Artificial Death

8/2/2019 Artificial Death

1/21

4th

march,2012

95-year-old woman climbs out of coffin after

being 'dead' for 2 daysThe writer has posted comments on this articleANI | Mar 4, 2012, 06.13PM IST

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LONDON: AChinese womanwho was thought to have passed away woke up six days after she

had supposedly died.

95-year-old Li Xiufeng was found in bed motionless and not breathing by a neighbour two

weeks after tripping and suffering a head injury at her home in Beiliu, Guangxi Province.

When the neighbour could not wake her up, they feared the worst and thought the elderly womanhad died.

She was placed in a coffin, which was kept in her house unsealed under Chinese tradition forfriendsand relatives to pay respects.

But the day before the funeral, neighbours found an empty coffin, and later discovered that thewoman had woken up, and was in her kitchen cooking.

"She didn't get up, so I came up to wake her up," the Daily Mail quoted the woman's neighbour

Chen Qingwang, 60, as saying.

"No matter how hard I pushed her and called her name, she had no reactions.

"I felt something was wrong, so I tried her breath, and she has gone, but her body is still notcold," he said.

Since Xiufeng lived alone, Qingwang and his son made preparations for her funeral, and the"dead" woman was left in her coffin two days after she was discovered.

The day before she was due to be paid her last respects, Qingwang arrived at her house andfound her "corpse" had disappeared.
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"We were so terrified, and immediately asked the neighbours to come for help," Qingwang said.

Neighbours searched her property before finding the pensioner in her kitchen cooking.

"I slept for a long time. After waking up, I felt so hungry, and wanted to cook something to eat,"she told villagers.

"I pushed the lid for a long time to climb out," she said.

Medics said Xiufeng had suffered an "artificial death", when a person has no breath, but their

body remains warm.

"Thanks to the local tradition of parking the coffin in the house for several days, she could be

saved," a doctor at the hospital said.

June 23rd

2011

Woman dies of heart attack caused by shock

of waking up at her OWN funeral

Started screaming as mourners gathered around coffin

saying prayers for her soul

'Her eyes fluttered but she only lived for another 12

minutes before she died again, this time for good'

ByDaily Mail Reporter

UPDATED: 13:14 GMT, 24 June 2011

Comments (44)

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A woman died from a heart attack caused by shock after waking up to discovershe had been declared dead - and was being prepared for burial.
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As mourning relatives filed past her open coffin the supposedly dead woman

suddenly woke up and started screaming as she realised where she was.

Fagilyu Mukhametzyanov, 49, had been wrongly declared deceased by doctors

but died for real after hearing mourners saying prayers for her soul to be takenup to heaven in Kazan, Russia.

Fagilyu Mukhametzyanov pictured with her husband Fagili. The Russian woman died fromshock after waking up at her own funeral

Devastated husband Fagili Mukhametzyanov, 51, had been told his wife haddied of a heart attack after she'd collapsed at home suffering from chest pains.

Mr Mukhametzyanov said: 'Her eyes fluttered and we immediately rushed her

back to the hospital but she only lived for another 12 minutes in intensive care

before she died again, this time for good.

'I am very angry and want answers. She wasnt dead when they said she was

and they could have saved her.'

Hospital spokesman Minsalih Sahapov said: 'We are carrying out aninvestigation.'


5/21

The body of Mrs Mukhametzyanov lies wrapped in a carpet after she died for the 'second' time ather own funeral in Kazan, Russia

Read more:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2007356/Shocked-woman-dies-funeral-

heart-attack.html#ixzz1qEb5lLrz

21st july,2011

Man Wakes Up In Morgue Fridge AfterBeing Declared Dead

Well, this is absolutely horrifying. Imagine being a worker in a morgue when a corpse comes back to life. That's

when all your training for the zombie apocalypse goes out the window and you simply start screaming like a tiny

child.

