PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION page 1 LIGHT PHENOMENA Light and its phenomena page 2 Human vision page 4 PLANNING HOME ILLUMINATION page 5 Location of lamps page 6 Scenic effects page 6 Specific light planning page 7 THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT page 8 The lamps page 8 Incandescent lamps page 9 Incandescent lamps with halogen page 10 Fluorescent lamps page 11 Metal iodide lamps page 11 The different types of fixtures page 14 Light emission page 18 The direction of fittings page 19 BASIC LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY Light flow page 20 Average illumination page 20 Lighting efficiency page 22 Light intensity page 22 Percentage of reflection page 23 Average luminosity in a given direction page 23 Visual task page 23 Glare page 24 SAFETY AND QUALITY Quality page 25 Degree of safety page 26 DECORATING WITH LIGHT page 28 The porch - The hall page 28 The living room page 32 The dining room page 36 The study page 40 The kitchen page 42 The bedroom page 44 The children's room page 48 The bathroom page 50 The wardrobe and housework areas page 54 INDEX 59
Transcript
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION page 1
LIGHT PHENOMENALight and its phenomena page 2Human vision page 4
PLANNING HOME ILLUMINATION page 5Location of lamps page 6Scenic effects page 6Specific light planning page 7
THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT page 8The lamps page 8Incandescent lamps page 9Incandescent lamps with halogen page 10Fluorescent lamps page 11Metal iodide lamps page 11The different types of fixtures page 14Light emission page 18The direction of fittings page 19
BASIC LIGHTING TECHNOLOGYLight flow page 20Average illumination page 20Lighting efficiency page 22Light intensity page 22Percentage of reflection page 23Average luminosity in a given direction page 23Visual task page 23Glare page 24
SAFETY AND QUALITYQuality page 25Degree of safety page 26
DECORATING WITH LIGHT page 28The porch - The hall page 28The living room page 32The dining room page 36The study page 40The kitchen page 42The bedroom page 44The children's room page 48The bathroom page 50The wardrobe and housework areas page 54
INDEX
59
1
The home, the area enclosed by the four walls of a dwelling, is an expression ofthe identity of its owner. It can be illuminated with original and imaginative solu-tions. In fact, we all tend, perhaps unconsciously, to make our home unique, tomake it fit our individual requirements and preferences. To do so, one may expe-riment tentatively, often making the right decisions, even without knowing the fun-damental principles of lighting technology.Home illumination therefore becomes an example of how subjective "castinglight" on an interior can be. There is no true technique or set of rules on how tolight a home. Some scientific and technical knowledge is nevertheless a useful, ifnot indispensable, instruments enabling us to achieve, rapidly and with a mini-mum of experiments, the light effects we desire in the space where we live ourprivate life.
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION
The home, the area of a dwelling enclosed by four walls is an expression of theowner’s identity. It can be illuminated with original and imaginative solutions. Infact, we all tend, perhaps unconsciously, to make our home unique, to make it fitour individual requirements and preferences. To do so, one may experiment ten-tatively, often making the right decisions, even without knowing the fundamentalprinciples of lighting technology.Home illumination therefore becomes an example of how subjective "castinglight" on an interior can be. There is no true technique or set of rules on how tolight a home. Some scientific and technical knowledge is nevertheless a useful, ifnot indispensable, instrument enabling us to achieve, rapidly and with minimumexperimentation, the light effects we desire in the space where we live.
