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Man and World26: 389-401 1993. 1993 Kluw er Academi c Publishers Printed in the Netherlands

W i ld b e i n g , th e p r e p r ed i c a ti v e a n d e x p r e s s io n : H o wM e r l e a u - P o n t y u s e s p h e n o m e n o l o g y t o d e v e lo p a non to logy

E L E A N O R M . G O D W AYDep artment o f Philosophy, Central Connec ticut State U niversity, 1615 StanleyStreet, Ne w Britain, C T0 605 0

O n e o f t h e f e a tu r e s o f p h e n o m e n o l o g y t h at M e r l e a u - P o n t y t a k es o v e r f r o mH u s s e r l i s t h e r e d u c t i o n , w h i c h e n a b l e s u s t o o v e r c o m e t a k e n - f o r - g r a n t e dc a t e g o ri e s. W h i l e M e r l e a u - P o n t y b e g i n s b y f i n d i n g th a t t h e r e d u c t io ncanno t be fu l ly ca r r i ed ou t , i n t he end he fo l lows th i s ho r i zon o f pheno-m e n o l o g y i n t o o n t o l o g y, a s i t u n c o v e r s , n o t e i d e t i c e s s e n c e s , b u t Wi l dBe ing .

The w i ldness is t ha t o f w i ld f lowe rs , a s opp osed to cu l t iva t ed , ga rde nva r i e ti e s : wha t be ing i s, a s d i s t inc t f rom hum an ized , ca t egor i ze d ve r s ions o fit. Th i s is an unusua l on to lo gy because , Me r l eau -Po n ty em phas i zes , onecann o t ma ke a d i r ec t on to logy ; r e f e re nce to i t c a l ls fo r a nega t iveph i lo sophy, l i ke nega t ive theo logy. Ph i lo sophy ' s ro l e i n r evea l ing Be ingcann o t be tha t o f te l l ing us wh a t Be in g i s, and a s we sha ll s ee , li te r a ldesc r ip t ive speech w i ll no t he lp us a t these f ron t i e r s o f cons c iousn ess andrea l i t y, where words in t he i r o rd ina ry usage wi l l , by na tu re o f t he case ,p r o v e i n a d e q u a te . F o r M e r l e a u - P o n t y :

P h i l o s o p h y . .. i s n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h w o r d m e a n i n g s , i t d o e s n o t s e e k ave rba l subs t i t u t e fo r t he wor ld we see , i t does no t t r ans fo rm i t i n tosom eth ing sa id , i t does no t i n s t a ll i t s e l f i n t he o rde r o f t he sa id o r o f thewr i t t en , a s does the log ic i an in t he p ropos i t i on , t he poe t i n t he word[parole], or t he mus ic i an in t he mus ic . I t i s t he th ings themse lves , f romthe dep ths o f the i r s i l ence , t ha t i t w i shes t o b r ing to e xp res s ion .V.L 18,E 4)

* This pap er w as originally presented to the M erleau-Po nty Circle, at ColoradoSprings, September, 1991.

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T h i s m o m e n t o f c o m i n g t o e x p r e s s i o n i s w h a t M e r l e a u - P o n t y c a l l sl or ig inai re , and i t occu r s a s exp los ion , b reak - th rough , o r d i s loca t ion

(~clatement):

. . .The o r ig ina ry [o r, o r ig ina t ing ] b reaks up [o r, b r eaks ou t ] andp h i l o s o p h y m u s t a c c o m p a n y t h i s b r e a k - u p , t h i s n o n - c o i n c i d e n c e(V.L165, E 124).

I t i s by th i s acc om pa ny in g tha t ph i lo sop hy l e ts t he ve ry th ings speak ou to f t h e i r s i l e n c e . T h e t h i n g s t h e m s e l v e s , a t t h e m o m e n t o f t h e i r c o m i n g t oexpres s ion , a r e r e vea l ed to u s a t the l eve l o f p re -p red ica t ive expe r i en ce ; th i spape r w i l l l ook a t t he r e l a t i ons be tween p re -p red ica t ive expe r i ence , w i ldbe ing , and no n- l i te r a l speech , such a s me tap hor.

M e d e a u - P o n t y s h o w s u s t h e p o s si b il it y o f f r e e d o m f r o m t h e n a tu r a la t t i t u d e , a l e v e l o f a w a r e n e s s i n w h i c h e x p e r i e n c e t a k e s p r e c e d e n c e o v e rca t egor i e s and p red ica t e s - even e s sences a s u l t ima te fo rms . Fo r i n t hen a t u r a l a tt it u d e w e a r e c o n c e r n e d w i thSo-Sein ,ont ic be ing , i . e . , the be ingth i s o r t ha t , such a s ex t ended , v i s ib l e , ed ib l e , o r i f exp res s ib l e i n words ,t rans la tab le in to another language , e tc . e tc . -So Se inas opposed toSein -Being i t se l f , (V.I. 147 , E 109) , w h ich M ef l eau -Pon ty ca l ls the g rou nd o f

p r e d i c a t iv e B e i n g(V.L 148, E 110). I t i s to th i s grou nd, to w i ld be ing orve r t i ca l be ing tha t t he r educ t ions even tua l ly l ead us(V.I. 222, E 169) . The

w o r l d c a n n o t b e e x h a u s t i v e l y d e s c r i b e d in o u r o r a n y l a n g u a g e b e c a u s e t h eSein i s n o t u s e d u p , o n e m i g h t s a y, b y a n y a m o u n t o fSo-Sein ,and a l l ou ra r t icu l a t ions s ti ll l e ave a r e s idue o f p re -p red ica t ive expe r i ence : t ha t i s, o fb ru t e be ing . To b r ing to l igh t wh a t i s happ en ing a t th i s l eve l and be t rue toth is be ing:

We wi l l no t admi t a p re -cons t i t u t ed wor ld , a l og ic , excep t fo r hav ing

s e e n t h e m a r is e f r o m o u r e x p e r i e n c e o f b r u t e b e in g , w h i c h i s, a s i t w e r e ,t h e u m b i l ic a l c o r d o f o u r k n o w l e d g e a n d t h e s o u r c e o f m e a n i n g f o r u s .(V.I. 209, E 157) 1