Gavon Laessig

BuzzFeed Staff posted about 7 months ago

More from Gavon Laessig
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2007356/Shocked-woman-dies-funeral-heart-attack.html#ixzz1qEb5lLrzhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2007356/Shocked-woman-dies-funeral-heart-attack.html#ixzz1qEb5lLrzhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2007356/Shocked-woman-dies-funeral-heart-attack.html#ixzz1qEb5lLrzhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2007356/Shocked-woman-dies-funeral-heart-attack.html#ixzz1qEb5lLrzhttp://www.buzzfeed.com/gavonhttp://www.buzzfeed.com/gavonhttp://www.buzzfeed.com/gavonhttp://www.buzzfeed.com/gavonhttp://www.buzzfeed.com/gavonhttp://www.buzzfeed.com/gavonhttp://www.buzzfeed.com/gavonhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2007356/Shocked-woman-dies-funeral-heart-attack.html#ixzz1qEb5lLrzhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2007356/Shocked-woman-dies-funeral-heart-attack.html#ixzz1qEb5lLrz


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JOHANNESBURG (AP)A South African man awoke to find himself in a morgue fridgenearly a day afterhis family thought he had died, a health official said Monday. Health department spokesman Sizwe Kupelosaid the man awoke Sunday afternoon, 21 hours after his family called in an undertaker who sent him to the
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morgue after an asthma attack. Morgue owner Ayanda Maqolo said he sent his driver to collect the bodyshortly after the family reported the death. Maqolo said he thought the man was around 80 yearsold.When he got there, the driver examined the body, checked his pulse, looked for a hear tbeat, but therewas nothing, Maqolo told the Associated Press. But a day after staff put the body into a locked refrigeratedcompartment, morgue workers heard someone shouting for help. They thought it was a ghost, the morgueowner said.I couldn't believe it! Maqolo said. I was also scared. But they are my employees and I had toshow them I wasn't scared, so I called the police.After police arrived, the group entered the morgue

together.I was glad they had their firearms, in case something wanted to fight with us, Maqolo said. Hesaid the man was pale when they pulled him out.He asked, 'How did I get here?' Maqolo said. The healthdepartment said the man was then taken to a nearby hospital for observation and later discharged bydoctors who deemed him stable. Kupelo, the health department spokesman, urged South Africans to call onhealth officials to confirm that their relatives are really dead. The man's family was informed that he wasalive during a family meeting convened to make funeral arrangements. They're very happy to have himhome, Maqolo said. But Maqolo said he is still trying to recover from the traumatic experience.I couldn'tsleep last night, I had nightmares, he said. But today I'm much better.

Woman wakes up in morgue

after being pronounced deadLike this article 22

Katerina

ByKaterina Nikolas

Sep 19, 2011 inHealth

Comments

By Katerina Nikolas.

+

Kuwait- A woman who was pronounced dead by doctors during a Caesarean section

delivery awoke in a locked and frozen morgue. Surrounded by corpses she claimed she

could have "perished alive of horror."

A woman whom doctors pronounced dead had to endure the horrendous experience of

waking up in a locked hospital morgue filled with corpses. Her ordeal lasted for two hours

until her screams of panic were heard by a hospital worker who opened the morgues deep

freezer to release her.
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The unnamed Saudi woman was at the Al Jahara Hospital in Kuwait City where she had

spent six days prior to giving birth. According to theArab Times she alleges that during this

period the doctors treated her cruelly. During a cesarean operation to deliver the baby,

doctors were under the mistaken impression the woman had died.

The woman said that as she was rushed into the operating theatre to deliver her baby the

hospital

Phoned my husband and asked him to go quickly to the blood bank and bring blood for

me on his way to the hospital, my husband was told that I died during the operation and

that the baby is in good condition.

Emirates 247 report she went on to recount that her husband was issued with a death

certificate whilst she was in the morgue. As he informed relatives of her death the hospital

contacted him again, asking him to return the death certificate as she was alive. The woman

was traumatised by her ordeal, claiming she could have

Perished alive of horror, cold, lack of food and water

if her screams have not been heard by an Asian worker.

The incident occurred two years ago but a case was filed against the hospital which is said

to be carrying out investigations. However the woman said that no doctors have been

summoned and

The Asian worker who let me out of the morgue has been missing and no longer works at

the hospital. I suspect that they are trying to prevent him from testifying for me,

Emirates 247 reports.

