1/25/15 1 ARTH 4573 HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN section 2 – illuminated manuscripts Medieval Times Middle Ages The Dark Ages Illuminated Manuscript Illustrated handwritten books produced from the Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE. ILLUMINATED: Gold leaf Religious enlightenment Illustrated EASTERN branch in Islamic countries Illuminated Manuscript Illustrated handwritten books produced from the Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE. ILLUMINATED: Gold leaf Religious enlightenment Illustrated EASTERN branch in Islamic countries WESTERN branch in Europe Illuminated Manuscript Illustrated handwritten books* produced from the Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE. For whom? Monasteries’ libraries Wealthy individuals’ Illuminated Manuscript Use of visual embellishment to expand the word Communicating in a different way Especially to those who could not read (or read well) Graphic forms Page layouts Illustration styles Lettering styles Techniques Codex
Transcript
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ARTH 4573 HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN
section 2 – illuminated manuscripts
Medieval Times } Middle Ages } The Dark Ages
Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE.
} ILLUMINATED: } Gold leaf } Religious enlightenment } Illustrated
} EASTERN branch in Islamic countries
Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE.
} ILLUMINATED: } Gold leaf } Religious enlightenment } Illustrated
} EASTERN branch in Islamic countries } WESTERN branch in Europe
Illuminated Manuscript } Illustrated handwritten books* produced from the
Late Roman Empire until printed books replaced manuscripts after typography was developed in Europe around 1450 CE.
} For whom? } Monasteries’ libraries } Wealthy individuals’
Illuminated Manuscript } Use of visual embellishment to expand the word
} Communicating in a different way } Especially to those who could not read (or read well)
Historical re-enactment of monks transcribing books from scrolls, Nomad Films Inc.
Scriptorium } WHO?
} Scrittori } Copisti } Illuminator
} Colophon
Stuttgart Psalter Detail, c. 820-830, France (see notes in margin) http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2012/03/21/monk-complaints-manuscripts/
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Stuttgart Psalter, c. 820-830, France
Books: Psalter
} Volume containing the Book of Psalms } From Judeo-Christian religious writings } For Christians, in the Old Testament of Holy Bible } Often also contained:
¨ Liturgical calendar ¨ Litany of Saints
} Who used? } Wealthy people as private devotional book
Books: Book of Hours
} Most contain collection of texts, prayers, psalms } Liturgical Calendar } Excerpt from each of 4 Gospels } 15 Psalms of Degrees } 7 Penitential Psalms } Litany of Saints } Office for the Dead } Hours of the Cross } Various other prayers, devotionals
Books: Apocalypse
} Book of Revelations from Christian Bible’s New Testament
Gospels
} First 4 books of the Christian New Testament } Matthew } Mark } Luke } John
spreading the WORD Education value of pictures Ability to create mystical, spiritual overtones Size = portability in saddlebags Slow = regional styles created
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all
} “Barbarian”
} Germanic ≠ Germany } Viking ≠ Visigoth
} “France”
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Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all
} “Barbarian”
} Germanic tribes ≠ Germany } Viking ≠ Visigoth
} “France
Who? } Germanic ≠ Germany
} (Germanic tribes inhabited some of present-day Germany) } Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Goths, Franks (+more) pushed west by
Huns + desire for more wealth } vs. Celtic tribes
} Gaul and Britain were populated by the Gauls and the Britons, which were Celtic tribes (vs. Germanic).
} 1871-1945 - 1 country } 1945-1989 - 2 countries, East Germany and West Germany
} Soviets controlled East, though still officially its own country
} 1989 – Berlin Wall falls } 1990 – German Reunification
Who? } Germanic ≠ Germany
} (Germanic tribes inhabited some of present-day Germany) } Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Goths, Franks (+more) pushed west by
Huns + desire for more wealth } vs. Celtic tribes
} Gaul and Britain were populated by the Gauls and the Britons, which were Celtic tribes (vs. Germanic).
Who? } Viking ≠ Visigoth
} Vikings were not Celtic. } From modern Scandinavian countries } Both a Germanic tribe, but would not consider themselves
having anything in common. “Germanic” a term later applied.
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Who? } Country Tribes of people } +Roman takeover/influence of all
} “Barbarian”
} Germanic tribes ≠ Germany } Viking ≠ Visigoth
} “France”
Rome’s view of “Gaul” (term created by the Romans to compartmentalize many groups into one)
Gaul
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Vatigan Vergil, The Death of Laocoon, late 4th, early 5th century CE
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End of Roman Empire } Collapsed in 476 CE } Dislocation and uncertainty } Cities degenerated and became villages
} General population illiterate, impoverished, superstitious } Barbarian and Roman influences combine
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Medieval Era } 5th – 15th century
} MIDDLE between the fall of Rome and the start of the Renaissance
Scriptorium
Historical re-enactment of monks transcribing books from scrolls, Nomad Films Inc.
