

SKYSCRAPERS AND BANK

The City is an area of architectural extremes the Square Mile contains some of the oldest parts of London but its skyline is ever-changing, with a constant stream of ambitious skyscraper building projects. Soaring glass-and-steel financial centres stand next to medieval and Renaissance stone churches and Georgian town houses, all close to a 2,000 year old Roman wall.

Landmarks (see map for location, page 82) 1 Liverpool Street Station

1a Kindertransport

2 Exchange Square

3 Finsbury Avenue Square

4 Rush Hour

4a Bellerophon Taming Pegasus

5 Finsbury Circus

6 St Albans Tower

7 Guildhall

8 The Bank of England

9 Royal Exchange

10 St Stephen Walbrook Church

11 Rothschild Bank Headquarters

12 20 Fenchurch St (the Walkie Talkie)

13 The Lloyds Register Group

14 The Willis Building

15 Lloyds of London

16 Leadenhall Market

17 The Leadenhall Building (The Cheesegrater)

18 30 St Mary Axe (The Gherkin)

19 Tower 42

20 Paleys upon Pilers

21 Spitalfields Market

22a A Pear and a Fig

21b I Goat

22 Christ Church, Spitalfields

23 Great St Helens Church

24 Guildhall Gallery see no 7

25 No 1 Poultry

26 Holland House

27 Devonshire Square





MATERIALS: Iron, glass

STYLE: Gothic

ARCHITECT: Edward Wilson

DATE: 1874/1992

LOCATION: Bishopsgate, EC2M 7QH

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Liverpool Street Station was built as a new terminus closer to the City of London for the Great Eastern Railway.

The new trainshed had a magnificent cathedral-like iron and glass roof and Gothic-style offices behind.

After World War II bomb damage there were plans to pull down the station; instead the building was saved and refurbished.

SNAPSHOT

LIVERPOOL STREET STATION

1




MATERIALS: Bronze

SIZE: 2.3m

ARCHITECT: Frank Meisler

DATE: 2006

LOCATION: Liverpool Street Station, Bishopsgate, EC2M 7QH

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Trains of children fleeing from Nazi tyranny arrive at Liverpool Street Station in the late 1930s.

The sculptor Frank Meisler was himself a passenger on a Kindertransport train.

Did you know? There are three other memorials at Danzig in Poland, Berlin in Germany and Rotterdam in the Netherlands, key points on the childrens route to safety.

SNAPSHOT

K INDERTRANSPORT

1a




MATERIALS: Steel, glass

STYLE: Postmodern

ARCHITECT: Arup Associates

DATE: 1874/1992

LOCATION: Finsbury Ave, EC2M

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Broadgate Circle was designed as a privately owned public space with offices around.

In winter the Circle houses a famous ice rink.

Broadgate Circle is now being refurbished and will reopen in 2015.

At night, the 100,000 lights set into the floor produce exciting displays of different colours, each lasting as long as it takes you to cross the square.

Did you know? In the 1980s Broadgate was the largest office development in London.

SNAPSHOT

BROADGATE CIRCLE

3




MATERIALS: Bronze

ARTIST: George Segal

DATE: 1987


FEATURES AND FACTS:

Rush Hour shows six London commuters rushing home in damp-looking raincoats.

To make the sculpture, Segal encased live models in wire mesh and plaster bandages to make a cast, before cutting each cast open to free the person inside.

He then joined the two parts of the mould together and cast bronze figures from the plaster versions.

SNAPSHOT

RUSH HOUR

4




MATERIALS: Bronze

ARTIST: Jacques Lipchitz

DATE: 1966


FEATURES AND FACTS:

This sculpture of tangled forms shows the ancient Greek hero Bellerophon wrestling the mythical winged horse Pegasus.

Lipchitz believed that this ancient legend represented the dominance of man over nature.

SNAPSHOT

BELLEROPHON TAMING PEGASUS

4a



SKYSCRAPERS AND BANK 63


STYLE: Victorian and Edwardian

ARCHITECT: Various

DATE: 1890 1925

LOCATION: Finsbury Circus, EC2M 7AB

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Finsbury Circus is the largest open public space in the City of London.

The name Circus is from its oval shape, like the ancient Roman chariot-racing venues.

One of the most important buildings, on the north-west side, is Britannic House, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the 1920s for the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which later became BP.

SNAPSHOT

F INSBURY CIRCUS

5




MATERIALS: Stone

STYLE: Perpendicular Gothic

ARCHITECT: Sir Christopher Wren

DATE: 1685

LOCATION: Wood Street, EC2V 7AF

FEATURES AND FACTS:

There may have been a church on this site as early as the 8th century.

The church was badly damaged in the Great Fire of 1666 and was rebuilt by Wren in the Gothic style, but it was again burned out during the Blitz in 1940.

The ruins were cleared, and the tower left standing on a traffic island to become one of Londons most unusual private homes.

SNAPSHOT

ST ALBANS TOWER

6




MATERIALS: Stone

STYLE: Gothic

ARCHITECT: George Dance/Sir Horace Jones/Giles Gilbert Scott

DATE: 1410/1788/1866/1963

LOCATION: Gresham Street, EC2V 7HH

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Guildhall has been the centre of the City of London government (the Corporation) since the Middle Ages.

Giant statues of Gog and Magog, two legendary giants who are the traditional guardians of the City, can be seen inside.

Did you know? Guildhall is the only non-religious stone structure to have survived the Great Fire of London in 1666.

