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8/20/2019 ART PI copy

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Project Proposal

Solar AbsorptionRefrigerator

Absorption Refrigeration TeamGroup for Environment and EnergyEngineeringIIT anpur

Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering


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Absorption Refrigeration Team

"ontents- # -

1$Introduction%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &

#$'e(nition of Problem%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% )

&$

*bjective%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%% +

,$

Tecnical 'etails

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$ .

)$

Status of Researc

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /

6. Project Summary %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$$ #1

7. Infrastructural Re0uirements %%%%%%%%%%%%$ ##

$ E2pertise available 3it te group%%%%%%%% #&

9. !inancial Aspects %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$ #,

10. Time 4ine %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$$ #+

Group !or Environmentand Energy Engineering



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Introduction- & -

*rigin of Proposal

Te prices of energy ave been increasing e2ponentially 3orld3ide$

Industrial Refrigeration is one of te most energy consuming sector$

5at if a refrigeration system is designed 3ic uses no energy or

minimal amount of energy6

Te solution lies in absorption refrigeration system$

7y producing an adsorption refrigeration system 3e are not only

cutting do3n te energy costs but also preserving our environment$

Tis refrigeration system doesn8t use any of te "!"s so our o9one

layer is safe$

Greenouse gases and teir damaging e:ects on te atmospere ave

received increased attention follo3ing te release of scienti(c data by

;nited ;


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electrical grid to pump te 3ater 3it electricity nor do tey ave te

infrastructure to provide roads to bring in electrical generators or even

te fuel for tose generators$ Terefore 3itout an electrical grid or

3itout




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- ,

- generators to generate electricity? isolated areas do not ave potable

3ater nor do tey ave te refrigeration to Ceep medicine or foodstu:s

from spoiling$ Even in te ;ntied States? tere are communities suc

as te Amis communities 3ere electricity is banned$ ere te lacC of

cooling capabilities severely limits te production of various products$

7ecause of te lacC of cooling? milC production is limited to Grade 7$

Referred to as advanced adsorption cillers tey represent one of te

ne3 tecnology options tat are under development$ Advanced

adsorption cooling tecnology o:ers te possibility of cillers 3it

greater "*Ps and reduce cost of te system$

Te invention can improve refrigerating unit? raise coeDcient of

performance? reduce energy cost of refrigerating unit and as notably

social and economic bene(t$ "ompared 3it te e2isting compressor

refrigeration system? te system reali9es simpli(ed structure? lo3

energy consumption and reduction of discarge and environmental

pollution by a9ardous substance8$

7ene(tsF

1$ India is among te 3orld leaders in agricultural production

o3ever muc of our produce goes 3aste due to absence of

proper storage facilities$ Refrigeration is tus vitally important for

our country$

#$ =ilC produce is also adversely a:ected due to lacC ofrefrigeration$

&$ "ool drinCing 3ater is unavailable to te people in non electri(edvillages$

,$ =edical facilities are also adversely a:ected due to breaC in te

cold cain as te medicines move from te production 9one to

te rural areas$)$ ;sage of "!"s a:ect te environment adversely$

Te current project can result in development of a system 3ic can

be a decisive step in bringing refrigeration to te far o: rural areas$

In urban areas a uge cunC of ouseolds consume more refrigeration

energy tan is re0uired due to ineDcient usage$ Tis project also olds


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promise to reduce if not eliminate tis uge portion of energy