Letter Styles } Uncials
} Semi-Uncials
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
*approximate spread of the Celtic people, multiple tribes *approximate location of Celtic Britain
Chi-Rho page “XPI autem generatio . . .” Christ’s name in Greek
Book of Kells, c. 800 AD, Chi-Rho page
Book of Kells, c. 800 CE, Chi Rho page Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE
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Book of Kells, Chi Rho page detail, c. 800 CE
4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man
} MARK } Lion
} LUKE } Ox
} JOHN } Eagle
4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man
} MARK } Lion
} LUKE } Ox
} JOHN } Eagle
Book of Durrow,, 680 CE
4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man
} MARK } Lion
} LUKE } Ox
} JOHN } Eagle
Book of Durrow,, 680 CE
4 Evangelists (The Gospels)
} MATTHEW } Man
} MARK } Lion
} LUKE } Ox
} JOHN } Eagle
Design Innovations from Celts } Leaving space between words to enable reader to
separate string of letters into words more quickly } Insular Script
Letter Styles
} Insular Script
Book of Kells, c. 800 CE
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design
Holy Roman Empire Caroline Graphic Renewal
• (present day) Spain
• Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
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Holy Roman Empire } Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans on
Christmas Day 800 CE } All of central Europe under one ruler } Attempted to recapture grandeur and unity of the Roman
Empire in a Germanic and Christian fellowship } Introduced Feudal System
} Landowning noblemen held dictatorial power over peasants who worked in their fields
} An effort to bring order to chaotic medieval society } Fostered revival of learning and the arts
} Aachen
Coronation Gospels, late 8th century CE
REFORM
} Page Layout } Decoration } Paragraph
Structure } Punctuation
} Writing Style
Caroline Miniscule
Letter Styles
} Semi-Uncials
} Caroline Miniscule
Coronation Gospels, late 8th century CE
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
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http://www.visit-medieval-spain.com/timeline.html
+ Celtic tribes that existed in present-day Spain After the Visigoths sacked Rome (378), they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Spain and Portugal, where they founded the Kingdom of the Visigoths.
mid-1400s – invention of printing press, also Protestant Reformation northern Europe mid-1400s – Ottomans take Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey, former capital of Eastern Roman Empire)
The interior side view of the main dome of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey.
Romanesque Period } 1000-1150 AD } CRUSADES Meanwhile, in Christian “Europe”.. } Stronger Feudalism
} Economic prosperity } Relatively stable political conditions
} Monasticism reached its peak } Monasteries established throughout Europe } Great increase in church-building } Rise of priests and monks } Growing crowds of pilgrims
Romanesque Period } 1000-1150 AD
} Pilgrimage routes = exchange of ideas/styles } Universal design characteristics seemed possible
Gothic Period } 1150 to Renaissance of 14th century } Feudalism controlled } Towns and villages into cities } Agriculture began to be replaced by international trade } Money replaced land as primary measure of wealth } Monarchies of France and England each developed } MORE STABILITY } Rise of universities
} Need for books } Literacy on the rise
Douce Apocalypse, c. 1265 CE
Carolingian Influences Linear drawing Willingness to distort figure to meld with overall design
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Ormesby Psalter, early 1300s,
Carolingian Influences Linear drawing Willingness to distort figure to meld with overall design Representation of deep space less important Figures placed against gold leaf or textured backgrounds
Douce Apocalypse, c. 1265
} Textura
} Textura = Blackletter } As a font, this can also be called Old-Fashioned, Old English,
Gothic, etc.
Gutenberg Bible, 1450s, printing press imitating Textura/Blackletter of illuminated manuscripts Calligraphy today Ormesby Psalter, early 1300s,
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods THE BLACK DEATH
Later Illuminated Manuscripts
The Black Death } Bubonic Plague } 25 million people died (1/3 of “Europe’s” population)
in just under 5 years between 1347 and 1352.
} Helped to remove Feudalism } Something resembling a “middle class” emerged
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Plague Doctor
Classical Style •
Medieval Era Celtic Book Design Holy Roman Empire
Caroline Graphic Renewal •
(present day) Spain •
Romanesque & Gothic Periods Later Illuminated Manuscripts
Book of Hours, Duc de Berry (Limbourg Brothers), 1413-16
Book of Hours Visual Organization Abstraction to Realism Illustrations dominated