2
LIGHT AND ITS PHENOMENA
Technically speaking, light can be defined as the field of electromagnetic radia-tion ranging between a wavelength of 380 nm and 780 nm, which reaches ourbrain through our visual system, enabling us to see the world around us. Eachwavelength is perceived, in the field of visual radiation, as a certain colour in aspectrum from violet (about 400 nm) to blue (450 nm), to green (500 nm), toorange (600 nm) to red (700 nm).The human eye does not respond to single colours in the light spectrum, nor todifferent illuminations, in the same way. In daylight (photopic vision) it is mostsensitive to the radiation found in the centre of the spectrum (yellow-green colour- 555 nm) while the sensitivity gradually decreases and is eventually cancelledat the extremities of the spectrum (pict.1).In dimmed light (scotopic vision), for instance at night, the sensitivity curve movesby 48 nm towards violet.As a consequence, in the same condition of energy radiation, a room willappear brighter when it is illuminated with a yellow light, and if the light is softcold colours (blue and violet) it will be perceived better than with warm colours(orange and red). A perfect perception of colours and small detail requiresstrong illumination. This may be realised with light sources with a compact lightspectrum, complete with all visible wavelengths.The light necessary for a correct visual perception varies with age, and is notidentical for all individuals. From birth throughout the growth period humanbeings need 4 or 5 times more light than adults; this requirement reappears withadvanced age, after 50, keeping in mind that every individual is different. Allenvironmental stimuli are very important to visual perception; they influencevision, and thus taste in light. Such factors as the latitude at which one is born,race and culture, as well as primordial and ingrained habits affect us. In the same way as we prefer a dress, a colour or music due to our place ofbirth and culture, so we find a certain light, its colour, intensity and effects parti-
LIGHT PHENOMENA
3
cularly pleasant. It is essential to remember that light radiation is not transformedonly in visual sensations by the brain; a part of it also affects the centre governingthe psychophysical state of the individual, mood, ability to pay attention and con-centrate and behaviour; indeed, incorrect illumination can be a source ofdiscomfort and even stress.The purpose of this manual is to provide the basic knowledge necessary to stimula-te the reader's fantasy and creativity in using artificial illumination, not just to iden-tify the most suitable evening or night illumination in the individual rooms of thehome, but also to create atmospheres reflecting the taste and personality of theinhabitant.Our chief interest, when we venture on the difficult task of giving the home the bestpossible illumination, is the effects perceived by the eyes and the visitors. Light pas-ses through or is reflected by surfaces and objects in the interior of our home, andenables us to see and enjoy the beauty of the people, the furniture and everythingelse around us. Any atmosphere is the result of the illumination creating it, and anyinterior changes appearance, affecting us differently, as the lighting is changed.The world around us is only perceptible because it is lit, perhaps half in shade, butnevertheless illuminated. A total absence of light is profound darkness, a total lackof visual sensations, an immaterial world, nothingness.
HUMAN VISION
4
Due to the important role played by a vision of our environment, our visual appa-ratus has developed so as to function in very disparate light conditions. Oureyes can adapt themselves to the burning sun of the desert and the thousandreflections of a mountain glacier, as well as to the half-shade of a forest or anight with a full moon. Our world is made to be lit at all times, by the sun in theday and by the stars and moon at night. Our visual apparatus, formed by theeyes, the optical nerves and the visual cortex of the brain, therefore functionsuninterruptedly, if we consider that it is also active when we dream.
Pct. 1
400 450 500 550 600 650
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
0
1,0
WAVELENGTH IN nm
FACTO
R O
F REL
ATI
VE
VIS
IBIL
ITY
700 750
Day-light
Night-light
5
PLANNING HOME ILLUMINATION
To venture along the complex path leading to creative yet functional home illumi-nation, we must commence with method. A good rule is to obtain a plan of thespace, at least on a scale 1/50. However, not just a plan indicating the sizeand arrangement of the floors, it must also include information such as: the loca-tion of electricity outlets, the types of walls, structural or partitions, the position ofpillars, chimneys, openings and pipes, the position and sizes of furniture andaccessories, along with a description of the types of surfaces, their colour andbrilliance, and information on all other items such as plants, curtains and car-pets. The plan must indicate the height of the rooms and the furniture, unless sec-tions and perspectives of the most important areas are available.
h. 3 m
walls: whitefloor: dark
parquet furniture: light
walls: whitefloor: dark
parquet furniture: light
walls: creamfloor: dark
parquet furniture:dark
wood
walls: creamfloor: dark
parquet
furniture: lightwood
walls: whitefloor: whitefurniture: white
LOCATION OF LAMPS
6
Once the architectural scheme of the home is complete:- Indicate, with a coloured pencil, the horizontal (such as the floors) or vertical(bookcases, paintings, furniture) areas to be illuminated or emphasised.- Defining the directions from which it is believed the light should come.This initial phase serves to make a general estimate of the number and type oflamps required. It will immediately become clear that the best illumination isachieved with lamps designed specifically for each visual function.For instance, the living room needs general light, a lamp for the dining tableand one for reading. It may also benefit from other lights specifically to createdifferent atmospheres: for listening to music, talking with friends, dining, wat-ching slides or television, and so on. The conditions one may create in a dome-stic environment are almost unlimited, and not just to illuminate something orsomeone, but to create effects.
SCENIC EFFECTS
As on a theatre stage, light can also be used to decorate entire walls, from thefloor to the ceiling. Light rays can be aimed, for instance, on an otherwise barewall, decorating it with triangular, circular or elliptical spots of light. By usingspecial lamps equipped with different types of filters, strange, coloured patternscan be projected. Lamps creating special light effects (dichroic, coloured etc.) are also available.