SNAPSHOT

GUILDHALL

7





STYLE: Neoclassical

ARCHITECT: George Samson/ Sir Robert Taylor/Sir John Soane/ Sir Herbert Baker

DATE: 1734/1781/1828/1939

LOCATION: Threadneedle St, London EC2R 8AH

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Bank of England building may have been the first purpose-built bank in the British Isles.

Later Sir John Soane added new banking halls in a classical style and a defensive windowless wall to protect the Bank and its bullion vaults.

Between 1925 and 1939 a new seven-storey building was built as the bank grew.

The building has more space below ground than in the whole of the nearby skyscraper Tower 42.

SNAPSHOT

THE BANK OF ENGLAND

8




MATERIALS: Stone

STYLE: Neoclassical

ARCHITECT: Sir William Tite

DATE: 1844

LOCATION: 2 Royal Exchange Steps, EC3V 3DG

FEATURES AND FACTS:

The Royal Exchange was founded in the 16th century as a trading centre for the City of London. The design is based on the original layout of four sides around a central courtyard, where merchants could trade with one another.

This building is the third on this site as the previous two were destroyed by fire.

The building was refurbished in 2001 as a luxury shopping centre.

SNAPSHOT

THE ROYAL EXCHANGE

9




MATERIALS: Stone

STYLE: English Baroque

ARCHITECT: Sir Christopher Wren

DATE: 1680

LOCATION: 39 Walbrook, EC4N 8BN

FEATURES AND FACTS:

This church was one of the 51 new churches designed for London by Sir Christopher Wren after the Great Fire.

Wren designed an open symmetrical space so that everyone present could see and hear the religious service.

He used St Stephens to test his design ideas for the dome of St Pauls Cathedral.

Did you know? The Samaritans charity was founded here and a telephone in a glass case inside serves as a tribute.

SNAPSHOT

ST STEPHEN WALBROOK CHURCH

10




MATERIALS: Concrete and glass

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: OMA (Rem Koolhaas)

DATE: 2011

LOCATION: New Court Street Swithins Lane, EC4N 8AL

FEATURES AND FACTS:

This building is the fourth containing the Rothschild Banks London headquarters, all built on St. Swithins Lane, a narrow medieval alley in the heart of the City.

Part of the building is raised off the ground to provide a view through to Wrens St Stephen Walbrook Church.

The central cube of ten office floors has a repeated pattern of structural steel columns embedded in the faade.

SNAPSHOT

ROTHSCHILD BANK HEADQUARTERS

11




MATERIALS: Steel, glass and concrete

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Rafael Violy

DATE: 2014

LOCATION: 20 Fenchurch Street, EC3M

FEATURES AND FACTS:

20 Fenchurch Street is nicknamed the Walkie Talkie because of its top-heavy shape.

The shape is partly intended to provide more floor space at the top of the building, where rent is usually higher.

The Sky Garden at the top is open to the public and offers great views.

Did you know? The concave shape of the building has channelled the suns rays into a beam so hot it has melted parts of cars!

SNAPSHOT

20 FENCHURCH STREET (THE WALKIE TALKIE)

12




MATERIALS: Stone, steel and glass

STYLE: Neoclassical/High-tech

ARCHITECT: Thomas Edward Collcutt/Richard Rogers Partnership

DATE: 1901/2000

LOCATION: 71 Fenchurch Street, EC3M 4BS

FEATURES AND FACTS:

In the late 19th century the Lloyds Register, commissioned a classical, stone head office.

In the early 1990s the buildings were redeveloped by the Richard Rogers Partnership.

The lifts and stairs are on view at the front of the new glass and steel towers.

Archaeologists working on the site during the construction of the new building found that the Romans had occupied it as early as the 1st century AD.

SNAPSHOT

LLOYDS REGISTER GROUP

13




MATERIALS: Steel and glass

STYLE: Contemporary

ARCHITECT: Foster and Partners

DATE: 2007

LOCATION: 51 Lime Street, EC3M 7DQ

FEATURES AND FACTS:

This 28-storey skyscraper for the Willis insurance company is directly across the street from the Lloyds building.

The building is shaped like a series of overlapping, stepped curved shells.

The fins on the outside of the building help to reduce glare and stop heat building up in the offices inside.

SNAPSHOT

THE WILLIS BUILDING

14




MATERIALS: Concrete, glass and steel

STYLE: High-Tech

ARCHITECT: Richard Rogers Partnership

DATE: 1986

LOCATION: 1 Lime St, EC3M 7HA

FEATURES AND FACTS:

Lloyds is known as the inside out building the lifts, toilets and pipework are on the outside of the building to allow more space for work areas inside.

The building houses the worlds largest insurance market.

Richard Rogers Partnership also designed the Millennium Dome, now the 02 Arena.

Did you know? Lloyds earliest home was a 17th-century coffee house.

SNAPSHOT

LLOYDS OF LONDON

15




MATERIALS: Glass roof, cast iron columns

STYLE: Victorian

ARCHITECT: Horace Jones

DATE: 188081

LOCATION: Gracechurch Street, EC3V 1LT

FEATURES AND FACTS:

This ornate glass-roofed building was designed to house a market for poultry, which existed on this site since in the 14th century, in a smart arcade in keeping with its surroundings.

The market is named after a large lead-roofed mansion built on the site in the Middle Ages.

It stands on what was the centre of Roman London.

Did you know? Leadenhall Market starred as Diagon Alley in the Harry Potter films.

SNAPSHOT

LEADENHALL MARKET

16




MATERIALS: Concrete, glass and

Date post:	16-Dec-2015
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