consumption pie$



Problem 'e(nition - ) -

Toug absorption refrigeration system is an ideal 3ay to combat

energy consumption of refrigeration sector? it su:ers some serious

faults liCeF

1$ 4o3 "*P

Ideally speaCing "*P of an absorption refrigeration system is about

#$B$ 7ut in reality it is less tan 1>aboutB$.@$

#$ 4arge Si9e uge 3eigt

Tey are muc more comple2 tan a normal refrigerator and occupy a

uge space$ Tey re0uire muc larger cooling to3ers to reject te

3aste eat o3ing to teir lo3 "*Ps? and tus servicing tem is not less

tan a nigtmare$&$

ig cost

Te absorption refrigeration systems are muc more e2pensive tan te

vapor-compression refrigeration systems 3ic are 0uite obvious as teir cost

of production is ig because of comple2 and large parts$ Tis also maCes

tem diDcult to service$


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*bjective - + -

1$ "*P

5e aim to improve te "*P of te adsorptionHabsorption refrigerator to

maCe it more attractive for usage$

#$ Si9e

5e aim to reduce te si9e of te assembly by maCing it more compact$

&$ 5eigt

Te absorptionHadsorption refrigeration system is too bulCy$ Its 3eigt

reduction is also one of te aims$ It can be reduced by using polymers$

,$ "ost

"ost is te biggest barrier in implementation of AdsorptionHabsorption

refrigeration$ 5e aim to minimi9e it as far as possible$

)$ E2tended ;sability

Till date absorption refrigeration is limited for industrial purposes$ 5e

aim to maCe it available for mass rural use as stated above in small

capacities by using solar adsorptionHabsorption$


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- .-

Tecnical 'etails and Introduction

to te Tecnologyey 5ords

1$ absorption refrigeration system solar absorption basedrefrigeration system$

#$ absorber&$ collector-generator,$ evaporator)$ condenser

Scmatic of a 4itium 7romide absorption refrigeratorAbsorption "illers



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5orCing Te 3orCing is verysimple 1 to #Solution of 4i7r is eated to generate 3ater vapour 3ic is transferred

to te condenser$ In te condenser te vapour is cooled by circulating

running 3ater$# to & Te 3ater is ten trottled and moved to evaporator at a lo3

temperature and pressure 3ere it is evaporated$

& to , Te 3ater vapour is ten transferred to te absorber 3ere it is

absorbed in te concentrated solution of 4i7r and eat is rejected to

te cooling coils$

, to 1 Te 3ater is ten pumped again to te generator from 3ere te cycle

is repeated$ Te performance of te system is governed largely by te

temperature di:erence bet3een te generator and te condenser and

absorber units$ Since te generator temperatures in solar driven

systems are only moderate? it is important to Ceep te condensor and

absorber temperatures as lo3 as possible$

Te 4i7r system is preferred over ammonia systems for solar energyapplications because of te lo3er generator temperatures re0uired$Permissible generator temperatures for a 3ater-cooled 4i7r system

range from .+ deg$ "-// deg$ " compared to te /) deg$ "-1#B deg$ "temperatures re0uired for a 3ater -cooled ammonia absorptionsystem$ =ost? if not all? of te commercially available absorption unitsuse 4i7r and 3ater as te absorbent-refrigerant Juid pair$ 7ecause te4i7r 3ill crystalli9e at te iger absorber temperatures associated3it air cooling? tese units must be 3ater cooled$ A prototypeammonia-3ater unit? amenable to direct air cooling? as been built by4a3rence 7erCeley 4aboratories$A number of e0uipment re0uirements and limitations must be

considered in te analysis and design of solar po3ered absorption

systems$ Te (rst consideration involves te type of collector used$

Te temperatures re0uired by absorption coolers are obtainable 3it

Jat plate collectors but at lo3 collection eDciencies$


12/43



Status of Researc on tetopic - / -

Going tougt te publications in te international journal of

refrigeration 3e can evidently (nd out tat 3orld over tere is a race

to maCe and improve te performance of adsorption refrigerators$

!ollo3ing are te citations of various publications tat ave appeared

in tis (eld te list is long so 3e are only appending some citations$

Karious


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InventorsF Xing; Yicun >ainan? CN@

AssigneeF Shen; Wei a! >Rosemead? "A@




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- 1B-

Appl$


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- 11-

tanC into an upper cooling camber and a lo3er cilling camberL a pair of

inner conduits for respectively communicating a lo3er portion and a upper

portion of said cooling camber to a counterpart lo3er portion and a

counterpart upper portion of said cilling camber? 3erein eac of said

cooling camber and said cilling camber as a 3ater inlet port de(ned onan upper side 3all and a 3ater outlet port de(ned on a lo3er said 3allL a

condensing panel disposed above said cooling camber and is mounted

against an outer 3all of a building to be integrally formed 3it said building?

3erein said condensing panel comprises a radiating manifold and a plurality

of radiating (ns provided tereon? and an e2posing opening de(ned on said

radiating manifold for communicating said radiating manifold to outsideL a

pair of condensing conduit for correspondingly communicating a upper

portion and a lo3er portion of said condensing panel to respective upper

portion and lo3er portion of said cooling camberL and an au2iliary

refrigerating device disposed above said cilling camber? 3erein said

au2iliary refrigerating device comprises a termopile refrigerating unit and atemperature monitor unit? said termopile refrigerating unit as a cilled

3ater conduit respectively for communicating said upper portion and said

lo3er portion of said cilling camber$

2. Te solar 3ater cooler? as recited in claim 1? 3erein said 3ater tanC is

made of building material? or prepared in suc a manner tat te 3ater tanC

comprises an inner JasC made of stainless steel? an insulating layer made of

foam plastic? and an outer casing made of aluminum plate$

3. Te solar 3ater cooler? as recited in claim 1? 3erein a reJu2 pump coupledto said cilling

camber 3ater inlet port for ensuring a cilled 3ater be circularlyserviced$

,$ Te solar 3ater cooler? as recited in claim 1? 3erein said au2iliary

refrigerating unit is electrically po3ered by solar cells or by termocells$

Description

1$!ield

Te present invention relates to refrigeration system? and more particularly?