SPECIFIC LIGHT PLANNING
7
There is now a plan and sections with a number of circles or ellipses marked inpencil. The next step is to identify how actually to achieve these effects, andchoose the most suitable lamp. By comparing plans and sections we can calcu-late the width of the light cones which must be created. For instance, if the dia-meter of the dining table is 2 meters and the lamp is placed above it, at a hei-ght of about 1.8 meters, the emission of the lamp must measure about 2x30°.If we use projectors, the illuminated area becomes progressively wider as thedistance between the lit object and the lamp increases.To create a circle of light with a diameter of 2 meters, it is also possible to useseveral lamps to cover the area together; in fact, by using more than one lampone can also illuminate square or irregular surfaces.One can also use the entire room and its surfaces as parts of a gigantic lamp,creating indirect illumination, i.e. making the light rays reflect off walls and cei-lings, thus giving the entire room a more luminous atmosphere. In fact, illumina-tion only with direct light can create a "cave effect", that is to say, the pointswhere light is needed are lit but the rest of the room, and in particular the cei-ling, is in shadow. The effect is almost the same as a cave lit by sun rays, withvery bright areas and other, profoundly dark ones, and consequently strong con-trasts between light and shade (optically dramatic effects).This can be prevented by using diffusers which, by making the light reflectagainst all the surfaces, make the room and the elements in it very luminous.
20
BASIC LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY
LIGHT FLOW
Indica la quantità di luce emessa nell’unità di tempo da una sorgente: dipendedall’energia radiante emessa dalla sorgente luminosa e dalla curva di sensibilitàdell’occhio.Si misura in lumen (lm) mediante speciali strumenti di laboratorio (Sfera diUlbricht).
AVERAGE ILLUMINATION
Relationship between the light flow received by a surface and its area. It is mea-sured by means of a luxmeter and is expressed in lux (lx = lm/m2).The levels of illumination, often considered as the sole relevant parameter of asystem, is only a part of the effect achieved. Each individual may prefer differentlevels of illumination, and the same individual may prefer more or less lux in hisor her dwelling depending on passing moods and physical conditions. To lighta room in which ordinary activities take place (diffused illumination) 100 lux issufficient, while more demanding activities, such as applying makeup, orcooking requires from 200 to 500 lux (focused illumination); to attract attentionto a painting, an object or a detail from 500 to 1,000 lux (spot illumination) is
1 lux1 mq
1 lumen
21
necessary. The human eye is able to distinguish forms with as little as 5 lux, perceive formsand colours with at least 30 lux, read and work with 150 lux and more; on asunny day the light outdoors can be equivalent to 200,000 lux or more. TheUNI 10380 Standards can be used in order to choose accurately and safely. Ifonly projectors are used, the technical information supplied in the cataloguescan be consulted. A simple performance chart is often supplied for every lampwith incorporated reflector and for the reflector itself, indicating: the light cone,the diameter of the light spots and the levels of illumination obtained at differentdistances between source and illuminated area.
Angolo di emissione 55°x35°
H (m)
1
2
3
4
5
EMAX (lux)
4186
1046
465
262
167
EM (lux)
3055
764
339
191
122
Ø (m)
0,87
1,74
2,61
3,48
4,34
Ø (m)
0,62
1,24
1,86
2,48
3,10
H (m)
1
2
3
4
5
EMAX (lux)
1018
255
113
64
41
EM (lux)
651
163
72
41
26
Emissione Wall Washer
H (m)
1
2
3
4
5
EMAX (lux)
2061
515
229
129
82
EM (lux)
1353
338
150
85
54
Ø (m)
0,62
1,25
1,87
2,49
3,11
Angolo di emissione 2x20°
H(m)
Emax(lux)En(lux)ø(m)
passage area 50 100 150
conversation area 50 100 150
reading area 200 300 500
writing area 300 1500 750
meal area 100 150 200
kitchen 200 300 500
bathroom (general lighting) 50 100 150
bathroom (mirror) 200 300 500
bedrooms (general lighting) 50 100 150
bedrooms (wardrobes) 200 300 500
bedrooms (beds) 200 300 500
service area (to iron, to sew) 500 750 1000
ROOM (UNI 10380) REQUESTED LIGHTING (IR)
22
LIGHTING EFFICIENCY
Relationship between the light flow emitted and the output of the source. It ismeasured in lumen/watt (lm/W).Allows comparison of different types of artificial light sources in terms of runningcosts.
LIGHT INTENSITY
Indicates the light emission in relation to its direction. For a punctiform source theintensity is calculated as the relationship between the light flow issued in an infi-nitesimally small cone and the measure of the solid angle of the cone, expressedin steradiants.It is measured in watts (w).If one represents the luminous intensities emitted by an apparatus in space withvectors issuing from the centre (real or conventional) of the source, the extremitiesof these vectors is a surface enclosing a volume called the "photometric solid". Interms of illumination technology, a lamp or lighting apparatus is defined by thedistribution in space of the intensity emitted (i.e. luminous flux from photometricsolid) and the geometry of the area.Catalogues normally show the two photometric curves resulting from the intersec-tion between the photometric solid and the two normal surfaces, longitudinaland transversal, with respect to the lamp.