W ha t i s th i s i s , th i sdtre, t h e b e i n g o f w h i c h i s n o t p r e d i c a ti o n , a n d w h i c hd o e s n o t f i t i n a n y c a t e g o r ie s ? A n d d o e s i t n o t s o m e h o w h a v e u s , a s m u c ha s w e h a v e i t, i f i t is t h e u m b i l i c a l c o r d o f o u r k n o w l e d g e ? C o n s c i o u s n e s si t s e lf can no long e r be t aken fo r g ran ted a s ea s i ly i den t i f iab l e . Fo r t h i senc oun te r i s exp e r i en ced a s a su rp ri s e t ha t amo un t s t o an open ing , a

ques t ion ing , no t a spec i f i c s e t o f ques t ions , bu t more l i ke an admi t t i ng wea re ou t o f ou r dep th (c f . t he ve r t i ca l ) . W e a re no t on ly puzz led bu t, in ou rtu rn , ques t ione d by th ings and we cann o t p in do w n the i r s ta tu s, o r ou rre l a t ionsh ip to t hem .

I f ph i lo soph y is no t t o r em a in s i len t in it s w i tnes s t o t h ings them se lve sand to t he i r be ing a s t he i rs , and n o t a s a t t r ibu ted to t hem by us , how i s it t o

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s p e a k ? W h a t l a n g u a g e i s t h e r e t h a t c a n e s c h e w p r e d i c a t e s ? Ye t w e a r es o m e h o w t o m a k e B e i n g p a s s in t o t h e o r d e r o f t h e e x p r e s s e d ( 5 8, E 3 6 )

b y m a k i n g t h e t h i n g s t h e m s e l v e s s p e a k ( 1 6 7 , E 1 2 5) . T h i s i s n o t a m y s -t i c is m l ik e t h a t s o m e t i m e s a t tr ib u t e d t o M a r t in B u b e r , n o r a s o r t o f p a n -a n i m i s m ; i n d e e d , i t w i l l t u r n o u t t o b e m o r e l i k e t h e t h e o r i e s o f t h e s t r u c -t u ra li st s, w h o w o u l d b e m o s t i m p a t i e n t w i t h m y s t i c i s m . B u t , h o w t h e t h in g sa r e to s p e a k i s n o t a m a t t e r f o r w h i c h t h e p h i l o s o p h e r c a n t a k e r e s p o n -sibi l i ty:

I t w o u l d b e a l a n g u a g e o f w h i c h h e w o u l d n o t b e t h e o r ga n iz e r, o f w o r d sh e w o u l d n o t p u t to g e t h e r , w h i c h w o u l d c o m b i n e t h r o u g h [~t t ra v e rs ] h i m

b y a n a t u r a l i n te r t w i n i n g o f t h e ir m e a n i n g s , b y t h e s e c r e t in t e r c h a n g e o fm e t a p h o r (i b id . ) .

W h a t M e r l e a n - P o n t y g i v e s u p i s t h e a t t e m p t t o e s t a b l i s h l i t e r a l p r o s a i ck n o w l e d g e , o n c e a n d f o r a ll c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e d e s c r i p ti o n ; e i th e r h a r d f a c t s ,o r i n d i s p u t a b l e e s s e n c e s . 2 T h e r e i s n o n o n - m e t a p h o r i c a l a c c o u n t w h i c h i sa d e q u a t e t o t h e re a l w o r l d , th e w o r l d o n t o w h i c h w e h a v e a n o p e n i n g , i n tow h i c h w e a r e i n s e r te d , o f w h i c h w e a r e a p a r t.

I n t h e Phenomenology of PerceptionM e r l e a u - P o n t y h a d a l r e a d y m a d e ad i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n p r i m a r y s p e e c hparole originaire)a n d s e c o n d a r y o re m p i r ic a l s p e e c h ; w h a t w e w o u l d c a ll li te r a l s p e e c h i s d e f in i t e ly s e c o n d a r y,a s w e s h a l l se e . T h e f ir s t c o n t e x t w h e r e t h is a r is e s , i n t h e c h a p t e r O n t h eB o d y a s E x p r e s s i o n , a n d S p e e c h , w a s i n t e n d e d t o i ll u st ra t e s p e e c h a so r i g in a l l y g e s tu r a l, p a r t o f e m b o d i m e n t , a n d i t d e v e l o p s t h e i d e a t h a t w o r d sa r e li k e s e n s e o rg a n s . O n e p o i n t w a s t h a t a s in th e c a s e o f s e n s e o rg a n s , w er e l y o n w o r d s a s s t a b l e c i r c u i t s t o c o n n e c t u s w i t h t h e w o r l d i n f a m i l i a rw a y s # W e c a n b u i ld o n t h e s e d i m e n t a t io n o f ha b it s w h i c h f o r m t h e b ac k -g r o u n d o r s u p p o r t fo r n e w a c ti o n s a n d n e w m e a n i n g s , a s n e w f ig u r e sa g a i n s t a g r o u n d .Parole originairei s a g e s t u r e w h i c h c r e a t e s m e a n i n g ,f o u n d s a n i n s t i t u t i o n , o p e n s a f u t u r e , o r i n i t i a t e s a c o m m i t m e n t .4 E x a m p l e sa r e th e a r t i s t' s o r t h i n k e r ' s c r e a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n , t h e w o r d s o f a n a u t h e n t i cp o l i t ic a l l e a d e r, t h e d e c l a r a t i o n o f a l o v e r, t h e f i rs t w o r d s o f a c h i l d ( c f .P.P.