A similar case in South Africa saw a man put on ice in a morgue for 24 hours, when his

family thought he was dead as they couldnt wake him. However, doctors were not called to

pronounce the victim, Mr. Kupelo, dead. When he awoke in the morgue and screamed for

help,Gawker said he recounted that the attendants

ran for their lives.

Read more:http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92
http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/173853/reftab/36/t/Pregnant-Saudi-woman-comes-back-from-dead-to-tell-ordeal/Default.aspxhttp://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/173853/reftab/36/t/Pregnant-Saudi-woman-comes-back-from-dead-to-tell-ordeal/Default.aspxhttp://www.emirates247.com/news/alive-mom-declared-dead-and-locked-in-morgue-2011-09-18-1.418959http://www.emirates247.com/news/alive-mom-declared-dead-and-locked-in-morgue-2011-09-18-1.418959http://www.emirates247.com/news/alive-mom-declared-dead-and-locked-in-morgue-2011-09-18-1.418959http://www.emirates247.com/news/alive-mom-declared-dead-and-locked-in-morgue-2011-09-18-1.418959http://gawker.com/5824648/dead-guy-wakes-up-in-morgue?tag=nightmareshttp://gawker.com/5824648/dead-guy-wakes-up-in-morgue?tag=nightmareshttp://gawker.com/5824648/dead-guy-wakes-up-in-morgue?tag=nightmareshttp://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://gawker.com/5824648/dead-guy-wakes-up-in-morgue?tag=nightmareshttp://www.emirates247.com/news/alive-mom-declared-dead-and-locked-in-morgue-2011-09-18-1.418959http://www.emirates247.com/news/alive-mom-declared-dead-and-locked-in-morgue-2011-09-18-1.418959http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/173853/reftab/36/t/Pregnant-Saudi-woman-comes-back-from-dead-to-tell-ordeal/Default.aspx


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26th

march,2012-03-26

French cancer patient wakes up 14 hours

after being pronounced deadA French woman pronounced "very certainly clinically dead" confounded

doctors by waking up 14 hours later and declaring "I had a wonderful sleep".

Bordeaux Nord Polyclinic where Mrs Paillard suddenly woke up

By Henry Samuel in Paris

9:00PM BST 20 Oct 2010

Staff were so convinced that Lydia Paillard, 60, had passed away they asked her family if they

could switch her life support machine off. Then she suddenly woke up.

Mrs Paillard had walked into a clinic in Bordeaux, southwestern France, on Monday for a

chemotherapy session but after being put on a drip and taking pills, she went blue, fell into a

coma and was pronounced "dead".

"We were told that she had passed away, that ... she wouldn't come back," said SbastienPaillard, one of her three sons at their mother's bedside.

Despite the doctors' assurances, the sons could not bring themselves to switch off respiratorysupport and she was transferred to another wing of the hospital.
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That afternoon, staff in the new clinic said they had noticed encouraging signs of brain activity.

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21 Oct 2010

'Dead' woman comes back to life

19 Feb 2010

Finally, some 14 hours after she had officially died, Mrs Paillard suddenly woke up. Turning toher incredulous son, Sbastien, she said: "Ah, I feel so good, I had a wonderful sleep."

"To think we were about to give permission to kill our mother," Mr Paillard told France's Sud

Ouest newspaper, adding that until now his family had full confidence in hospital staff.

"It's a sort of miracle," said Yves Nol, the head of the Bordeaux Nord Polyclinic. "It's unheard

of."

"One of the doctors who examined the patient has 25 years experience in casualty and identified

all the signs of clinical death. Both doctors (who examined her) conferred with their colleagues,"

he said.

One possible explanation, he added, was that Mrs Paillard may have had an epileptic fit and

passed out, leading to the "appearance of death".

The family is considering legal action against the hospital.

Mrs Paillard said: "I was totally unaware what had happened but I think my sons are the ones

most in shock."

Romulus and Remus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to:navigation,search

Romulus and Remus both redirect here.