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180° 150°
120°
90°
60°
30°0°
23
AVERAGE LUMINOSITY IN A GIVEN DIRECTION (watt/m2)
Relationship between the average intensity, in a given direction, on a surfaceand the area of that surface, perpendicularly with respect to that direction.It is measured with a luminosity meter and is expressed in watt per square meters(w/m2). The luminosity is associated, with the state of adaptation of the eye,with the concept of intensity of the visual sensation, and any discomfort pro-voked by glare.
PERCENTAGE OF REFLECTION
Relationship, in percentage, between the light flow reflected by a surface andthe total light flow falling onto it. It depends on the type, colour and character ofthe reflecting surface.
VISUAL TASK
This term conventionally indicates the objects, details and their immediate back-ground which will be seen during a given activity.Luminosity contrast (C)The following relationship is defined as luminosity contrast:
C= (Ld-L)L
Where "Ld" is the luminosity of the detail (for instance the letters of a document toread) and "L" that of its background (the sheet and its immediate surroundings). Ingeneral "L" is also the value to which the eye has adapted itself.
24
GLARE
The presence, in the field of vision, of an area with very high luminosity in com-parison to the average luminosity of the field (luminosity of adaptation). This redu-ces the visual capacity of the individual. This phenomenon is called blinding andoccurs, for instance, when we meet a car by night with high beams or whenlight sources appear, perhaps due to reflection off glossy surfaces, in our area ofnormal observation.One distinguishes between two types of blinding:- disability glare which provokes instantaneous impairment of the visual functions.- discomfort glare which is manifested as a sense of visual discomfort whichdoes not always cause serious disturbance of vision, but which in time causesvisual fatigue, stress, difficulty of concentration, reduction of attentiveness, anincreased liability to commit errors, a reduced performance.
Semigloss surface
Opaque surface
Glossy surface
8
THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT
After this, there is a clearer picture of the lamps necessary to achieve the desiredeffects; it is possible to leaf through catalogues with a better idea of what is nee-ded, and only focus on the most suitable lamps. We may find that a suitablelamp is available in different versions, using different light sources, or energysupply controls. How do we make a decision at this point?It is necessary to be familiar with the main characteristics of the light sources (thelamps) and emission controls.
THE LAMPS
Every light source has three fundamental characteristics which are relevant forthe purposes of the project; two of them influence the aesthetic characteristics ofthe space and one is economical. More specifically, they are: the temperature ofthe colour, the index of chromatic rendition and the luminous efficiency. Whilethe first two enable us to create a more or less "warm" light and to obtain diffe-rent effects of colour perception, the last influences energy consumption and run-ning costs. These three characteristics differ in every lamp; likewise incandescentlamps, incandescent halogen lamps, fluorescent and metallic iodide lamps differgreatly in physical appearance. Practically speaking, normal incandescent orhalogen lamps are best suited to projectors and when the light has to be pointed
9
at distant areas (4-5 meters or more from the lamp) and to distinguish clearly theilluminated area, creating light and shade, or to achieve a warm, brilliant atmo-sphere, are the characteristics of these lamps. Fluorescent lamps are useful forachieving different tones of light, from warm, pink to cold and blue; they are sui-table for general illumination, for soft diffused light or minimising consumption.Metallic iodide lamps, apart from being among the most economical modernlamps available, with some of the characteristics of halogen lamps, i.e., theyare suitable for projectors, and some of those of fluorescent lamps, in that theyare available in three different colour temperatures, and thus in cool or warmlight hues.
Incandescent lamps
Incandescent lamps are traditional lamps with Edison E27/E14 screw lamphol-ders. More than a century after their invention, they are still widely used fordomestic illumination. Their efficiency is close to 10 lumen/watt, their nominalduration about 1000 hours. They are sensitive to impact and vibrations. Whenlit they rapidly reach a temperature of up to 600 C° and one should thereforeavoid touching them with fingers or with easily inflammable objects. The hue ofthe light is a warm white of 2700 K; they enhance red hues. They are also avai-lable with incorporated reflectors (Par), coloured or with specially treated glass.They are powered simply by connection to the mains voltage electrical circuit.
10
Incandescent lamps with halogen
Halogen lamps are made to withstand higher temperatures than normal incande-scent lamps; moreover the gas halogen cycle is introduced in the lamp to pre-vent blackening. Such halogen lamps are smaller than normal incandescent lamps with the samepower. Some of the most diffused types are equipped with a reflector, whichmakes it possible to point and control the light flow. The appropriate light conewidth and power can be chosen from a catalogue. Dichroic lamps, with a parti-cular type of reflector and treated glass, emit less heat in the direction of the illu-minated area than lamps with a metal parabola. In fact, the special glass reflec-tor disperses about 70% of the heat towards the rear of the lamp, along with justa small percentage of the light; this gives dichroic lamps their characteristic, veryfashionable image. To create a group of fittings with an identical halo of colou-red light, the best solution is dichroic lamps with titanium-plated glass parabolas.Linear and simple types of lamps can be connected direct to the electricalsystem, while the more common lamp requires 12V energy supply and conse-quently a 240V/12V transformer.
