ATM Concepts for very low level operations
ART WS on RPAS, 24/09/15
Thomas Dubot, Patrick Le Blaye, Claude Le Tallec© Star Wars
Presentation of ONERA
ONERA in a nutshell: 2100 employees incl. 1500 engineers and researchers, 7 sites, 240 M€ budget, 55% contract-based.
ATM direct involvement: Associate partner of the SESAR JU (ATM FUSION, INNOVATE), SESAR affiliate to the DSNA, member of ASDA
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Context
The airspace below 500ft/150m is not empty Small RPAS VLL operations (below 150m) already raise
safety/security/privacy concerns National regulations and European harmonization on-
going The anticipated increase of these RPAS VLL operations
(commercial + hobby) requires further actions The majority of RPAS airspace integration efforts over
past decade have focused on integrating medium or large unmanned aircraft systems into non-segregated airspace
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ATM stakeholders’ involvement needed
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Approach operations
Airport intrusions© T. Dubot
© T. Dubot
Civil protection and emergency operations
© Veisar
© P. Le Blaye
The road metaphor
Road traffic management VLL traffic management
Regulation, rules of the road Rules of the Air, UAS regulation (national + harmonization)
Cars’ safety standards, certification Certification, safety
Driver’s license + training Requirements for commercial activities, not for aircraft models. Coming soon?
Identification with cars’ license number Projects on-going
Road police to fight reckless or malevolent drivers
Army or police force inadequately equipped?
Infrastructure: roads, lanes, stop signs… Airspace design, airspace management systems?
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US initiatives – the Amazon view
Airspace design: segregating the airspace with buffers, such as the « High-Speed Transit » airspace Delegation of responsibility, e.g. ATC service Automation: Highly-automated vehicles + operators Best-equipped, best-served approach
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© Amazon
The road metaphor (update)
Road traffic management VLL traffic management
… …
Road police to fight reckless or malevolent drivers
Army or police force inadequately equipped
Infrastructure: roads, lanes, stop signs… Airspace design, airspace management systems ?
Highways “High-Speed transit” airspace
Emergency lane “No Fly Zone” airspace
Autonomous cars with self-separation capabilities
Highly-automated vehicles with self-separation capabilities
Highway private operators Delegation of responsibility (e.g. ATC service)
Access to road under equipment conditions. Ex: snow chains
Equipage requirements to access airspace
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US initiatives – the Google view
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Towards automated RPAS• UAS-to-UAS collision
avoidance
Airspace Service Providers (ASPs)
As possible, all aircraft equipped with ADS-B• Ultra low cost ADS-B• Requirement for
helicopters
EUR initiatives: EASA regulatory framework
EASA “Introduction of a regulatory framework for the operation of drones” (A-NPA 2015-10)
Risk-based approach:• ‘Open’ category (low risk)• ‘Specific operation’ cat.
(medium risk)• ‘Certified’ cat. (high risk)
Some proposals:• automatic limitation of the
airspace (geo fencing)• capability to react to
interrogations (identification)
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© vlloc.global © EASA
EUR initiatives: the VLLOC example
SESAR SWIM Master Class 2014 “Best in Class Awards” Luciad, Flight Plus and VITO have developed the RPAS Very Low
Level Operations Coordination (VLLOC) Platform, a SWIM-based service-oriented architecture to define, exchange, regulate and monitor VLL RPAS operations.