2 0 7 , E 1 7 9 ; 2 1 4 , E 1 8 4 ; 4 4 6 , E 3 8 4 ; e t c .) . S e c o n d a r y s p e e c h r e f l e c t s t h es e d i m e n t a t i o n o f s u c h o r i g i n a t i n g a c t s , b u t s u f f e r s f r o m a g r o w i n g l a c k o fe x p r e s s i v e n e s s a s w o r d s a r e u s e d a c c o r d i n g t o r e a d y - m a d e c o n v e n t i o n s ; f o rt h e n t h e y l o s e t h e g e s t u r a l e l e m e n t t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e w o r l d - c o n t e x tb e c a m e p r e s e n t t o u s . T h e f i g u r e - g r o u n d t e n s i o n d i s a p p e a r s , a n d t h e s e n s e -o rg a n p a r a l le l i s m i s s i n g .

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3 9 2

I n a l a t e r t e x t , h e e x p l a i n s h o w e m p i r i c a l , s e c o n d a r y s p e e c h , w h i c hm a k e s u s e o f a l re a d y e s t a b l i sh e d l a n g u a g e , g i v e s th e i m p r e s s i o n o f p u t t in g

a w o r d u n d e r e a c h t h o u g h t ; w h e r e a s i n a u t h e n t ic a n d c r e a t i v e s p e e c h ,t h o u g h t a n d w o r d c o m e a l iv e i n an i n te g r a t e d w h o l e .Signes 5 5 - 5 6 ,E 4 4 ). 5 A p o e t i c p h r a s e m a y g i v e u s a n e w s e n s e o rg a n b y s h a k i n g u p t h ea p p a r a t u s o f li te r a l t a k e n - f o r - g r a n t e d l a n g u a g e , s o a s to c o n n e c t u s w i t h t h ew o r l d in a n e w w a y. Ta k e f o r e x a m p l e M a y S w e n s o n ' s l in e s:

h i d d e n i n th e h a i rt h e s p i r a l E a rw a i t s t o S u c k s o u n d . 6

H e r e a n e w a s s o c i a t i o n r e v e r b e r a t e s t h r o u g h f a m i l i a r w o r d s ; i t m a y r e a c -t iv a t e m e t a p h o r s w h i c h h a d b e c o m e d e a d o r c l ic h r s , s u c h a s d r i n k i n g i na p e r s o n ' s w o r d s . T h e r e i s a sh i ft , a d i s l o c a t i o n , a j u m p w e a r e r e q u i r e d t om a k e , a n d w e m o v e f r o m m o m e n t a r y p u z z l e m e n t t o A h a , I g e t i t , a s t h en e w i m a g e c o m e s i n t o f o c u s . We a r e e n a b l e d t o r e c o v e r a n e x p e r i e n c e o fl i s te n i n g w h i c h b r i n g s u s in t o c o n t a c t w i t h o u r s e n s e s - a n d o u r w o r l d - i n af r e s h il lu m i n a t i n g w a y. 7 W e d o n o t i n t e rp r e t t h e m e t a p h o r , w e a r em o m e n t a r i l y j o l t e d b y i ts~clatement:w e g r a s p i t a s t h e h a b i t u a l f i e l d o f

e x p e c t e d m e a n i n g s a n d a s s o c i a ti o n s f al ls b a c k t o a l lo w a n e w c o n f i g u r a t i o nt o b r e a k t h r o u g h . L a n g u a g e s p e a k s ,signifie), s a y s M e r l e a u - P o n t y, w h e ni n s te a d o f c o p y i n g t h o u g h t , it le ts i t s e lf b e t a k e n a p a r t a n d r e m a d e b yt h o u g h t ddfaire et refaire, Signes5 5 , E 4 4 ) . W h a t s e e m s t o b e s p e e c h i ne m p i ri c a l la n g u a g e , w h i c h r e li e s o n t h e u se o f a n i n d i f f e re n t a n d p re d e s -t in e d s i g n ( ib id . ) t o c o m m u n i c a t e a l it e ra l o r p r o s a ic m e a n i n g , d o e s n o tsaya n y t h i n g i n t h i s o t h e r s e n s e , i t d o e s n o t r e a c h u s w h e r e w e l i v e , i t d o e s n o tb r e a k t h r o u g h . B e i n g t h e o p p o r t u n e r e c o l le c t i o n o f a p r e - e s t a b l is h e d s i gn , i ti s l i k e a w o r n c o i n p l a c e d s i l e n t l y i n o u r h a n d ( a n i m a g e M e r l e a u - P o n t yt a k e s f r o m M a l l a r m r ,Oeuv res C omplktes ,p . 368) . InProse du Monde,w h e r e t h e l a c k o f v i t a l i t y i n t h e p r o s a i c i s e x p l o r e d i n o t h e r c o n t e x t s( i n c l u d i n g h i s to r y ) , h e is e v e n m o r e e x p l i c i t - [ . . . t o b e ] s a t i s f i e d . . , w i t ht h e e s t a b l i s h e d l a n g u a g e . . , i s i n f a c t a w a y o f s t a y i n g s i l e n t[mire] P.M.30, E 20) .

T h i s d is t in c t io n b e t w e e n p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s p e e c h w o u l d n o tn e c e s s a r i ly l e a d t o a n e w u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f p h i l o s o p h y s u c h a s t h a t s k e t c h e din S e c t i o n 1 . I t m i g h t s i m p l y u n d e r s c o r e t h e d y n a m i c s o f m a k i n g s t ra n g e

s u c h a s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b y t h e R u s s i a n F o r m a l i s t s (c f .The Prison House o fLanguage, C h a p t e r I I ) a n d s e e m n o m o r e t h a n a n a e s t h e t i c o r l i t e r a r yp h e n o m e n o n l e a d i n g to i n s i g h t i n to t h e h is t o ry o f e x p r e s s i v e f o r m s . O n t h eo t h e r h a n d , i t m i g h t s u p p o r t t h e v a l u e o f d e c o n s t r u c t i o n a s p r a c t i s e d b yJ a c q u e s D e r ri d a : i t c o u l d b e a rg u e d , M e r l e a u - P o n t y ' s c l a i m t h a t t h e b e i n go f th e e s s e n c e i s n o t p r i m a r y c o n s t i t u t e s a s im i l a r a t ta c k o n l o g o - c e n t r i s m ,

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o f m e t a p h o r, a n d r e f e r s t o t h e s t e r e o s c o p ic e f f e c t o f s u p e r i m p o s i n g t w oima ges w h ich a re a t f i r st g l ance d i spa ra t e (M. V. E 256) . B u t a s n o t j u s t a ny

pe rcep tua l be ing i s bo rn , on ly the one w h ich these co nd i t i ons can e l i ci t, sothe l it e r a l i s t aken apa r t by im p l i c it pow ers o f t hese wo rds w h ich h ave l a ind o r m a n t d u r i n g t h e i r s e r v i c e t o p r o s e , b u t w h i c h c a n n o w s p r i n g b a c k t ol if e , t o b r ing to b i r th wh a t has b een wa i t ing to be sa id .