11
Fluorescent lamps
In recent years the range of fluorescent lamps has been enriched with a series ofcompact lamps, of similar size to ordinary incandescent lamps and T5 typelamps (16 mm diameter for linear and circular lamps). Also the general charac-teristics, in terms of light hue and colour rendition, have improved. The use offluorescent lamps for domestic illumination is therefore recommended not justbecause of their low consumption but long duration. They can be used in alarge variety of interiors. Fluorescent lamps require a special electronic energysupply circuit which eliminates the stroboscopic effect, increases the efficiencyand average life of the lamp and makes it possible to illuminate immediately,essential in a dwelling.
Metal iodide lamps
Metal iodide lamps are almost as economical to use and as durable as fluore-scent lamps, but they are much more compact; they are almost no larger thanhalogen lamps. They can create direct and indirect illumination, and each lampcan light large areas without consuming undue amounts of energy. For instance,a large living room measuring 8 x 6 meters can be lit with 4 floor or wall lamps.Each of which with halogen lamp would consume 500 watts, but with a metaliodide lamp only 150 watt. They require a complex power supply control. Theirmain defect is the fact that they illuminate gradually (reaching maximum perfor-mance in about 5 minutes) and above all, that they are slow to reignite. If acci-dentally switched off, peak performance will only be reached about 10 minutesafter reigniting.
Fixtures can be distinguished, in the first place, on the basis of how they areinstalled: on the ceiling, pendant, to the wall, on the floor, on a table, recessed,fixed to track or special emergency solutions.
Floor lights are the easiest solution for illuminating any room. They can be pla-ced, if necessary, some meters from the electrical socket. Taking care to makesafe the cable. They are easy to move around, thus giving flexibility of illumina-tion. Some attention has to be paid to how they are placed (to prevent knocksand ensure they are distant from inflammable objects).
Floor lights
The chief advantage of lights fixed to vertical walls is that they provide diffusedillumination for the room. Their light softens any shadows produced by ceiling orpendant lamps. Wall lamps can be essential to illuminate vertical surfaces, suchas the walls of the room, bookcases or paintings. The effect of their light alsorepresents a decorative element on the walls; however, as wall lights requirework on the masonry to install the electric cables, their definitive position has tobe chosen carefully.
Wall lights
DIOS
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15
Ceiling lights are fixed direct to the ceiling; therefore the maximum range of theirlight emission is 180 degrees. They require suitably concealed electric cables,which may mean masonry work.
Ceiling lights
Lights suspended from the ceiling by wires or rigid shafts are available in a largevariety of solutions. Being suspended, they provide a diffused light.
Pendant lights
The optimum light for all work done within a limited area. Combined with suita-ble diffused general illumination, then it is the ideal solution for writing, drawingand reading, particularly when the text is placed on a table.
Table lights
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This is the most flexible solution, and is therefore used where the illumination mustbe changed frequently. Each track has a special mechanical and electric attach-ment to which only specifically prepared lamps can be fixed. Modern electrifiedtrack can be used for different types of lamps, from fluorescent diffusing ones totraditional spotlights; all types of lighting effects can therefore be created. Thetrack can supply energy to different lamps. Track can be mains voltage (240volt) or low voltage (12 volt). The former can be used both for metal halide, fluo-rescent and halogen lamps, if equipped with suitable transformers, usually up toa total output of about 3000 watts. The latter can only supply halogen lamps,up to an output of 300 watt. If the position of the track is planned carefully anda suitable number of lamps mounted on it, everything can be lit with this solution,which makes it possible to change the arrangement easily and quickly.
Track
False ceilings, installed to lower the height and to conceal cables and ducts arebecoming increasingly common in residential interiors. Recessed lights are sim-ple and economical. However when choosing this type of lamp one must consi-der the type of material of the false ceiling and the energy which can be absor-bed. Recessed lights can also be used in the wall; in this case they are perfectfor creating scenic lighting effects.
Recessed fittings
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17
Obligatory for illumination of all public areas, these lamps should also be aregular feature in every home. Emergency lights have a battery and a circuit tomake them switch on automatically in case of blackout. They are very useful ifthe electricity should be cut temporarily, and should be placed in the differentcrucial points of the dwelling: in the bedroom, near the mains switch, in thebathroom and work rooms. They should be switched on and the batteries com-pletely exhausted at least once every six months to guarantee safe and lastingfunction.