For other meanings, seeRomulus (disambiguation)andRemus (disambiguation).
http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://digitaljournal.com/article/311676#ixzz1qEcmcM92http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8077543/Lady-Gaga-cancels-concerts-amid-French-protest-chaos.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8077543/Lady-Gaga-cancels-concerts-amid-French-protest-chaos.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/weirdnewsvideo/7267804/Dead-woman-comes-back-to-life.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/weirdnewsvideo/7267804/Dead-woman-comes-back-to-life.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#mw-headhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newsvideo/weirdnewsvideo/7267804/Dead-woman-comes-back-to-life.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8077543/Lady-Gaga-cancels-concerts-amid-French-protest-chaos.html


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Capitoline Wolf. Traditional scholarship says the wolf-figure is Etruscan, 5th century BC, with figures of

Romulus and Remus added in the 15th century byAntonio Pollaiuolo. Recent studies suggest that the

wolf may be a medieval sculpture dating from the 13th century.[1]

Romulus and Remus areRome's twin founders in its traditionalfoundation myth, although theformer is sometimes said to be the sole founder. Their maternal grandfather was Numitor,

rightful king ofAlba Longa, a descendant of theTrojanprinceAeneas, and father toRhea Silvia

(also known as Ilia). Before their conception, Numitor's brotherAmuliusdeposed his brother,killed his sons and forced Rhea to become aVestal Virgin, intending to deprive Numitor of

lawful heirs and thus secure his own position; but Rhea conceived Romulus and Remus by either

the godMarsor the demi-godHercules. When the twins were born, Amuliusleft them to diebutthey were saved by a series of miraculous interventions. A she-wolf (lupa) found them and

suckledthem. A shepherd and his wife thenfosteredthem and raised them to manhood as

shepherds. The twins proved to be natural leaders and acquired many followers. When told their

true identities, they killed Amulius, restored Numitor to the throne of Alba Longa and decided to

found a new city for themselves.

Romulus wished to build the new city on thePalatine Hillbut Remus preferred theAventineHill.[2]They agreed to determine the site throughaugury. Romulus appeared to receive the more

favorable signs but each claimed the results in his favor. In the disputes that followed, Remus

was killed.[3]

Ovidhas Romulus invent the festival ofLemuriato appease Remus' resentfulghost.[4]Romulus names the new cityRomeafter himself and goes on to create theRoman

Legionsand theRoman Senate. Rome's population is swelled by incomers, including landless

refugees and outlaws; most are men. Romulus arranges the abduction of women from theneighboringSabinetribes, which immediately leads to war but eventually results in the

combination of Sabines and Romans as one Roman people. Rome rapidly expands to become a

dominant force in central Italy, due to divine favour and the inspired administrative, military and

political leadership of Romulus. In later life Romulus becomes increasingly autocratic,disappears in mysterious circumstances and is deified as the godQuirinus, the divine persona of

the Roman people.

The image of the she-wolf suckling the divinely fathered twins became an iconic representation

of the city and its founding legend, making Romulus and Remus preeminent among theferal

children of ancient mythography. The legend as a whole encapsulates Rome's ideas of itself, its
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a.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide#Greece_and_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestal_Virginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Silviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Longahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pollaiuolohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf


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origins and moral values; for modern scholarship, it remains one of the most complex and

problematic of all foundation myths, particularly in the matter and manner of Remus' death.Ancient historians had no doubt that Romulus gave his name to the city. Most modern historians

believe his name aback-formationfrom the name Rome; the basis for Remus' name and role

remain subjects of ancient and modern speculation. The myth was fully developed into

something like an "official", chronological version in the Late Republican and early Imperial era.Roman historians dated the city's foundation from 758 to 728 BC.Plutarchsays Romulus was

fifty-three at his death; his reckoning gives the twins' birth year as c. 771 BC. Possible historical

bases for the broad mythological narrative remain unclear and disputed; very few modernscholars believe in the historicity of Romulus and Remus.[5]

Contents

[hide]