relates to a refrigerating system directly or indirectly utili9ing solar energy to

acieve an eDcient performance$

#$


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- 1#-

Energy is an unavoidable topic in te ne3 century$ It is 3itnessed tat

sciences and tecnologies related to te energy industry ad been

signi(cantly concerned all over te 3orld$ Especially? te solar energy? 3idely

considered as an une2austed energy source? ad been employed in a

variety of applications? suc as refrigeration industry$


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transversely embedded into te 3ater tanC for separating te 3ater tanC into

an upper cooling camber and a lo3er cilling camberL

a pair of inner conduit for respectively communicating a lo3er portion and a

upper portion of cooling camber to a counterpart lo3er portion and a

counterpart upper portion of te cilling Group !or Environment and Energy

Engineering



20/43

- 1&-

camber? 3erein eac of cooling camber and te cilling camber as a

3ater inlet port de(ned on a upper 3all and a 3ater outlet port de(ned on a

lo3er 3all? and a reJu2 pump is coupled to te cilling camber 3ater inlet

port for ensuring a cilled 3ater be circularly servicedL

a condensing panel disposed above te cooling camber and is mountedagainst an outer 3all of a building to be integrally formed 3it te building?

3erein te condensing panel comprises a radiating manifold and a plurality

of radiating (ns provided tereon for radiating a eat of te condensing

panel? a pair of condensing conduit for correspondingly communicating a

upper portion and a lo3er portion of te condensing panel to respective

upper portion and lo3er portion of te cooling camberL an au2iliary

refrigerating device disposed above te cilling camber? 3erein te

au2iliary refrigerating device comprises a termopile refrigerating unit and a

temperature monitor unit? te termopile refrigerating unit as a cilled

3ater conduit respectively for communicating te upper portion and lo3er

portion of te cilling camber? so tat 3ater of te upper portion of tecooling camber? aving a iger temperature? 3ill be Jo3ed to te

condensing panel to be naturally radiated? and ten Jo3ed bacC to te lo3er

portion of te cooling camber 3it a circular manner so as to ensure te

3ater reserved 3itin te cooling camber reac a lo3est temperature of te

environment generating te cooling 3ater? 3erein te cooling 3ater is

capable of being directed to te refrigerating device to refrigerate te

condenser of te refrigerating device for enancing te refrigerating

eDciency? and being reJu2ed to te upper portion of te cooling camberL

since te inner conduits are provided for correspondingly communicating te

mating portions of te cooling camber and te cilling camber? te 3aterreserved 3itin te cilling camber 3ill be cooled do3n to te

environmental temperatureL furtermore? in case te cilled 3ater

temperature is no3 lo3 enoug? te temperature monitor unit 3ould initiate

te termopile unit to lo3er te temperature of te 3ater reserved 3itin te

cilling camber? 3erein te cilled 3ater could be directed into te cilling

conduit to absorb te eat under a refrigerating circumstance? after3ards?

te eat absorbed cilled 3ater 3ould be reJu2ed into te upper portion of

te cilling camber? if te cilled 3ater temperature is iger tan te

temperature of te cooling 3ater? te 3ater of te upper portion of te

cilling camber 3ould be Jo3ed into te upper portion of te cooling

camber via te inner conduit? at te same time? te 3ater of te lo3erportion of te cooling camber 3ould be Jo3ed into te lo3er portion of te

cilling camber$

!inally? it is noted tat te au2iliary refrigerating device of te present

invention is electrically po3ered by solar cells or by termocell$ Te solar

energy dual-temperature 3ater coolers according to te present invention is

of solid cost saving? simple and convenient operation? and free of pollution?

and more importantly? available to most ouseold applications$


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- 1,-

United States Patent %,9##,01%

4rics!n 6ct!ber *0, 1990

Solar absorption refrigeration

Abstract

This invention relates to ice-producing refrigerators which operate on an intermittent

absorption cycle, and to solar heat collectors suitable for powering the intermittent

absorption refrigerators. The refrigerators are useful for making ice and for storing

vaccines and food in areas where electricity is unavailable, unreliable, or high in cost.

InventorsF 4rics!n; !na(d C' >Annapolis? ='@

Appl$


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24/43

- 1)-

,,),// Nuly 1/,

Grossm

an

,++.,) =ay 1/.