Ta k e a f a m i l ia r e x a m p l e w h i c h R i c o e u r u s e d i n l e ct u r e s i n To r o n t o a f e wyea r s ago : Ju l i e t i s t he sun . As a s t a t eme n t ( a pu rpo r t ed f ac t ) , i t i s e i t he rf a l se o r mean ing le s s - t aken tha t is to s ay, i n the usua l i nd ica t ive sensea c c o r d i n g t o th e c o n v e n t i o n a l m e a n i n g s o f e a c h s ig n . T h u s i t i m m e d i a t e l ybe l i e s t he l i t e r a l o r p rosa i c mean ing , wh ich l e t s a s ign s t and fo r a t h ing ,b e c a u s e i t c a n n o t b e r e a d t h a t w a y. H o w d o e s i t m e a n , i f w e k n o w i t isl it e r a lly non sense ? R ic oeu r ' s ana lys i s concen t r a t e s no t on the su b jec t o r t hep r e d i c a te b u t o n t h e c o p u l aM . V. 313, E. 249); i t is theis in Ju l ie t i s thes u n t h a t w e h a v e t o r e c o g n i z e a s n o t m e a n t li te r a ll y. I t w a s n o t R i c o e u r ' sin t en t ion to i n t roduce an on to logy, a way to hand le Be ing : r a the r t hereve r se , p robab ly, becau se he seem s to r ega rd ph i lo sophy a s a p rosa i c r a the rthan a poe t ic d i sc ip l ine . But i t i s theis w h i c h h a s t h e i m p a c t , a n d r e s t o r e st h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e w o r d s t o c o m m u n i c a t e s o m e t h i n g f r e s h , t osay s o m e -

t hi n g, a n d n o t m e r e l y f o r m p a r t o f a r o u t i n e u t t e r a n c e o f c o n v e n t i o n a l s ig n sw h i c h h a v e c o m m o n c u r r e n c y. T h u s , i f w e l e t t h a t m e t a p h o r s t r i k e u sa f r e sh , and r e s pon d to t he supe r imp os i t i on o f t he tw o im ages , so tha t Ju l ie t ,t h is yo un g hu m an g i rl , i s i den t i f i ed wi th tha t g rea t ce l e s t i a l bod y, d i s t an tsou rce o f a l l l i gh t and l i f e and the f ixed po in t ou r c i r c l i ng ea r th e t c . , wha thappens? In t ry ing to t ake i t s e r ious ly, I sugges t a s i t ua t ion o f emot iona l ,e v e n v i s c e r a l t e n s io n i s e v o k e d , a n d w e a r e c a u g h t u p i n R o m e o ' s w o r l d , a sS h a k e s p e a r e m e a n s u s t o b e , i n th e o r i g in a t in g m o m e n t o f e x p re s s io n . W h a tJu l ie t is t o R o m e o is m o r e v i v i d t h a n a m e r e l y l it e ra l a c c u r a t e a c c o u n t o fo b j e c t i v e f a c t c o u l d m a k e h e r. A t a l e v e l w h i c h m a t t e r s m o r e t h a n f a c t s ,w h a t R o m e o s a ys ist rue. I t i s no t a rhe to r i ca l f i gu re o f speech , o r a t rope ,i t i s t he on ly fo r m o f w ords w h ich wi l l do ju s t i ce t o t he s i tua t ion .

R ico eur s ays tha t t he f a l s it y o f t he s t a t emen t - i ts im per t inen ce (M. V.195 , E 152) m us t be r ec ogn ized be fo re i t c an be und e r s too d a t al l. Th i sm eans , he takes t he i s o f p red ica t ion (wh ich pu t s t h ings in t he i r ap -p rop r i a t e ca t egor i e s - t heSo-se in) a s th e n o r m , b y w h i c h to j u d g e t h edev ian t ca se ; i n f ac t he sugges t s t ha t me taphor i s l i ke a p l anned ca t egorymis t ake M . V. 246, E 197). Up to a po in t , th i s is r igh t , o f cou rse , as Ju l ie ta n d t h e s u n m u s t m e a n w h a t t h e y o r d i n a ri ly d o , f o r t h e~ c l a t e m e n ttoo c c u r. Q u e s t io n s c o m e u p , h o w e v e r, w i t h r e s p e c t t o r e f e r e n c e a n d t ru t h .Thu s he va lues m e tap hor a s o r ig ina ry, a s a sou rce o f concep t s ; he i sc o n c e r n e d t o e x p l a in a n d ju s t i f y i ts e x i s t e n c e a n d p o w e r a n d h e c e l e b r a t e si ts cap ac i ty t o i nven t wh a t i t d is cove r sM . V. 301, 310 , E 246) . In or de r to