1 The legend

o 1.1 Stories of ancestry and parentage 2 The Founding of Rome

o 2.1 The death of Remus

3 The city of Rome

o 3.1 War with the Sabines

o 3.2 Organization and growth

o 3.3 The death of Romulus

4 Romulus-Quirinus

5 Iconography

6 Alleged dates

7 In popular culture

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References and further reading

11 External links

[edit] The legend

Modern scholarship approaches the various known stories of Romulus and Remus as cumulative

elaborations and later interpretations of Romanfoundation-myth. Particular versions andcollations were presented by Roman historians as authoritative, an official history trimmed of

contradictions and untidy variants to justify contemporary developments, genealogies and

actions in relation toRoman morality. Other narratives appear to represent popular or folkloric

tradition; some of these remain inscrutable in purpose and meaning. Wiseman sums the whole asthemythographyof an unusually problematic foundation and early history.[6][7]Cornell and

others describe particular elements of the mythos as "shameful".[8]

The earliest knownhistory of Romeis attributed toDiocles of Peparethus, whose work was

acknowledged as a reliable source by the patrician senatorQuintus Fabius Pictor. Fabius wrote
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uirinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#The_death_of_Romulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#Organization_and_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#War_with_the_Sabineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#The_city_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#The_death_of_Remushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#The_Founding_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#Stories_of_ancestry_and_parentagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#The_legendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-formation


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Altar fromOstiashowing the discovery of Romulus and Remus (now at thePalazzo Massimo alle Terme).

Theriver deityTiberinusmakes the basket catch in the roots of a fig tree that grows in theVelabrumswamp at the base of thePalatine Hill. The twins are found and suckled by ashe-wolf

(Lupa) and fed by a woodpecker (Picus). A shepherd of Amulius namedFaustulusdiscovers

them and takes them to his hut, where he and his wifeAcca Larentiaraise them as their ownchildren.

Faustulus (to the right of picture) discovers Romulus and Remus with the she-wolf and woodpecker.

Their mother Rhea Silvia and the river-god Tiberinus witness the moment. Painting byPeter Paul

Rubens, c. 1616 (Capitoline Museums).

In another variant,HerculesimpregnatesAcca Larentiaand marries her off to the shepherdFaustulus. She has twelve sons; when one of them dies, Romulus takes his place to found the

priestly college of Arval brothersFratres Arvales. Acca Larentia is therefore identified with the

Arval goddessDea Dia, who is served by the Arvals. In later Republican religious tradition, a

Quirinal priest (flamen) impersonated Romulus (by then deified asQuirinus) to perform funeraryrites for his foster mother (identified as Dia).
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Another and probably late tradition has Acca Larentia as a sacred prostitute (one of many Roman

slangs for prostitute was lupa (she-wolf).[18][19]

Yet another tradition relates that Romulus and Remus are nursed by the Wolf-Goddess Lupa or

Luperca in her cave-lair (lupercal). Luperca was given cult for her protection of sheep from

wolves and her spouse was the Wolf-and-Shepherd-GodLupercus, who brought fertility to theflocks. She has been identified with Acca Larentia.

[edit] The Founding of Rome

Main article:Founding of Rome

In all versions of the founding myth, the twins grew up as shepherds. They came into conflict

with the shepherds ofAmulius, leading to battles in which Remus was captured and taken toAmulius, under the accusation of being a thief. Their identity was discovered. Romulus raised a

band of shepherds to liberate his brother; Amulius was killed and Romulus and Remus were

conjointly offered the crown. They refused it while their grandfather lived, and refused to live in

the city as his subjects. They restoredNumitoras king, paid due honours to their motherRheaand left to found their own city, accompanied by a motley band of fugitives, runaway slaves, and

any who want a second chance in a new city with new rulers.

The brothers argued over the best site for the new city. Romulus favoured thePalatine Hill;

Remus wanted theAventine Hill. They agreed to select the site by divineaugury, took up

position on their respective hills and prepared a sacred space; signs were sent to each in the formof vultures, or eagles. Remus saw six; Romulus saw twelve, and claimed superioraugury

(foresight) as the basis of his right to decide.

