Thought for the week...

The one being carried does not realize how far away the town is.

Nigerian Proverb

Articulation Testing

“I’m” going to show you some pictures and I want you to tell me

what you see…”

Screening vs. Diagnostic Tests

Screening tests are used to determine if the client’s articulatory development is adequate or inadequate.

Diagnostic tests are used to provide a more detailed description of the client’s ability to produce wide range of speech sounds in a variety of syllable positions and phonetic contexts.

Spontaneous and Imitative Responses

Spontaneous responses would answer the question presented on the first slide. A picture would be shown to the client and he would be asked to name the picture.

Imitative responses are produced after the clinician provides the word stimuli and the client is asked to repeat what was said.

Stimulability

Determines if the child can correct error phonemes when provided verbal stimuli at several levels of complexity (isolation, syllable, word, phrase, sentence).

Stimulability data provide an excellent prognostic tool.Prognosis - Judgment of what is expected to

be accomplished

Scoring

Tests may require simple scoring of marking correct or incorrect productions. Further data can be obtained by recording if the error was a substitution, distortion or deletion.

Remember, that phonetics course—use your skills. The more descriptive your scoring the more information you have to use when planning your intervention.

Number and type of errors

Children develop correct articulation by progression through several stages of production—first the sound is omitted, substituted, distorted and then produced correctly (McDonald, 1965).

Listeners most frequently agree on correct or incorrect production but may not agree on the type of error that was made.

Age of Acquisition

Several studies have attempted to determine age of acquisition data. These can be used as a guideline; none of the ages are set in stone and as you will note from reviewing the charts most of the “ages” are ranges.

Articulation/Intelligibility

When reporting articulation the clinician must correlate how the errors impact the client’s intelligibilityEasily intelligibleUnderstandable if the topic is knownWord intelligible now and thenUnintelligible

Defining Speech Disorders(New Slide)

The term speech disorders encompasses both:Articulation problems

Problems with individual soundsMotor productionChild is usually intelligible or older

Use the PAT, Arizona, Fisher Logeman or GFTA

Phonological problemsProblem with a group of soundsChild is usually younger and unintelligible

Use the Assessment of Phonological Processes or the GFTA scored with the Khan Lewis

Phonological Analysis

Types of Phonological AnalysesNatural Process AnalysisAssessment of Phonological ProcessesKhan Lewis (used with the GFTA)

3 Key Concepts of a Phonological AnalysisSystemStructureStability

Phonological Analysis

3 Key Concepts of a Phonological AnalysisSystem

Includes a set or inventory of different sounds produced by the speaker

Sounds are contrastive (the contrasts result in different meanings)

Classified by place, manner and voicing

StructureStability

Phonological Analysis

3 Key Concepts of a Phonological AnalysisSystemStructure

Refers to the rules and organiztion of the sound system

Hey class------Name some initial English Consonants Blends or Clusters

Can these Consonant Blends and Clusters occur in the final position as well?

Stability

3 Key Concepts of a Phonological AnalysisSystemStructureStability

Refers to the predictability of the speaker’s systemic and structural patterns or organization of their sound system

The system and structure in the English language is predictable—

Predict these words (use only consonants):Mas_Mo_ __ pot

Frameworks for Analyzing Speech Sound Disorders

Independent AnalysisLooks at the phonemes the child is saying

INDEPENDENT OF THE ADULT MODELPhonetic Inventory

What sounds can little Billy say?

Relational AnalysisLooks at what the child is saying IN RELATION TO

THE ADULT MODELAll phonological tests are relationalAll artic tests (PAT, GFTA, Arizona are relational)

Types of articulation tests

Single phonemeDiagnosticSpecial purpose

Single phoneme articulation tests

Can test the consonant, consonant blends and vowel production; examplesDevelopmental Articulation TestFisher-Logemann Test of Articulation CompetencePhoto Articulation TestDenver Articulation Screening ExamArizona Articulation Proficiency ScaleThe Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation

Special Purpose Tests

These tests were designed to test for specific problems:Templin-Darley Tests of ArticulationIowa Pressure TestPredictive Screening Test of ArticulationMcDonald Deep Test of Articulation

Articulation Disorders vs. Phonological Disorders

Articulation disorder—implies that the child learned an inappropriate motor response.

Phonological disorder—implies that the child has learned an inappropriate phonological rule.

Phonological process analysis—is a more comprehensive description of the child’s articulation patterns.

Phonological Processes

Final consonant deletion Weak syllable deletion Cluster reduction Stopping Fronting Gliding Voicing processes Frication

Initial consonant deletion

Reduplication Glottal replacement Denasalization Progressive assimilation Regressive assimilation Backing

Tools for Phonological Analysis

Khan-Lewis Phonological AnalysisPhonological Processes AnalysisNatural Process AnalysisAssessment of Phonological ProcessesProcedures for Phonological Analysis of

Children’s Language

Speech Sampling

The benefit of speech sampling (when done correctly) is that it allows the child to produce language in a more natural setting and gives a more accurate view of his speech intelligibility in connected discourse. It allows for the influence of coarticulation on phonemic production.

Be thorough

When completing your articulation test be thorough in your recording of responses. Your ears are an essential tool to being a good clinician, record what you hear not what you think you hear. Ask the client to repeat when you are uncertain about what sound was produced.

Dialectal Differences (new)

Dialects are mutually intelligible forms of a langauge that are associated with a particular region, social class or ethnic groupDialects spoken in the US

African American EnglishAppalachian EnglishOzark EnglishMexican American EnglishCaribbean English

Homework

Write the background portion and articulation portion of an initial diagnostic report.

Let’s Review ( and add!)Articulation assessments - evaluate the correctness of

speech sounds and the client’s intelligibilityArticulation - actions of the organs of speech that

modify the breath stream resulting in speech soundsSeverity - the degree of a disorderIntelligibility - the degree to which speech is understood

by othersconsistency of sound errors has an effect on

intelligibilitynumber and types of errors also has an influence

Coarticulation - the concept that speech sounds are affected by the production of other sounds in a sequence

Phonological processes - a pattern of sound changes that affects a class of sounds or overall structure of words or syllables; simplified sound production; Assessment of Phonological ProcessesKhan Lewis Phonological Analysis

Phonological Awareness - refers to the awareness of and ability to manipulate the phonological segments in words; tasks include - syllabification, rhyming, blending, segmenting; NOT ARTICULATION PROBLEMPhonological Awareness Test