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© vlloc.global
Solutions
Solutions in strategic phase… Airspace design, scheduling,
trajectory definition and sharing, Flight Plan filing/refining,…
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…but also in tactical phase Separation management,
emergency procedures, dynamic geofencing, weather avoidance,…
© Latas
© Latas MIDCAS© aip-drones
ONERA competencies• Regulation expertise. Ex: JARUS and EUROCAE working groups
• Fast-time simulations. Ex: ATM architecture to manage C2 link loss, using 4D contracts with geofencing capabilities• [email protected] or [email protected]
• HITL experiments. Ex: evaluation of C2 link latencies • [email protected]
• Human factors. Ex: design of HMI for Unmanned Traffic Management• [email protected]
• Design of aircraft systems: detection and neutralization of anti-drone solutions (optics, electromagnetic, aircraft design)• [email protected]
• Design of architecture. Ex: development of a LLRTM (Low Level RPAS Traffic Monitoring) system• [email protected] , [email protected]
• Flight tests. Ex: general aviation/RPAS interactions• [email protected]
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LLRTM system provides a set of capabilities: All traffic monitoring & RPAS traffic management in uncontrolled airspace All traffic monitoring & coordination with ATC in controlled airspace Ground based detect and avoid functions
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LLRTM (Low Level RPAS Traffic Management)concept
Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G
Controlled airspace
Uncontrolledairspace
LLRTM manager coordinates with ATC and relays ATCOs instructions to
RP, RP usesLLRTM system information
for collision avoidance
RP executes LLRTMmanager instructions and uses
LLRTM system informationfor self-separation and
collision avoidance
Low Level RPAS Traffic Management (LLTRM )
Ground-based system to manage RPAS operations below 500 ft (class E/G) Using a combination of
sensors:• Airborne collaborative
alerting system• Ground sensor to detect
non-cooperative traffic
Role of human actors:• Remote pilot• Operation manager
HMI design
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© LLTRM
Candidate cooperative sensors
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Certified Cost # in serviceMode A / C Y $$Mode S / TCAS Y $$$ > 105
PCAS* Y $$ADS-B Y $$$$ >104 ?LPAT** Y/N $$ 0 ?Flarm N $ > 20000GSM N ? 0 ?
* Portable Collision Avoidance System** Low Power ADS-B Transmitter
Human centered design of HMI for UTM: detect & avoid by the remote pilot
Preliminary development of an HMI for remote pilot alerting Some issues:
• Frame of reference, orientation• Filtering & timing• Alerting philosophy & modality• Resolution aids
Future work:• Complete the integration• Testing in simulation & inflight
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© ONERA 2015
Human centered design of HMI for UTM: RPAS traffic manager
Preliminary development of an HMI for in support of the RPAS traffic manager Some issues:
• Integration of flight planning and ATM information
• Management procedures vs the remote pilots
• Link and coordination with ATC(where present)
Future work:• Refine the role & procedures• Testing in simulation & inflight
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© ONERA 2015
Using 4D contracts with geofencing capabilities
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EC FP7 METROPOLIS – Tubes concept
EC FP7 4DCo-GC – Moving bubbles
© METROPOLIS
© 4DCo-GC
Anti Drone System : Ex: Nuclear power plant protection
Restricted area to protect (1 km diameter) On ground detection for intruders in higher range (5 km = regulation)
5 km
1 km
Design of Anti-Drone solutions
© ONERA 2015 2013© ISAE-ONERA 2015Net gun
Radio jammer Operator
Some issues: Drone(s) design Interception strategies Regulatory aspects
Interceptor
Sentinel
Resource mutualization
Applicability to various operators: electricity transmission system operators, railway companies, airports, nuclear power plants, highways, …
Resource mutualization and need of interoperability
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© ONERA Eole
© RTE
Conclusion & perspectives
The increase of RPAS VLL operations requires efforts of the whole ATM community to complement the regulation with an infrastructure to accommodate these new airspace users.
The RPAS VLL architecture can be seen as an opportunity to experiment present and future ATM principles, but also new concepts/approaches: 4D contracts, high automation, best-equipped/best-served approach, positioning and alerting systems…
Some solutions already exist but more research is needed (safety evaluation, non-nominal situations, infringement management, human-system integration…).
ONERA perspectives: national and European projects, incl.• AAVROP (ATM Architecture for VLL RPAS OPerations)• DISCOLA (Distributed control concept of operation for low altitude operations
management of highly automated vehicles)
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Sources
NASA UTM Fact Sheet NASA briefing: « Safely Enabling UAS Operations in Low-Altitude Airspace » Google UAS Airspace System Overview Amazon white paper « Determining Safe Access with a Best-Equipped, Best-
Served Model for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems » Amazon white paper « Revising the Airspace Model for the Safe Integration
of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems » EASA Advance Notice of Proposed Amendment 2015-10 DGAC Decree relative to the design of unmanned aircraft, the conditions of
their use and requirements for operators (2012)
Websites: sesarju.eu, utm.arc.nasa.gov, dronelife.com, vito.be, flightplus.aero, aip-drones.fr, veisar.com, aip-drones.fr, vlloc.global, 4dcogc-project.org, rte-france.com, legifrance.gouv.fr, developpement-durable.gouv.fr, aerobuzz.fr,
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