Remus made a counterclaim: he saw his six vultures first. Romulus set to work with his

supporters, digging a trench (or building a wall, according to Dionysius) around the Palatine todefine his city boundary. Remus criticized some parts of the work and obstructed others. At last,Remus leaped across the boundary, as an insult to the city's defenses and their creator. For this,

he was killed. The Romanab urbe conditabegins from the founding of the city, and places that

date as 21 April 753 BC.[20]

[edit] The death of Remus

Livy gives two versions of Remus' death. In the one "more generally received", Remus criticises

and belittles the new wall, and in a final insult to the new city and its founder alike, he leaps over

it. Romulus kills him, saying "So perish every one that shall hereafter leap over my wall". In the

other version, Remus is simply stated as dead; no murder is alleged. Two other, lesser knownaccounts have Remus killed by a blow to the head with a spade, wielded either by Romulus'commanderFabius(according to St. Jerome's version) or by a man namedCeler. Romulus buries

Remus with honour and regret.[21]
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[edit] The city of Rome

Romulus completes his city and names itRomaafter himself. Then he divides his fighting meninto regiments of 3000 infantry and 300 cavalry, which he calls "legions". From the rest of the

populace he selects 100 of the most noble and wealthy fathers to serve as his council. He calls

these menPatricians: they are fathers of Rome, not only because they care for their ownlegitimate citizen-sons but because they have a fatherly care for Rome and all its people. They

are also its elders, and are therefore known asSenators. Romulus thereby inaugurates a system of

government and social hierarchy based on thepatron-client relationship.

Rome draws exiles, refugees, the dispossessed, criminals and runaway slaves. The city expands

its boundaries to accommodate them; five of theseven hills of Romeare settled: theCapitoline

Hill, theAventine Hill, theCaelian Hill, theQuirinal Hill, and thePalatine Hill. As most of theseimmigrants are men, Rome finds itself with a shortage of marriageable women.

At the suggestion of his grandfather Numitor, Romulus holds a solemn festival in honor of

Neptune(according to another tradition the festival was held in honor of the God Consus) andinvites the neighboringSabinesand Latins to attend; they arrive en masse, along with their

daughters. The Sabine and Latin women who happen to be virgins 683 according to Livyarekidnapped and brought back to Rome where they are forced to marry Roman men.

[edit] War with theSabines

The Sabine and Latin men demand the return of their daughters. The inhabitants of three Latin

towns (Caenina,AntemnaeandCrustumerium) take up arms one after the other and are soundlydefeated by Romulus. Romulus kills Acron, the king of Caenina, with his own hand and

celebrates the first Roman triumph shortly after. Romulus is magnanimous in victorymost of

the conquered land is divided among Rome's citizens but none of the defeated are enslaved.

The Sabine kingTitus Tatiusmarches on Rome to assault itsCapitolinecitadel. The citadel

commander's daughterTarpeiaopens the gates for them, in return for "what they wear on their

left arms". She expects their golden bracelets. Once inside, the Sabines crush her to death under apile of their shields.
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Romulus, Victor over Acron, hauls the rich booty to the temple of Jupiter, byJean Auguste Dominique

Ingres

The Sabines leave the citadel to meet the Romans in open battle in the space later known as thecomitium. The outcome hangs in the balance; the Romans retreat to the Palatine Hill, where

Romulus calls onJupiterfor helptraditionally at the place where atemple to Jupiter Stator("the stayer") was built. The Romans drive the Sabines back to the point where the Curia Hostilialater stands.

The Sabine Women, byJacques-Louis David

The Sabine women themselves now intervene to beg for unity between Sabines and Romans. Atruce is made, then peace. The Romans base themselves on the Palatine and the Sabines on the

Quirinal, with Romulus and Tatius as joint kings and the Comitium as the common centre ofgovernment and culture. 100 Sabine elders and clan leaders join the Patrician Senate. The

Sabines adopt the Roman calendar, and the Romans adopt the armour and oblong shield of the

Sabines. The legions are doubled in size.

[edit] Organization and growth

Romulus and Tatius rule jointly for five years and subdue the Alban colony of the Camerini.