7all et

al$

,.BB =arc 1/ 'eKault

,.,,##, =ay 1/

EricCso

n

Primary Examiner: ingL 4loyd 4$

Claims

"laimF

1$ An apparatus for producing refrigeration by an intermittent absorption

cycle apparatus comprised of a generatorHabsorber? a condenser? and an

evaporator? 3erein te improvement comprisesF

>a@ a second absorber

3ic is

coole

d

by

refrigeration

produced

by

sai

d

evaporato

rL

>b@ a secondevaporator in 3ic li0uid refrigerant is

evaporatedL

(3)a means for routing evaporated refrigerant from said second evaporator tosaid second absorberL

(4)a means for transferring absorbent from said generatorHabsorber to saidsecond absorberL

(5)a reservoir of li0uid refrigerant for said second evaporator 3ic is notsupply li0uid to said evaporatorL

(6) a means for reducing te pressure of te li0uid refrigerant suppliedfrom said reservoir to

said second evaporatorL and?

>g@ at least one means for supplying eat to said generatorHabsorber

comprised of a solar radiation collecting apparatus comprised of a stationary

arcuate central section aving acceptance alf angle relative to said

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25/43

generatorHabsorber of bet3een #)$degree$ and




26/43

- 1+-

&)$degree$L plus t3o arcuate outer sections 3ic are inged to said central

section so as to be movable to acceptance alf angles bet3een 1B$degree$

and #,$degree$ at any time of te year$

#$ An apparatus for producing refrigeration by an intermittent absorptioncycle apparatus comprised of a generatorHabsorber? a condenser? and an

evaporator? 3erein te improvement comprisesF

>a@ a refrigeration store 3ic is intermittently cooled by said evaporator? anda second

absorber

3ic is

cooled by said

refrigeration storeL

>b@ a secondevaporator in

3ic

li0uid

refrigerant is

evaporatedL

>c@ a means for routing evaporated refrigerant from said second evaporator

to said second absorberL and

>d@ a means for transferring absorbent from said generatorHabsorber to saidsecond absorber$

&$ Te apparatus according to claim # additionally comprised of a reservoir of

li0uid refrigerant for said second evaporator 3ic is not supply li0uid to said

evaporator$

,$ Te apparatus according to claim & additionally comprised of a means forreducing te pressure of te li0uid refrigerant supplied from said reservoir to

said second evaporatorL and at least one means for supplying eat to said

generatorHabsorber$

5. Te apparatus according to claim , 3erein at least one of said means for

supplying eat is comprised of a solar radiation collecting apparatus

comprised of a stationary arcuate central section aving acceptance alf

angle relative to said generatorHabsorber of bet3een #)$degree$ and

&)$degree$L plus t3o arcuate outer sections 3ic are inged to said central

section so as to be movable to acceptance alf angles bet3een 1B$degree$

and #,$degree$ at any time of te year$

6. Te apparatus according to claim # 3erein said refrigeration store 3ic isintermittently

cooled by said evaporator and 3ic cools said second evaporator iscomprised of ice$

.$ Te apparatus according to claim # 3erein said refrigerant is ammonia

and said absorbent is a li0uid pase ammonia absorbent selected from te

list comprised of $sub$# *?


27/43

tereof$

$ Te apparatus according to claim # 3erein said means for transferring is

comprised of a carge tanC 3ic is dimensioned to contain te proper

amount of absorbent carge for said second absorberL a valve for (lling said

carge tanC from said generatorHabsorberL and a Group !or Environment and

Energy Engineering



28/43

- 1.-

separate valve for discarging said carge tanC to said secondabsorber$

/$ Te apparatus according to claim # additionally comprised of a discarge

tanC? a valve for draining absorbent from second absorber to said discargetanCL and a valve and conduit for transferring absorbent from te bottom of

said discarge tanC bacC to said generatorHabsorber$

Description

7A"GR*;