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b e f a i r t o m e t a p h o r , a n d t o a c c o u n t f o r i t s m e a n i n g f u l n e s s , h e w i s h e s t os h o w t h a t i t i s a m i s t a k e t o r e s t r ic t r e f e r e n c e t o s c i e n t if i c s t a t e m e n t s ( E 2 2 1 )

a n d s o, h e e x p la i n s t h a t t h e m e t a p h o r i c a l i s m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d a s a na m b i g u o u s a n d u s e f u l s u p e r i m p o s i t i o n o f i s a n d i s n o t ( 3 1 3, E 2 4 9 )w h i c h c a n g i v e u s a n e w c o n c e p t w h i c h w i ll b e o f s e r v ic e t o p r o s e , t o l it e ra ls p e e c h . T h u s h i s a rg u m e n t is th a t m e t a p h o r c a n r e f e r t o th e r e a l w o r l d , a n dis n o t s im p l y a n o v e r f l o w o f s u b je c t iv e f e e l in g . M e r l e a u - P o n t y ' s s t a n d p o i n ti s a t c r o s s - p u r p o s e s w i t h R i c o e u r ' s : b e c a u s e h e i s w o r k i n g o u t a n o n t o l o g y( a l b e it a n i n d i r e c t o n e ) , i t w i l l b e m o o t j u s t w h a t s c i e n t if i c s t a t e m e n t st h e m s e l v e s r e f e r t o. H e w i l l b e q u e s t i o n i n g w h e t h e r i n f a c t th e y a r e re f e r e n -t i a l i n a n y b u t t h e m o s t l i m i t e d s e n s e ( a sparole parl~e)b e c a u s e t h e i rc a t e g o r ie s c a n s o q u i c k l y c o v e r o v e r t h e li fe a n d p o w e r o f w i l d b e in g .

T h e c o n c e p t i o n o f s c i e n c e t h a t M e r l e a u - P o n t y c r i t i c i z e s i s o n e t h a ti m p l i e s t h a t w h a t is i s t h a t o n w h i c h w e o p e r a te , a s o p p o s e d to o n e w h i c hr e c o g n iz e s w h a t i s a s t h a t o n t o w h i c h w e h a v e a n o p e n i n g(V.L35, E 19) .I t is f r o m t h e f o r m e r p e r s p e c t iv e , t h a t R i c o e u r c a n c r i ti c iz e M e r l e a u - P o n t yf o r n o t a c k n o w l e d g i n g th e f a c ts d i s c o v e r e d b y s t ru c t u ra l l in g u i s ti c s , a n df o r n o t t a k i n g s c i e n c e a n d t h e o b j e c t i v e w o r l d s e r i o u s ly. 11 S t r u c t u r a l i s m ' s

s e m i o l o g i c a l c h a l l e n g e(Conflit des Interpretations2 4 7 , E 2 5 1 ) r e v e a l s a

s y s t e m w i t h o u t a s u bj ec t, w h i c h f o r R i c o e u r w o u l d d e s tr o y p h e n o m e n o l o g y.H e a rg u e s ( lo c . c it . 8 6 , E 8 5 ) t h a t th e d a n g e r i n M e r l e a u - P o n t y i s t h a t h e h a ss e t u p h i s p h e n o m e n o l o g y o f s p e e c h i n o p p o s i t io n t o th e s c i e n c e o f l a n -g u a g e , a n d s o ri s k s f a l li n g a g a i n in t o p s y c h o l o g i s m o r m e n t a l i s m , f r o mw h i c h s t r u c tu r a l l in g u i s ti c s h a s r e s c u e d u s . H e c o m p l a i n s t h a t T h e s c i e n t is ti s g i v e n li tt le p l a c e i n th e d i a l o g u e - i n d e e d h e is g i v e n n o n e a t a l l ( 1 9 6 7 ,p . 11 ), b e c a u s ehe w a n t s s t r u c t u r a l i s m to b e c o n f r o n t e d - d e a l t w i t h o n it so w n t e r m s , s o h e c a n m a k e a c a s e w h i c h w i l l s a v e t h e s u b j e c t , w h e r e a sM e f l e a u - P o n t y i n f a c t a c c e p t s s t r u c t u r a li s m , 12 a n d b y a p p r o p r i a t i n g i tsi n s i g h t s i n t o h i s o w n w o r k , u s e s t h e m t o p o i n t b e y o n d t h e s u b j e c t - o b j e c td i c h o t o m y. 13 H e r e w e h a v e a n e x a m p l e o f h o w s c ie n t if ic i n s ig h t c a nb e c o m e a n o p e n i n g o n t o w h a t i s , a n d c a n p a r t i c i p a t e i nl originaire. Th ew o r k o f S a u s s u r e a n d o t h e r l i n g u i s t s i l l u m i n a t e s u n c a t e g o r i z e d u n - t a m e dB e i n g a n d o u r r e l a ti o n s h i p to i t b e c a u s e i t s h o w s u p c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h b e a ro n t h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f e x p r e s s i o n a n d t h e v e r y e m e rg e n c e o f c a t e g o ri e s .T h e r e a r e n o t o n l y th e n e w i n s ig h t s in t o t h e m e c h a n i c s o f m e a n i n g - d e v e l o p -m e n t a n d t h e f a c t s w h i c h c a n b e s u b s t a n t i a t e d ; t h e r e i s a l s o , a n d f o rM e r l e a u - P o n t y t h is i s t h e m o r e f e c u n d c o n t r ib u t i o n , th e e l e m e n t o f th e

u n t h o u g h t o n th e h o r i z o n o f t h e i r e x p l i c i t s t a t e m e n t s , t h a t i s, t h e u n a s s i m i -l a te d a m b i g u o u s i m p l i c a t io n s l a te n t in w h a t th e y s a y w h i c h p u s h u s t o t h i n kf u rt h e r. B e c a u s e h e s e e s i n S a u s s u r i a n l i n g u is t ic s s o m e t h i n g p a r a d o x i c a la n d r e v o l u t io n a r y, d e m a n d i n g a r e - a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e r o le o f t h e s u b j e c t, a n dt h u s o f th e s c i e n t if i c m i n d i t s e lf , h e h a s a s e n s e o f i ts d i s r u p t i v e p o t e n t i a l . I t

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con ta ins an an t ido te to t he con gea l ing o f exp res s ion in to a r e l i ab le , s econ -d a r y f o r m ; i t b e a r s w i t n e s s t o o u r c o n t i n g e n c y. B u t f o r t h o s e w h o p l a c e

the i r t ru s t i n ob jec t i f i ca t ion and p rosa i c ca t egor i e s t o make the wor ld t i dya n d p r e d i c t a b le , t h e b r e a k i n g u p o f a c c e p t e d p a t te r n s w i ll l e t in a n e l e m e n to f w i ldness : w i ld be ing i s a t h rea t t o t he t ame be in g w h ich so t akes i t s e l f fo rg ran ted tha t i t ha s a lmo s t fo rgo t t en tha t i tis be ing .