Then Tatius shelters some allies who have illegally plundered the Lavinians, and murders

ambassadors sent to seek justice. Romulus and the Senate decide that Tatius should go toLavinium to offer sacrifice and appeased his offence. At Lavinium, Tatius is assassinated andRomulus becomes sole king.

As king, Romulus holds authority over Rome's armies and judiciary. He organises Rome'sadministration according to tribe; one ofLatins(Ramnes), one of Sabines (Titites), and one ofLuceres.

[22]Each elects a tribune to represented their civil, religious, and military interests. The

tribunes are magistrates of their tribes, perform sacrifices on their behalf, and command theirtribal levies in times of war.
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Livy repeats more or less the same story, but shifts the initiative for deification to the people of

Rome:

Then a few voices began to proclaim Romulus's divinity; the cry was taken up, and at last every

man present hailed him as a god and son of a god, and prayed to him to be forever gracious and

to protect his children. However, even on this great occasion there were, I believe, a fewdissenters who secretly maintained that the king had been torn to pieces by the senators. At all

events the story got about, though in veiled terms; but it was not important, as awe, andadmiration for Romulus's greatness, set the seal upon the other version of his end, which was,

moreover, given further credit by the timely action of a certain Julius Proculus, a man, we are

told, honored for his wise counsel on weighty matters. The loss of the king had left the people inan uneasy mood and suspicious of the senators, and Proculus, aware of the prevalent temper,

conceived the shrewd idea of addressing the Assembly. 'Romulus', he declared, 'the father of our

city descended from heaven at dawn this morning and appeared to me. In awe and reverence I

stood before him, praying for permission to look upon his face without sin. Go, he said, and tell

the Romans that by heaven's will myRome shall be capital of the world. Let them learn to be

soldiers. Let them know, and teach their children, that no power on earth can stand againstRoman arms. Having spoken these words, he was taken up again into the sky"[25]

Livy infers Romulus' murder as no more than a dim, doubtful and whisper from the past; in the

circumstances, Proculus' declaration is wise and practical because it has the desired effect.Cicero's seeming familiarity with the story of Romulus' murder and divinity must have been

shared by his target audience and readership.[26]Dio's version, though fragmentary, is

unequivocal; Romulus is surrounded by hostile, resentful senators and "rent limb from limb" in

the senate-house itself. An eclipse and sudden storm, "the same sort of phenomenon that hadattended his birth", conceal the deed from the soldiers and the people, who are anxiously seeking

their king. Proculus fakes a personal vision of Romulus' spontaneous ascent to heaven as

Quirinus and announces the message of Romulus-Quirinus; a new king must be chosen at once.A dispute arises: should this king be Sabine or Roman? The debate goes on for a year. During

this time, the most distinguished senators rule for five days at a times asinterreges.[27]

[edit] Romulus-Quirinus

Ennius(fl. 180s BC) refers to Romulus as a divinity without reference to Quirinus, whomRoman mythographers identified as an originally Sabine war-deity, and thus to be identified withRomanMars.Luciliuslists Quirinus and Romulus as separate deities, andVarroaccords them

different temples. Images of Quirinus showed him as a bearded warrior wielding a spear as a god

of war, the embodiment of Roman strength and a deified likeness of the city of Rome. He had a

Flamen Maiorcalled theFlamen Quirinalis, who oversaw his worship and rituals in theordainment of Roman religion attributed to Romulus' royal successor,Numa Pompilius. There is

however no evidence for the conflated Romulus-Quirinus before the first century BC.[28][29]

Ovidin Book 14, lines 812-828, of theMetamorphosesgives a description of the deification of

Romulus and his wifeHersilia, who are given the new names of Quirinus and Hora respectively.

Mars, the father of Romulus, is given permission byJupiterto bring his son up to Olympus tolive with theOlympians. Ovid uses the words of Ennius as a direct quote and puts them into the
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mouth of the King of the Gods, "There shall be one whom you shall raise to the blue vault of

heaven". Ovid then uses a simile to describe the change that Romulus undertakes as he ascendsto live with the Olympians, "as leaden balls from a broad sling melt in mid sky: Finer his features

now and worthier of heavens high-raised couch, his lineaments those of Quirinus in his robe of

state.