29/43

art? especially for continuous cycles$ See for e2ample ;$S$ Pat$


30/43

- 1-

Energy "onversion and =anagement? entitled A T3o Stage Intermittent Solar

Refrigeration System--Evaluation of Salient Parameters$ In tat article? a t3o-

stage generator and absorber con(guration is disclosed 3ic enables use of

muc lo3er eat source temperatures >appro2imately .B$degree$ "$@? albeit

at muc lo3er "oeDcient of Performance$

Te capital cost problems relating to aperture si9e and collection eDciency

stem from t3o constraints$ !irst is te sidereal motion$ Te elevation angle of

te sun at solar noon canges by ,+$)$degree$ troug te course of te

year$ At tree ours eiter side of solar noon? te cange is about )#B $

Secondly? te inerent functioning of te intermittent absorption refrigeration

cycle re0uires average temperatures on te order of )B$degree$ "$ above

ambient? and afternoon peaC temperatures some 1)$degree$ "$ iger$ Te

collection eDciency of Jat plate collectors is simply too lo3 at tose

temperatures$ It is Cno3n tat as te collection temperature increases? a

concentrating collector >solar aperture larger tan solar target@ becomes

more eDcient tan a Jat plate collector$ Te decreased loss due to eat

leaCage from te smaller target o:sets te increased loss due to reJections$

In te tecnical article 4o3 "oncentration "P"s for 4o3-Temperature Solar

Energy Applications? !ebruary 1/+? Nournal of Solar Energy Engineering? Kol$

1B p$ ,/? N$ =$ Gordon so3s tat a truncated "P" 3it acceptance alf

angle of &B$degree$ becomes more eDcient tan a Jat plate collector at #1

above ambient for a concentration ratio >"R@ of 1? and at &+ for a "R of 1$)$

"learly at te temperatures re0uired for solar absorption refrigeration

some degree of concentration is appropriate$ o3ever? just as clearly tecost and reliability constraints eliminate any use of automatic tracCing

concentrators$ 5inston >;$S$ Pat$


31/43

person$ Also desirable objectives are tat te same geometry be applicable

at di:erent latitudes? and tat te collector be acceptably storm-resistant$

A second needed improvement? and object of tis invention? is a simple add-

on to a solar Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering



32/43

- 1/-

intermittent absorption refrigerator 3ic 3ould allo3 maintenance of

continuous -#B$degree$ "$ temperature? preferably 3itout re0uiring an

additional generator$

'IS"4*S;RE*! Ib@te

second evaporator cools afree9er

compartment

to about -#B$degree$"$L

>c@ te

vapo

r from te

second

evaporator is

absorbed

in

t

e

second absorberL

and

>d@ te second absorber is periodically re(lled 3it absorbent solution from

te primary generatorHabsorber$

Preferably a separate reservoir containing a supply of li0uid ammonia for te

second evaporator is also incorporated$ Preferably te second absorber is

(lled by gravity transfer from a separate carge tanC$ Preferably te second

absorber is emptied by gravity transfer to a separate discarge tanC? 3ic in

turn is emptied by pressure transfer bacC to te primary generatorHabsorber$


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- #B -

In India absorption systems are in use mainly in te commercial sector and

ave not found teir 3ay in te rural sector as suc because mostly 3e use

ammonia systems$ o3ever researc is going on te implementation level is

lo3 because of lacC of focus and mostly because of ig costs$ 4i7r systems

are used less for 3ant of corrosion resistant materialsL a point tat 3e 3ill

address in te course of te project$




35/43

Project Summary - #1 -

Te outcome of te project 3ill be a 3orCing prototype of an 4i7rH3ater

based adsorption refrigerator designed for rural application$ Te construction of te assembly is relatively simple and 3e are sure

3ill not taCe muc time$ eeping te objective of te project in mind

3e 3ill be stressing upon te design and idea part to enance te

learning e2perience and improving te

eDciency and portability of te system$

Te project is envisaged to start in te summer breaC and 3ill be

completed 3itin te breaC$ Te designing part of te project 3ill start

in tis semester in =arc$


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- ## -

Infrastructural Re0uirements


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- #&-

E2pertise available 3it te group

Te sta: at te RA" laboratory as a considerable e2perience in

manufacturing refrigeration systems$ Tey ave in recent past

manufactured e2perimental set ups in te laboratory and ave soundpractical e2perience$ Te students involved on te oter and ave

done 0uite a bit of literature survey and are convinced about te

success of te project once it is started$ Te principal investigator

imself speciali9es in eat transfer and 3ill be of immense value

during te project$ Te lab also as 3elding and macining stations

and tus 3ill be very useful during te project$



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- #, -

!inancial Aspects

All (gures are in I


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- #) -

4abor "osts

Item Estimate RemarCs

=anual 4aborregarding 1)?BBB

Sop-Joor 3orC forabout

3elding

etc tree monts

Total 1)?BBB

Appro2imating te "ost "ontingencies to be about #B

Appro2imate Total "ost of te project I


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- #+-

Te Project 3ill be completed during te summer breaC and 3ill taCe

around #-& monts if tings go as per plan$ o3ever Ceeping in mind

unforeseen diDculties a total time of around , monts from te date of

sanction is a reasonable estimate given te comple2ity and properties

of te system envisaged$



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