Emergency lamps
PANT
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18
LIGHT EMISSION
Lamps are not only sub-divided into categories on the basis of the type of instal-lation: floor, wall, ceiling and pendant. Every lamp is distinguished by its type ofemission:
Direct emission: downwards, Indirect emission: upwards, Dual emission: upwards and downwardsDiffusing emissionExtra-diffusing emissionSemi-concentrated emissionConcentrated emissionWall washer emission
The choice of light emission to use is crucial for achieving the desired atmosphe-re. Lamps with indirect and diffused light are not suitable for creating intimateand cosy atmospheres; on the contrary, by using only spotlights which concen-trate the light on limited areas it is impossible to achieve a bright, radiant inte-rior.
The location of lights is decisive for the quality of the illumination system. Thegreatest difficulty encountered when planning home illumination often lies in thepossibility, or impossibility, to place the lamps in a specific place. Walls occu-pied by furniture, ceilings which cannot be touched make it hard to find thepoints where not only is it possible to bring electrical wires, but from which thelight creates the desired effects.The location is essential when using lamps emitting a concentrated light, and forlamps providing a diffused light, even if for different reasons. In both cases, it isequally important to control the direction in which the light rays issue from thelamp, and affect the different surfaces. The effects of the light, the reflections,uncomfortable glare and shadows are the result of careful control and this isoften underestimated.
THE PORCH
2 8
DECORATING WITH LIGHT
The outer entrance of the home can be lit both in a rational and in an expressivemanner. The entrance door of a home can be lit with a spotlight, which may beswitched on automatically by a sensor mechanism, and which illuminates boththe area around the door and the name plate and bell. If the spotlight is toremain switched on at all times, it is better to opt for a compact 18 watt fluore-scent lamp, which consumes little energy; otherwise a 50 watt halogen withincorporated projector is perfect.
2 9
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3 0
THE HALL
This room represents the border between the world outside and the home, andshould be lit as such. The best solution is spotlights or wall fittings with halogenlamps. If the entrance opens into a corridor the path can be illuminated by 35watt halogen spotlights placed at a distance of about 1.5 meters, and at shorterintervals in the hall itself. The wall fittings may emit indirect light, but this solutionusually creates a quite dull atmosphere; it is better to opt for lamps with glass dif-fusers that brighten up both vertical surfaces, including faces, and horizontalones such as the floor.
3 1
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3 2
THE LIVING ROOM
This room is the most representative one in the home. It is where the family andits guests meet, converse, play games, watch television and listen to music. Itmust therefore serve many different purposes, and it must be possible to meet avariety of visual requirements simultaneously. It is important not to forget thatwhile adequate illumination criteria must be followed to illuminate the differentactivities, the overall result must nevertheless be cosy and appealing. The gene-ral illumination, with an average of 100-200 lux, can be provided with reces-sed wide-angle spotlights, if there is a lowered ceiling, or with halogen walllamps. Individual areas can be lit by a pendant fitting for a dining table, andwith floor lamps near the conversation area.Adjustable floor lamps can be arranged in the area where games are played,while table lamps can be placed on sideboards and coffee tables.A lamp with one or two dichroic 50 watt lamps can be used for the readingarea, or if preferred, a more diffusing 150 W lamp can be suspended abovethe reader. It should be possible to adjust the light in the area near the television, in such away that the area behind the screen is lit by the diffused light of a dim tablelamp, to soften the contrast between the background and the screen and gua-rantee more comfortable viewing.
3 3
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3 6
THE DINING ROOM
The room must be bright but free from glare, with an appealing and warm atmo-sphere, created by an harmonious distribution of light without excessive and gla-ring contrasts.The table is the central element, and should be lit with 100-150 lux. A pendantlamp suspended at least 2.2 meters from the floor, which matches the interiorand the colour of the furniture, may be used.Lamps with warm hues and perfect colour rendition, perhaps softone type incan-descent lamps should be considered.The walls can be decorated with wall fittings to match the pendant lamp.
3 7
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THE STUDY
The visual requirements are very high in this area, both in terms of quantity andquality of illumination. In the study the criteria adopted should be similar to thoseused for the work station in the office: 500 lux horizontal illumination level, elimi-nation of direct glare and disturbing reflections on the work areas and the com-puter screen, regulation of the light flows to adapt them to individual require-ments and habits.Floor lamps placed close to the desk, wall lamps or pendant lamps with indirectemission may be used.On the work top, table fittings with incandescent lamps may be used; these,appropriately oriented, can illuminate even tiny details. If a computer is used, atable lamp with normal emission should be placed at eye level, with light beamdirected towards the keyboard, but not towards the screen. If a lamp designed specifically for computer screens is used, it can be placedhigher, thanks to the controlled width of the emission band.