A n d w h a t a b o u t R o m e o ? R o m e o i s n o t m a k i n g a n o r d i n a r y s t a t e m e n t , h i sw o r d s a r e t h e e x p r e s s i o n o fespr i t sauvagew i l d m i n d ( l i k e t h e d r e a m e r ' smind in some ways ) wh ich r ecogn izes t ha t Ju l i e t i s t he sun . Th i s i s no tbecause he i s mad , o r de luded , o r even a poe t , bu t because , he i s i n l ove .T h e e x p r e ss io n o fespr i t sauvageis praxis b e i n g p a s s i o n a te a n d n o t p u r e l yin t e l l ec tua l . Wha t he says i s unde r s tood a t an in tu i t i ve l eve l because i t i soriginaire i t a r i s e s s p o n t a n e o u s l y f r o m t h e d e p t h s o f f e e l i n g . W h e nM e r l e a u - P o n t y g a v e e x a m p l e s o fparo le or ig ina i re h e i n c l u d e d t h ed e c l a r a ti o n o f t h e l o ve r. R o m e o ' s w o r d s c o u l d b e s u c h a d e c l a r a ti o n

bec ause the y ma y be a s e l f - r eve l a t ion w h ich wi l l open a fu tu re by in i ti a t inga c o m m i t m e n t t o a n e w r e la t io n s h ip , a n d g i v e h is a c t i o n s m e a n i n g i nre l a t ion to a new t ru th . Th e wi ld i s o f Ju l i e t i s t he Sun w ou ld hav e to bef e l t a s a n e c h o o f t h e r e a l m o f t h e u n t a m e d i n h u m a n e x p e r i e n c e , a s m o r ep r i m o r d i a l t h a n t h e i s o f p r e d ic a t io n . M e r l e a u - P o n t y c h a r a c t e r iz e s t h e(g ram ma t i ca l ) m oo d o f w i ld be ing a s i n t e r roga t ive . Th i s i s bo th a r e s i s t anceto the idea o f t he ind ica t ive a s p r imary , and an a l lu s ion , I wou ld say, t o howwe mus t app roach i t . Our ques t ion ing ( in t he sense I no ted above ) he ca l l sa n o rg a n o f o n t o lo g y, w h i c h is to c o n n e c t u s w i th B e i n g . A n d i t m u s t b e a

r eve r s ib l e ques t ion ing : w e ques t ion and a re ques t ioned .TT h e a l l u s i o n t o t h e d r e a m e r ' s m i n d m a k e s i t c l e a r t h a t w e a r e t o u c h i n g

o n t h e u n c o n s c i o u s . We n e e d n o t g o v e r y f a r w i t h t h i s h e r e , a l t h o u g hM e r l e a u - P o n t y h a s s o m e i l lu m i n a t i n g d is c u s s io n o f F r e u d a n dpsy cho ana lys is ; 15 i t is a l so in te res t ing to note tha t L ac an re fers to theu n c o n s c i o u s a s a d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e O t h e r ( th a t is h o w t h e s e l f r e c o g n i z e si t se l f ) and i t i s ou t of th i s re la t ionship tha t Des i re i s t ransformed in toQ u e s t io n . A l t h o u g h M e r l e a u - P o n t y q u o t e s L a c a n th a t t h e u n c o n s c i o u s i ss t ruc tu red l i ke a langu age ; I suspec t bu t Laca n wo u ld be on the s ide o f t het a m i n g o f w i l d b e i ng , s o a s t o v i n d i c a te t h e S u p e r - e g o a n d t h e L a w o f t h eF a t h e r. F o r L a c a n k n o w s a s w e l l a s M e r l e a u - P o n t y, w i l d b e i n g ( o r t h e R e a l )is b e y o n d th e l aw. W h e n w e h a v e h a d t h is d i a lo g u e , a n d h a v e a l l o w e do u r s e lv e s t o b e a f f e c t e d b y t h e O t h e r, w e m u s t c o m e t o t e rm s w i t h t h ep rob lem s i t r a i se s , i n o rde r t o r e tu rn to t he o rd e r ly wo r ld o f t he consc iou s .

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M e r l e a u - P o n t y ' s e f f o rt is ra t h e r to r e l e a se t h e e n e rg y o fesprit sauvage andl e t i t e n r i c h a n d e m p o w e r c o n s c i o u s l if e a s it c o m e s t o e x p r e s s i o n , s o t h a t

w e r e t a i n t h e h o r i z o n s o f n o t - y e t c o n s c i o u s l i fe , a s w e a l l o w i t t o b ei n t e g ra t e d w i t h i n o u r c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h e p r o b l e m a t i c s ta t us o f e x p r e s s i o n sw h i c h r e f l e c tdtre sauvaged o e s n o t d i s c r e d i t t h e m , b u t h e l p s t o c r e a t e t h eepoche w h i c h w i ll a l lo w u s t o r e c o n s i d e r th e s u p p o s e d l y u n p r o b l e m a t i cs t a te m e n t s a b o u t~tre apprivois~.16

To r e t u rn t o t h e p r o b l e m o f p h i l o s o p h y i ts e lf , a n d i ts c o n n e c t i o n w i t hw i l d b e i n g , w e c a n s e e t h a t M e d e a u - P o n t y ' s n o n li te r a l p h i l o s o p h y is n o tt o b e t a k e n a s m e t a p h o r i c a l in a n y u s u a l s e n s e . H e s p e a k s o f t h e p h i lo s o p h i -c a l v i si o n a s a m a x i m u m o f t ru e p r o x i m i t y t o a B e i n g i n d e h is c e n c e .(V.L170 , E 138) . Aga in :

. . .T h e o r ig i n a ry e x p l o d e s a n d p h i l o s o p h y m u s t a c c o m p a n y t hi s e x p lo -s i o n (gclatement),n o n - c o i n c i d e n c e(V.I. 165, E 124).

