Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

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ABSTRACT

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1. INTRODUCTION

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While the initial submission file may be in MS Word or PDF file format, the final papers must be in PDF file for-mat. The fonts must be embedded in the PDF file to ensure your paper is displayed properly (See Appendix).

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When any abbreviations or acronyms are used for the first time, they must be defined. For example, dual-phase lag model (DPL) is widely used in descriptions of microscale heat transfer.

Fig. 1 Basic construction of a typical PEM fuel cell stack

3.4 Tables and Figures

The SI units must be used throughout the paper, including in tables and figures. Insert tables and figures within your document scattered throughout the text for easy reading. Do not place them at the end of the paper. Tables and figures must be numbered consecutively. Table titles and figure captions must be aligned to the left and the font size must be 9 pt. If your figure caption extents more than one line, the second line must be indented by 9.5mm (or 3/8 inch, see caption of Figs. 2 and 3). The figure caption must be brief and not repeat the in -formation in the text.

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Table 1 Surface tensions for different liquids.

Type of liquid Liquid Temperature (°C)

Surface tension (mN/m)

Nonpolar Helium -271 0.26Nitrogen -153 0.20

Hydrogen-bonded (polar)

Ammonia -40 35.4Water 20 72.9

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Metallic Mercury 20 484Silver 1100 878

(a) constant wall heat flux

(b) constant wall temperature

Fig. 2 The effect of temperature jump on heat transfer under different boundary conditions in microchannel.

The figures may either have one part (see Fig. 1) or have multi -ple parts (see Fig. 2). The figure captions must be placed directly be-low the figure. If your figure has multiple parts, include the labels “(a),” “(b),” “(c)” below each part but above the figure caption (see Fig. 2). All figures and tables must be cited in the text. When citing a figure in the text, use the abbreviation “Fig.” except at the beginning of a sentence. However, do not abbreviate “Table.” All figures and ta-bles must be numbered sequentially with relation to other figures and tables. All figures and tables must be mentioned in the text; that fig-ure or table must appear in the nearest available space. Do not leave large empty space below any figure or table.

4. CITATIONS AND LIST OF REFERENCES

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lution on a cold surface. In most existing theoretical works, only the heating of thin films by a single femtosecond pulse was studied (Zhigilei et al., 2004). If the reference has one or two authors, spell out the names of all authors (e.g., Braga and Viskanta, 1990). If the reference has three or more authors, refer to the reference by using the first author’s name plus et al. in italic (e.g., Incropera et al., 2007; Zhigilei et al., 2004). If multiple references need to be cited in one set of parentheses, separate them by a semicolon (;). If the journal being cited uses CID (like all Frontier journals published by Global Digital Central), the CID [054910 in Zhang and Chen (2008)] must be used in lieu of the range of page numbers. All references cited by papers pub-lished by Global Digital Central must be linked to CorssRef by listing the DOI of each reference (if available, see DOI below Braga and Viskanta, 1990 and Zhang and Chen, 2008). For an instruction about CrossRef and DOI, please refer to Appendix B.

For papers presented in a conference or symposium, include the title of the paper, the name of the sponsoring society in full, and the date (Carey and Wemhoff, 2005). Electronic publications, CD-ROM publications and regularly issued, dated electronic journals are per-mitted as references. References to electronic information available only from personal Web sites or commercial, academic, or govern-ment sites where there is no commitment to archiving the information are not allowed in the reference list. Articles from Thermal-Fluids Pe-dia may be cited (Thermal-Fluids Pedia editor, 2010).

The references must be grouped at the end of the paper in alpha -betical order of the last name of the first author in the style below.

Fig. 3 Contours of dimensionless temperature at SteFo=0.08 for melting of tin in square enclosure (Ra=2.5105, Pr =0.02 and Ste=0.01).

5. CONCLUSIONS

Please note the conclusions must be the section that reviews the main points of the paper. Simply duplicating the abstract is not acceptable. Please make sure that no discussion of your results is given in the conclusion section. Brief elaboration on the importance of the work or suggestion of applications and extensions is also appropriate. Refer -ences must not be cited in the conclusions section. Note that the con-clusion section is the last section of the paper to be numbered. The appendix (if present), acknowledgments, and references are sections without numbers.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

You may acknowledge the funding source of your work as well as suggestions and comments from, and discussions with colleagues in this section.

