Articles of Confederation, New Nation, the Constitution, and the War

of 1812 (1776-1817)

Chapters 9-11

APUSH

From Articles to ConstitutionCautious about giving government too

much powerArticles weak:

No power to taxNo control over statesBest thing to come out of Articles? Northwest

Ordinance of 1787=Orderly creation of territories and statesNo slavery north of Ohio RiverSupport for public education

Shay’s Rebellion 1786Shay’s Rebellion (1776-1787) helped illustrate the

need for a stronger federal governmentMA farmers protested unfair economic and political

policiesRevealed resentment backcountry farmers harbored

against the coastal eliteEconomic frustrations of MA farmers losing farms due

to lack of hard currencyGoals:

End to farm foreclosuresEnd to debtor’s prisonRelief from high taxes Increased circulation of paper money

Do not attempt to overthrow MA government!

A New Constitution-What’s InSeries of compromises to balance small and

large states, free and slave states Keys:

James Madison=father of Constitution Separation of powers- 3 branches Congress can declare war Guarantees legal status of slavery Creates electoral college to protect presidency from popular

election (public not smart enough to elect on their own) Way to impeach president Annual state of the union address Way to ratify the Constitution Federalism Bicameral legislature=House & Senate Powers of Congress detailed 3/5ths Compromise=counting slaves for population purposes

VA Plan, NJ Plan & CT Compromise

Different plans reflected the ideological differences of the delegatesNew Jersey Plan called for minor changes and equal

representation for all statesVirginia Plan called for a new government and for

representation based on population Great Compromise addressed these differences and

created a bicameral legislature with one body representing equal representation and the other representing population

What’s OutNOT in the Constitution

2 term limit on PresidentUniversal manhood suffrage- not until

_____________________?Presidential cabinetDirect election of senatorsGuarantees of freedom of speech & press

(added with Bill of Rights)Right to speedy trial (added in BOR)Idea of political parties (framers opposed-

causes self interest, division and against a republican government)

Federalists v. Anti-federalistsFederalist Papers:

Alexander Hamilton & James Madison wrote to support ratification of Constitution

Claimed large republic offered best protection of minority rights

Anti-Federalists:Opposed federalism and feared strong central government

would be tyrannicalSupport from rural areasArgued president would be too powerfulFeared heavy taxes by CongressFeared government would raise a standing armyBelieved states would be overshadowed by fedsArgued individual rights needed to be protected

New Nation 1789-1824Economic policies:Hamilton proposed a National Bank to regulate and

strengthen the economyTwo sides debated the constitutionality of its creation

Strict and loose constructionists argued about enumerated and implied powers = Jefferson vs. Hamilton

Hamilton’s Plan:National bankProtect tariffFind national debtAssume state debt from the warTax liquor to raise $Expand domestic manufacturing

US Two-Party System Emerged

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Leaders Hamilton, Washington, Adams, Jay, Marshall

Jefferson and Madison

Vision Economy based on commerce

Economy based on agriculture

Government Power Strong federal government

Strong state governments

Supporters The wealthy and the NE

Small farmers and the South

Constitutional Interpretation

Loose Strict

National Bank Necessary Only desirable

Foreign Affairs Closest ally was Britain

Closest ally was France

Washington warns about political parties & foreign entanglements @ farewell address

APUSH Test TipWhile GW is first in our hearts, he is less loved

by the writers, with the exception of his farewell address. Questions have appeared regarding Wilson’s opponents to the League of Nations using Washington’s speech to justify their opposition

In the 1930’s isolationists use his speech to justify support of the Neutrality Acts

Washington is mainly ignored on the test while Hamilton is an APUSH superstar! Almost ALL EXAMS have at least one question about Hamilton’s financial plans.

What about the ladies? Republican MotherhoodWomen’s history throughout is a constant on

the AP examImportant names=Abigail Adams, Mercy Otis

Warren1790s—Woman’s role became important

They were the teachers and producers of virtuous male citizens

The hand that rocks the cradle serves to solidify the growth of the republic

Should receive education, but only to help teach young males

Had very little political authority

TJ & The “Revolution of 1800”

Victory of Jefferson & Democratic-Republicans marked end of what has been called the Federalist decade

You say you want a revolution? Revolution because the party in power peacefully gave up power after losing

Keys to Jefferson:Farmers are the model of virtue Cities corrupt influence (bankers, industrialists)No violation of state’s rights should be allowed (se VA & KY Resolutions)Freedom of speech and press essential & has been violated (see Adam’s Alien and Sedition

Acts)Small government better

Federalist party split by 1800, which gave the Democratic-Republicans an advantage in the electionThomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received an equal number of votes in the Electoral College

House of Representatives had to choose a victor—Jefferson

President now had a VP that he didn’t want (again!)12th Amendment allowed electors to vote for a president and vice-president on the same ticket

(1804)This represented America’s first transition of power from one party to another, which

occurred smoothly

Louisiana Purchase 1803Doubled the territory of the US in the

greatest achievement of Jefferson’s first termPurchased from France for $15 millionJefferson violated his allegiance to a strict

interpretation of the Constitution Claimed the power to negotiate treaties with

foreign nations, without Congressional approvalLots of land for more farmers (his crew)

Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory and the West

Largest acquisition of territory-even bigger than Alaska

Marshall CourtStrong Central Government

Chief Justice John MarshallMarbury v. Madison 1803

Judicial reviewActs of Congress can be declared unconstitutional by the SC

Dartmouth College v. Woodwardo Federal tops state legislationo State cannot encroach on a contract

McCulloch v. Maryland SC struck down Maryland law taxing the Baltimore

branch of the National Bank

APUSH Test Tip:Marshall is a favorite. Most exams have a question about Marbury v. Madison & judicial review. Also good to know that Marshall was a proponent of a strong central govt. & an opponent of state’s rights

War of 1812-NEVER a DBQ or FRQ

Causes:British impressments of American sailorsBritish interference with American commerceBritish soldiers had never really left & were

arming & aiding Natives to resist US settlement on frontier

Consequences:Burn down White HouseDemise of Federalist partyIntensifying nationalist feelingspromote industryadvance career of Andrew Jackson