D e r r i d a r e j e c ts th e m e t a p h y s i c s o f p r e s e n c e , w h i c h h e s e e s as t h e p r o b l e mo f all p h i l o s o p h y ; it m a y h a v e s e e m e d t h a t M e r l e a u - P o n t y ' s c l a i m t h a t t h e r eis p r e s e n c e w o u l d s e t h i m i n t h e o p p o s i t e c a m p . 17 B u t t h e p r e s e n c e o fM e r l e a u - P o n t y ' s p h i l o s o p h y i s n o t th a t o f o b j e c t s la i d b e f o r e u s w h i c h w ec a n d o m i n a t e . I t i s t h e h a u n t i n g p r e s e n c e w h i c h i s i n e l u c ta b l y t h e re , n o t o fs p e c if ic th i n g s , b u t o f s o m e t h i n g w h i c h e s c a p e s u s , e x i s ts as a q u e s t i o n ,a s th e h i n t o f t h e a b y s s . A s p r e s e n t , i t i s a l s o a b s e n t . O u r k n o w l e d g e , o u rt h o u g h t a b o u t i t, is n e c e s s a r i l y f u l l o f g a p s . T h e e y e o f t h e m i n d h a s i tsb l i n d s p o t a n d t h is i s n o t a d e f e c t; l ik e th e l i m p i n g o f p h i l o s o p h y M e d e a u -P o n t y d i s c u s s e s i nEloge (68 , E 58 and 71 , E 61 ) , i t i s a v i r tue . Th ink ingtha t i s a l i ve , he says ,pens~e pensante,i s c r e a ti v e , a n d i n s u c h t h i n k i n g w ep a r t i c i p a t e i n b e i n g i n d e h i s c e n c e , i ndtre sauvage. I t s o p e n - e n d e d n e s s i si n t ri n s i c t o it s li fe , i ts f e c u n d i t y. H e s a y s , i f a t h o u g h t h a s a f u t u r e , a n db r e a k s t h r o u g h t h e s p a c e o f m y c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a n d h a s a f u t u r e w i t h o th e r s ,i t is b e c a u s e t h a t t h o u g h t l e a v e s m e w i t h m y h u n g e r , a n d l e a v e s t h e m w i t ht h e i r h u n g e r. I t s h o w s u p a g e n e r a l b u c k l i n g o f m y l a n d s c a p e , t h a t o p e n s itu p t o t h e u n i v e r s a l , b e c a u s e i t i s a nunthought (impense ) (V.L1 5 8 - 1 5 9 ) , E11 8 - 11 9 ) . I d e a s to o m u c h p o s s e s s e d a re n o l o n g e r i d e as , I a m n o l o n g e rt h i n k i n g w h e n I t a l k a b o u t t h e m ( ib i d ). (C f .Signes202 , E 160 . )

I t s h o u l d b e c l e a r t h a t w i l d b e i n g i s n o t a c c e s s i b l e t o a n a n a l y s i s i n t e r m so f c o n c e p t s a n d c a n n o t b e m a d e p a r t o f a s y st e m . L i k e H e i d e g g e r ' s B e i n g ,

i t i s n o t o n t i c a l . B u t u n l i k e H e i d e g g e r ' s B e i n g i t i s n o t r e m o t e f r o m o u ro r d i n a r y l iv e s . A l t h o u g h , l ik e t h e u m b i l i c a l c o r d m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , i t s e e m st o h a v e u s , w e a l s o h a v e i t, s o t h e r e is n o t t h e d e p e n d e n c e , a l m o s to b e d i e n c e , i m p l i c i t i n H e i d e g g e r ' s i n j u n c t i o n t o l i s te n t o B e i n g , t o l e t i ts p e a k t h r o u g h u s . R i c o e u r a l s o c r i t i c i z e s H e i d e g g e r, e s p e c i a l l y i n h i s l a t e rp h i l o s o p h y , fo r [ g i v in g ] n e w l i fe to t h e s e d u c t i o n s o f t h e u n a r ti c u l a te d a n d

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the unexp re s sed , ev en t o a k ind o f de spa i r o f language , r e sem bl ing t ha tfound i n t he nex t t o l a s t p ropos i t i on i n Wi t t gens t e inM.V. ( E 3 1 3 ) T h e

p o i n t Wi t t g e n s te i n m a d e i s th a t w h a t h e s a y s m u s t b e f in a l ly u n d e r s t o o d t obe u se l e s s , be fo re i t c an e luc ida t e , and t hen t he l adde r i s t o be t h rown aw ayTracta tus 6 .5 4 ). A n d h e c o n c l u d e s : w h e r e o f o n e c an n o t s p e a k , t h e r e o f

one mus t be s i len t . I t i sparo le par l~ewh ich i s de spa i r ed o f i n t he se ca se s ,and no t t he c r ea t i v i t y o fparo le o r ig ina i re . Theuna r t i cu l a t ed and t heu n e x p r e s s e d d o n o t , fo r M e r l e a u - P o n t y, s e d u c e u s; t h e y h a v e a c l a i m o n u sb e c a u s e t h e y a c c o r d w i th w h a t h e c a l ls o u r s e c r e t k n o w l e d g e , w h i c h i s o f ap i e c e w i t h t h e h u n g e r im p l i e d in t h e u n t h o u g h t . T h e s e c r et k n o w l e d g e iso f i n te r roga t ion a s t he u l tima te r e l a t i on t o Be ing , and so , a s w e ha ve s a id , i ti s an on to log i ca l o rgan V.L 162 , E 121 ). The answ er i t s eeks and w i l lr ecogn ize i s h ighe r t han t he f ac t s and deep e r t han t he e s se nce s ( s ee n .2 ) w h e r e t h e y w e r e , a n d - b e h i n d o r b e n e a t h t h e c l e a v a g e s o f o u r a c q u i r e dcu l tu r e - con t inue t o be , und iv ided ( i b id ). Fo r Mer l eau -Pon ty, a s we r e -c o n n e c t w i t h w i l d b e i n g , w e b e c o m e m o r e f u l l y o u r s e l v e s ; b e i n g s w i t h t h ecapac i t y t o a f f ec t and be a f f ec t ed , c apab l e o f env i sag ing a fu tu r e and a pa s t,hav ing i n s igh t i n to ou r inhe r i tance w i tho u t be ing bou nd b y i t. W i ld be ing i sno t some augus t and s ec r e t i ve fo r ce , a h idden Power o r Sp i r i t wh ich ho lds