zona 2IP X3
zona 1IP X4
zona 0IP X7
0,60 m
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THE KITCHEN
To render normal household chores comfortable, prevent accidents and facilitatethe necessary cleaning work, the lighting of the kitchen must feature specificcharacteristics: - Level of illumination: basic 300 lux average horizontal light distributed veryuniformly in the room, and about 300 lux on work tops and the cooker.- Lamps with warm hues and perfect colour rendition.- Fittings equipped with sufficient protection, which are easy to clean.- Absence of glare, especially on work areas and on the cooker.These requirements can be met by using, for the general diffused illumination,fluorescent lamps providing 12W/m2. If there are large windows in the room,the modules should be aligned with the windows.The focused illumination directed towards the work tops and the cooker shouldbe recessed or semi-recessed adjustable spotlights fixed to the ceiling, possiblyby means of a closed track. Pendant lamps hung above the table can be used in the dining area.
4 3
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THE BEDROOM
This room requires two types of illumination: a general diffused light, of maxi-mum 100 lux, if possible indirect, or from dim pendant lamps creating a cosyatmosphere. Lamps with warm, light hues and excellent colour rendition, with anaverage illumination capacity of 50-150 lux, are excellent. A local illuminationof mirrors, chests of drawers, wardrobes and, if applicable, a writing deskshould also be provided. If lamps with incorporated projector are used on the bedside table, it is possibleto read in bed without illuminating the entire room and thus disturbing one'scompanion. Wardrobes should be illuminated with strong light, i.e. 400-500 lux, from reces-sed spotlights, if the room has a lowered ceiling, or projectors fixed direct to theceiling.
4 5
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4 8
THE CHILDREN'S ROOM
This room serves many purposes. The kids use it to sleep, play, do homework,and spend time with their friends.The illumination must therefore be flexible, to meet the requirements of the diffe-rent visual functions, keeping in mind that:- Youths need more light than adults do.- The lamps will probably remain switched on even when they are not used, thusconsuming energy and developing unnecessary heat.- Safety must be a fundamental characteristic of the lamps. Consequently, to provide a general horizontal illumination of about 350 lux(10W/m2) we choose recessed lamps with compact fluorescent lamps, if thereis a lowered ceiling, and otherwise ceiling lamps, also with compact fluorescentlamps. The homework desk has to be illuminated by at least 350 lux directed towardsthe work area, using pendant lamps.Wardrobes or shelves may be lit with PAR 30 spotlights mounted on a track.
4 9
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THE BATHROOM
The bathroom must, apart from meeting the aforementioned safety regulations,be lit brightly with lamps guaranteeing a good colour rendition. This room mustbe lit in such a way that one can see clearly, not only the surrounding objects,which will seem cleaner if illuminated with a cold fluorescent light of 4000-5000 kelvin, but also oneself, in order to take care of one's body and appea-rance. The illumination of the mirror becomes essential, and likewise does a cor-rect background light. The mirror and the surrounding area must be lit with atleast 2000 lumen, and the rest of the room with at least 500 lumen per squaremeter of floor area. While lamp shades and glass screens can be of very diffe-rent and vivacious colours in the rest of the home, they should be of soft coloursor white in the bathroom, in order not to modify the light and thus the colour ofthe objects. The CIE 64-8 regulations provide, for bathrooms or rooms withwater outlets, two drawings with indications of the areas where certain measu-res must be taken. In fact areas that are more or less near water outlets are clas-sified with numbers from 0 to 3, and differ in size according to whether thebathtub is protected by a box or not. No electrical apparatuses may be instal-led in area 0, only boilers may be installed in area 1, while lamps of class IIand with a minimum protection degree of IP 44 may be installed in area 2.Area 3 is free, but also here it is nevertheless safer to use apparatuses with aminimum degree of IP.
zona 3IP X1
zona 2IP X3
zona 1IP X4
zona 0IP X7
2,25
m
2,40 m 0,60 m
zona0
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It corresponds to the insidevolume of the bath orshower.
IP 27 Classe IIIIt corresponds to the volumenear the bath or shower foran height of 2,25 m.
IP 24 Classe III
zona2
It corresponds to the volumearand the bath or shower fora width of 0,50 m and anhight of 2,25 m.
IP 23 Classe II
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IT corresponds to the volumearaund the wash-basin of awidth of 2,40 m for thehight of the room.IP 21 Classe I - II
5 1
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5 4
THE WARDROBE AND HOUSEWORK AREAS
To illuminate wardrobes, cabinets and all vertical surfaces in general, it is neces-sary to install adjustable recessed lamps if the room has a lowered ceiling, ormovable spotlights mounted on tracks, with high chromatic rendition, to distingui-sh the colours of the garments properly.Said lamps are installed in front of the wardrobes, at a distance exceeding thefigure indicated on the label of the lampA vertical value of 100/200 lux must be obtained by using a power of about10-20 W/m2. A stronger, pin point light is necessary for work areas (ironing,mending), perhaps using lamps with an adjustable arm.
