ArticulationsArticulationsAKAAKA

JointsJoints

ArticulationsArticulations

Where two bones Where two bones meet. (Joint)meet. (Joint)

ReviewReview

LigamentsLigaments::Connect bone to boneConnect bone to boneTendonsTendonsConnect muscle to boneConnect muscle to bone

Two ways to CategorizeTwo ways to Categorize

Movement:Movement: Immovable, slightly moveable, freely Immovable, slightly moveable, freely

moveablemoveableTissue Type:Tissue Type:

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, SynovialFibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Types of JointsTypes of Joints

Fibrous:Fibrous: Joint with Joint with

NO NO movement. movement. (sutures in (sutures in cranium)cranium)

Types of JointsTypes of Joints

CartilaginousCartilaginous: : Slightly Slightly moveable moveable joints. joints. (vertebrate)(vertebrate)

Types of JointsTypes of Joints

3. Synovial: 3. Synovial: Freely moveable Freely moveable (synovial joint) (synovial joint) includes a includes a capsule (bursa) capsule (bursa) that releases that releases synovial fluid for synovial fluid for lubrication. lubrication.

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape

Slide 5.52a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.29a–c

1. Ball and Socket1. Ball and Socket

2. Condyloid2. Condyloid

3. Gliding Joint3. Gliding Joint

4. Hinge Joint4. Hinge Joint

5. Pivot Joint5. Pivot Joint

6. Saddle Joint6. Saddle Joint

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape

Slide 5.52b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.29d–f

Arthroscopic SurgeryArthroscopic Surgery

TYPESTYPES

1. 1. HingeHinge: Knee and elbow: Knee and elbow2. 2. Ball and SocketBall and Socket: ‘most : ‘most

moveable’ shoulder, hip.moveable’ shoulder, hip.3. 3. PivotPivot: head, radius, ulna: head, radius, ulna4. 4. GlidingGliding: Carpals: Carpals

Actions:Actions:

Look in your text books Look in your text books starting on page 157 and write starting on page 157 and write a brief explanation of the a brief explanation of the following actions:following actions:

Flexion, Extension, Rotation, Flexion, Extension, Rotation, Abduction, Adduction.Abduction, Adduction.

Hormones:Hormones:

PTHPTHSex HormonesSex HormonesCalcitoninCalcitoninHuman Growth HormoneHuman Growth Hormone

PTHPTH

Released by:Released by:ParathyroidParathyroid

Response:Response:Bones release Bones release

calcium into the calcium into the blood stream.blood stream.

CalcitoninCalcitonin

Released by:Released by:ThyroidThyroid

Response:Response:Inhibits Inhibits

osteoclast osteoclast activityactivity

HGHHGH

Released by:Released by:Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

Response:Response:Increases Calcium Increases Calcium

retention in bones retention in bones and mineralizationand mineralization

Sex HormonesSex Hormones

Estrogen and Testosterone:Estrogen and Testosterone:Secreted by:Secreted by:

Testes, OvariesTestes, Ovaries

Response:Response: Increase bone density and maturation.Increase bone density and maturation.