[edit] Iconography

Romulus and Remus. Silverdidrachm(6.44 g). Ca 269266 BC

Ancient pictures of the Roman twins usually follow certainsymbolictraditions, depending on thelegend they follow: they either show a shepherd, the she-wolf, the twins under a fig tree, and oneor two birds (Livy,Plutarch); or they depict two shepherds, the she-wolf, the twins in a cave,

seldom a fig tree, and never any birds (Dionysius of Halicarnassus).

Also there are coins withLupa and the tiny twins placed beneath her.

TheFranks Casket, an Anglo-Saxon hoard-box (early seventh century) shows Romulus and

Remus in an unusual setting, two wolves instead of one, a grove instead of one tree or a cave,

four kneeling warriors instead of one or two gesticulating shepherds. As therunicinscription("far from home") indicates, the twins are cited here as the Dioscuri, helpers at voyages such as

Castor and Polydeuces. Their descent from the Roman god of war predestines them as helpers on

the way to war. The carver transferred them into the Germanic holy grove and hasWodens

second wolf join them. Thus the picture servedalong with five other onesto influence

"wyrd", the fortune and fate of a warrior king.

[edit] Alleged dates

Plutarch says that Romulus was 54 ("in the fifty-fourth year of his age") at his death (Plutarch

says that he vanished) in 717 BC.[30]

If true, then Romulus and Remus would have been born in

the year 771 BC, and have begun the founding of Rome at the age of 18 .[31]
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[edit] In popular culture

Romolo e Remo: a 1961 film starringSteve ReevesandGordon Scottas the two brothers.

The Rape of the Sabine Women: a 1962 film starringWolf Ruvinskisas Romulus.

In theStar Trekuniverse, Romulus and Remus are neighbouringplanetswith Remus beingtidally

lockedto the star. Romulus is the capital of theRomulan Star Empire, which is loosely based ontheRoman Empire.

Remus Lupin, a werewolf in theHarry Potterseries, a Professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts

atHogwartsin Harry's 3rd Year, and a member of theOrder of the Phoenix, is named after one

of the brothers. As a nod to the myth, during the forbidden radio broadcast Potterwatch, he

codenames himself "Romulus".

Metal Band Ex Deo's hit single Romulus featured on their album. The band is recognized as an

Epic Metal band with lyrics about Ancient Rome and mythology.

Romolo is the mascot of Football club AS Roma, he is a grey wolf, clearly named after Romulus.

Romulus and Remus are the names of the two protagonists inUndead Knights. Romulus is

portrayed as a demonic knight and his brother is portrayed as a wisecracking, foul mouthed

swordsman. Both brothers are shown to have died during a slaughter ordered by King Gradis

and return as a demonic necromancers.

Romulus and Remus are the names of the main characters of the 1989 film,Brotherhood of the

Rose.

The novel Founding Fathers byAlfred Duggandescribes the founding and first decades of Rome

from the points of view of one of Romulus's Latin followers, a Sabine who settles in Rome as

part of the peace agreement with Tatius, an Etruscan fugitive who is accepted into the tribe of

Luceres after his own city is destroyed, and a Greek seeking purification from blood-guilt who

comes to the city in the last years of Romulus' reign. The first three of these become senators.

Romulus is portrayed as a gifted leader though a remarkably unpleasant person, chiefly

distinguished by his luck; the story of his surreptitious murder by the senators is adopted, but

although the story of his deification is fabricated, his murderers themselves think he may indeed

have become a god. The novel begins with the founding of the city and the killing of Remus, andends with the accession of Numa Pompilius.

In the 2010 GameAssassin's Creed Brotherhood, a group described byNiccolo Machiavellias a

band of false pagans are the Followers of Romulus or Secta Luporium (Sect of wolves). They

have an alliance with theThe Borgiaand drive people into the arms of the Church by terrifying

the citizens ofRome
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