5 5
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26
In addition to obligatory EC labelling, the presence of the label of a third partyinstitution, as for instance ENEC or IMQ, on the lamp confirms that they meetthe standards for products established by the individual countries where suchlabels are used.
DEGREE OF SAFETY
To guarantee a correct choice and use of luminaires it is necessary also to consi-der the degree of protection against the penetration of solids and liquids. Luminaires must guarantee a minimum degree of protection of IP 20; this degreeof protection guarantees that a standard testing finger cannot come into contactwith live parts, while it does not guarantee any protection against the penetra-tion of water.This therefore means that while one cannot touch live metal parts directly, accessto the inside of the luminaire is not impossible.As the degree of protection increases, the protection guaranteed against foreignbodies increases accordingly (Number 3 guarantees protection against solidbodies of a diameter of 2.5 mm. Number 4 guarantees protection against solidbodies of a diameter of 1 mm. Number 5 guarantees protection against dust).As to the second IP degree, degree 3 means that the luminaire is protectedagainst water splashed at a 60° angle from the vertical. Degree 4 means it isprotected against splashes from any direction, while degree 5 guarantees pro-tection against sprays of water.It is particularly important to choose the right protection in the case of luminairesto be installed in damp areas (bathrooms) and outdoors.It is moreover necessary to choose the correct product for the type of material onwhich it is to be fixed (installation surface); the safest products can be attacheddirectly to normally inflammable surfaces and carry the "F" label.To ensure the product is used correctly it is, in any case, necessary to follow the
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PRACTICAL GUIDE TO HOME ILLUMINATION page 1
LIGHT PHENOMENALight and its phenomena page 2Human vision page 4
PLANNING HOME ILLUMINATION page 5Location of lamps page 6Scenic effects page 6Specific light planning page 7
THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT page 8The lamps page 8Incandescent lamps page 9Incandescent lamps with halogen page 10Fluorescent lamps page 11Metal iodide lamps page 11The different types of fixtures page 14Light emission page 18The direction of fittings page 19
BASIC LIGHTING TECHNOLOGYLight flow page 20Average illumination page 20Lighting efficiency page 22Light intensity page 22Percentage of reflection page 23Average luminosity in a given direction page 23Visual task page 23Glare page 24
SAFETY AND QUALITYQuality page 25Degree of safety page 26
DECORATING WITH LIGHT page 28The porch - The hall page 28The living room page 32The dining room page 36The study page 40The kitchen page 42The bedroom page 44The children's room page 48The bathroom page 50The wardrobe and housework areas page 54
UkraineM.I.K. Schorr GmbHVorovskogo str. 49252054 KievTel. 044/2386050Fax 044/2386050
HungaryV.A.M. Design CenterKiraly U. 22, Kaldy GY U.11061 Budapest Tel. 01/2679540Fax 01/3227079 e-mail: [email protected]
United Arab EmiratesMarconi Lighting Systems L.L.C.P.O. Box 50007Dubai Tel. 04/2222741Fax 04/238005e-mail: [email protected]
VenezuelaLamparas Diana Dos Sa Calle Fermin/Genoves6301 Porlamar, Isla MargaritaTel. 095/631933 - 610942Fax 095/611319
Iluminacion Helios C.A. Av. San FelipeCentro Coinasa MezzaninaLa CastellanaCaracas 1060Tel. 02/2655883 Fax 02/2654008 e-mail: [email protected]
Art Direction: Carlotta de Bevilacqua • Design: Concept Ippolita Ciampini • Print: Arti Grafiche Garzanti Verga • September 1999 • 100/99
25
QUALITY
The safety of a dwelling for its inhabitants is determined by the correct co-ordina-tion between the safety level of the installations, the electrical wires and protecti-ve devices, and the lamps.It is also significant to note that, while the regulations governing electrical instal-lations in dwellings are not as rigid as those concerning public areas, it isnevertheless important that the system meets "general" prerequisites.To determine the degree of protection against electric shock, it is first necessaryto sub-divide the fittings into three categories:
Class IFittings where electrical safety is guaranteed by a supplementary protectivecable (earth) connected to the metal structure of the lamp.
Class IIFittings where protection against electric shock is not just guaranteed by funda-mental isolation, but also by supplementary safety measures consisting of a dou-ble or reinforced insullation. These measures do not include earth devices anddo not depend on the type of installation.
Class IIIFittings where protection against shock is based on the very low voltage of thepower supply (usually 12 or 24V), and in which higher voltages are not produ-ced.
Class II fittings do not have to be earthed. In general, in products supplied byvoltage higher than 50V, the presence of EC labelling guarantees that the mini-mum safety requirements defined by the Low Voltage Directive issued by theEuropean Community and implemented on a national level are met.