ou r de s t i ny ; i t i s a s c lo se a s ou r hea r t -bea t , a s com m on a s the w i ld f low er s t owh ich i t s nam e a l l udes . Recog n i t i on o f w i ld be ing i s ava i l ab l e t o u s a s weour se lve s pa r ti c ipa te i n cr ea t ive t hough t , t h rough a r e la t i onsh ip o f open -nes s r a the r t han d om ina t i on . A r t i cu la t i on o f i t c an on ly be i nd i r ec t beca usew e a l r eady kn ow i t, be ing o f it ; i t i s t he i r reduc ib l e ho r i zon o f ou r ow nbe ing .

o ~ s

1. Cf. Husserl,Ideas III,p. 69: Phenom enology in our sense is the source of'origins ', o f the 'm othe rs' o f all cognition; and it is the maternal grou nd o f allphilosophical method: to this grou nd and the wor k in it, everyth ing leadsback . I wish to thank M arilyn Nissim -Sabat for drawing m y attention to thispassage.

2. Cf. V.L 161, E 121 The dimension of philosoph y cuts across that of essenceand o f fact.

3. Cf. The use of colour words, and the consequ ence of colour-word-aphasia, thatthe patient can no lon ger distinguish the coloursP.P. 206, E 176).

4. Cf. performatives, as des cribe d b y J.L. Austin, espe cially in O ther M ind s, (inPhilosoph ical Pap ers).5. Cf. Signes55, E 44: W e sometim es have the feeling that a thought has been

spoken,not replaced by verbal counters but incorporated into words and madeavailable in them.

6. FromTo M ix W ith Time,p. 149.7. Cf. M erleau-Po nty's com m ent that the tendency to separate the functions of

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the senses i s due to the impos i t ion o f a theore ti ca l f r am ew ork w hich d i s to r tsthe p r imord ia l exper i enc e(P.P. 137, E 118-120) .

8 . Espec ia l ly in Ind i rec t Lan guag e and the Vo ices o f S i l ence inSignes, f r o mwhich I have a l ready quo ted . Th e pa rad igm o f the vo ices o f s il ence i screa t ive expre ss ion in the ar ts and the no n-ve rbal ar t s in par t icular i llus t ra te theinadequacy o f t ak ing l i t e ra l r e fe rence as p r imary. (Tha t e s say g rew ou t o f ar e v ie w o f M a l r au x ' s b o o kThe Voices of Silence,a m a j o r w o r k o n t h e w o r l dhis tory o f ar t .)

9 . Deh i scence i s a s ign i f ican t image o f Mer leau-Pon ty in theVisible and TheInvisible. I t r e fe r s to the sp l i t t i ng open o f a seed-pod which b r ings abou t ani r r eve rs ib le change as the seeds and the seed-ca r r i e r s a re fo rc ib ly sca tt e red bythe exp lo s ion . . . H e uses it t o e luc ida te f l e sh : F lesh is the deh i scence o f theseeing, [or, the one see ing] in to the v is ib le , and of the v is ib le in to the see ing(V.L 201, E 153).

10. I .e ., The chiasm, as def ined in opt ics.11. Cf . Ihde ' s acco un t o f R ico eur ' s pos i t ion(Hermeneutic Phenomenology,pp.

170-171) .12. In a man ner o f speak ing . His r ead ing o f Saussure is admi t t ed ly id iosyncra t i c

and some scho la r s be l i eve he d id no t unders t and . Cf . Madi son , p . 126 ; andSchmid t , pp . 105-111 on Read ing (and mis read ing) Saussure . Bu t seeb e l o w, o n t h e u n t h o u g h t .

13. Signes 155, E 123;Eloge 63, E 54.14 . Ano the r f ea tu re o f the p re -p red ica t ive no ted by Husse r l i nExperience and

Judgment(pp . 15 -16 ) i s tha t it w i ll no t g ive p r iv i l ege to the fo rm o f the th i rdper son ( the impersona l ) . (The f i r s t and second fo rms would anyway be morel ike ly to r e f l ec t the r e l a t ionsh ip o f ques t ion ing and be ing ques t ioned , a s theyare the on ly fo rm s in wh ich the address ive d imens ion i s c lea r.)

15. E.g., P.P. 98, E 82 f . , and see a lso h is preface to Hesnard ' sL Oeuvre deFreud, inc luded in theEssential Writings o f Merleau-Ponty(pp. 81-88) .

16. Tam ed be ing (bu t th is phrase does no t in f ac t occu r in M er leau-Po n ty as f a ras I know a l though he does e l sewhere r e fe r to~tre docile-docilebe ing) . Theques t ion o f san i ty and insan i ty canno t be se t t l ed by a dogmat ic de f in i t ion o freason (c f. the w ork o f R .D. L a ing) .

17 . Der r ida ' s f ea r o f a congea led p resence cou ld be l a id to r e s t by Mer leau-Pon ty ' s ph i losophy, bu t Der r ida , l i ke Lacan , somehow does no t l e t t her e s o u rc e s o f~tre sauvage educa te and nour i sh h im. The na tu ra l wor ld whichwe f i r s t me e t a s the p re -p red ica tive seems to h im as to Lacan , som eho w a l i en .Never the les s , a s I have been sugges t ing th rougho u t , Der r ida ' s e ffo r t s eems tobe e ffec t ive in open ing gaps in o ur accep ted w or ld o f t amed ( inscr ibed) be ing ,as he t r i e s to cas t doub t o n the ach ievements o f p red ica t ion .

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