NOMENCLATURE

C heat capacity (J/m3·K)cp specific heat (J/kg·K)h latent heat of phase change (J/kg)k thermal conductivity (W/m·K) M molar mass (kg/kmol) q'' heat flux (W/m2)R reflectivity Rg specific gas constant (J/kg·K)t time (s) T temperature (K) u interfacial velocity (m/s) x coordinate (m) Greek Symbols δ optical penetration depth (m) ε total emissivityρ density (kg/m3)σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m2 ·K4)Superscripts 0 last time stepSubscripts 0 initial conditione electronl lattice∞ ambient environment

REFERENCES

Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., and Lavine, A.S., 2007, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

Braga, S.L., and Viskanta, R., 1990, “Solidification of a Binary Solution on a Cold Isothermal Surface,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 33(4), 745-754. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(90)90172-Q

Carey, V.P. and Wemhoff, A.P., 2005, “Disjoining Pressure Effects in Ultra-Thin Liquid Films in Micropassages – Comparison of Thermodynamic Theory with Predictions of Molecular Dynamics Simulations,” IMECE2005-80234, Proceedings of 2005 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Orlando, FL.

Thermal-Fluids Pedia editor, 2010, “Melting and Solidification,” Thermal-Fluids Pedia, http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e-encyclopedia/index.php/Melting_and_Solidification (accessed April 15, 2010).

Zhang, Y., and Chen, J. K., 2008, “Ultrafast Melting and Resolidification of Gold Particle Irradiated by Pico- to Femtosecond Lasers,” Journal of Applied Physics, 104, 054910. doi:10.1063/1.2975972

Zhigilei, L. V., Ivanov, D. S., Leveugle, E., Sadigh, B., and Bringa, E. M., 2004, "Computer modeling of laser melting and spallation of metal targets," Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5448, SPIE.

APPENDIX A: CONVERTING YOUR FILE TO PDF

In order to dramatically shorten the period between initial submission and the final publication of a peer-reviewed article, we have adopted Adobe’s Portable Document Format (PDF) as the only permissible file format for the accepted paper. While the production of PDF documents is generally a straightforward procedure, precautions must be taken to ensure that your paper will be displayed properly on any computer in the world. Although multiple approaches exist to convert your file to PDF, we strongly recommend using Adobe Acrobat to convert your documents into PDF.

It is imperative to have fonts embedded in the PDF file, i.e., all of the font information used to make your document look the way it does must be is stored in your PDF file. If the fonts are not embed -ded, Acrobat will use substitute fonts that are available on the reader's computer. When this happens, significant differences between your intended output and what the reader observes will occur. This is espe-cially important if your PDF file is created using a computer with special fonts or symbols (e.g., Asian languages) and viewed using a computer without the special fonts. We recommend using Acrobat Distiller, not PDF printer, to generate the PDF file. To use Acrobat Distiller and Microsoft Word to generate a PDF file, the following procedure is recommended:

1. Start MS Word and open your file2. From the Tools menu, choose Options. 3. Click the Save tab and then check the box marked "Embed

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5. From the Adobe PDF menu, choose Convert to Adobe PDF. You will be prompted to enter the filename and directory under which your file will be saved. After the filename and directory is selected, click Save to generate the PDF file.

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APPENDIX B: DOI OF REFERENCES

Global Digital Central is a member of CrossRef, which is a citation linking network that spans millions of resources (including journals, books, conferences, dissertations, datasets, gray literature and other materials), across several centuries. This membership ensures that papers published in all Global Digital Central journals will be accessible and cited by authors of other peer-reviewed journal papers published by hundreds of publishers around the globe. As a member of CrossRef, Global Digital Central will assign DOI to all of its published paper and deposit them in CrossRef to allow other members (publishers) to link to them. The DOI of the reference may be obtained by using the Simple-Text Query Form from CrossRef available at http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/. You may simply paste one or more references into the form (each reference must begin on a new line) and click “Submit” to obtain the DOIs. When you copy the DOI from the results of Simple-Text Query Form from CrossRef, the hyperlink of the DOI is also preserved. Please make sure that the font used in DOI is Times New Roman with font size 9. If you choose to type the DOI from the reference yourself, please make sure a hyperlink is added so that the readers of your paper may click the DOI to see the reference. For example, the

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hyperlink of the DOI 10.1016/0017-9310(90)90172-Q should be http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310%2890%2990172-Q.

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