Artificial Human Organ : It’s Design and Control

By:Nurizzati Hamdan

Siti Farihan MansorErmalizal Ahmad Zuhdi

Today’s presentation will discuss about…

1.A Brief History : Origins of Artificial Organs

2.Design and Control : How it works.

3.Lesson learned : On Benefits and Challenges

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL ORGANS?

A Brief History

19th Century 20th Century

1885 --- M. von Frey and M. Gruber (Leipzig) build and use the first artificial heart-lung apparatus for organ perfusion studies.

1861 --- J. E. Hanger founded a company to manufacture prosthetic legs post the Civil War

1925 --- G. Haas (Germany) performs first clinical hemodialysis of 5 patients, using a modification of the Hopkins artificial kidney

1982 --- W. DeVries (Salt Lake City) implants the pneumatic Jarvik-7 developed by W. Kolff and coworkers at the University of Utah as a permanent cardiac replacement into patient Barney Clark who survives 112 days with the device.

2004 --- Ex-Marine Claudia Mitchell, the first human trial of a bionic arm, developed at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago

2000 onwards

Reflecting on History

The Purpose:Restoration of specific function of an organ

The General idea:Devices that are integrated into the human body

The Reason:1. Imminent death prevention

2. Lifestyle improvement

ARTIFICIAL ARM : DESIGN AND CONTROL

Design

Battery (Power Supply)

Computer

Electrodes (sensor)

How is this possible?

Rerouting nerves through surgery called "targeted muscle reinnervation."

– The human arm is connected to the central nervous system by four main nerves, which between them, control all joint movements and positioning.

– Surgeons basically dissect the shoulder to access the nerve endings that control the movements of arm joints like the elbow, wrist and hand.

– In the case of the RIC's "bionic arm," surgeons attach the nerve endings to a set of chest muscles

– Sensory reinnervation” also takes place following the targeted reinnervation procedure; the patient feels touch to the reinnervated skin as being applied to their missing limb

Control: How it works1. The motor cortex sends out signals for the arm and hand through nerve passageways as it always did; but instead of those signals ending up at the shoulder, they end up at the chest.

3.Each electrode controls one of the six motors that move the prosthetic arm's joints.

2. To use those signals to control the bionic arm, the electrodes are placed on the surface of the chest muscles.

4. The electrical signal is processed by the computer and perform the desired movement

Application

Ex-Marine Claudia Mitchell, the first human trial of a bionic arm

A person wearing the bionic arm can move all six motors simultaneously, resulting in a pretty natural range of motions for the prosthesis.

ARTIFICIAL LEG : DESIGN AND CONTROL

• Computerized prosthetic legs, in which motion and force sensors.

• A microcontroller embedded in the prosthesis form a close loop control and allow the user to produce natural gait patterns.

INTRODUCTION

Design Part 1

• Custom fitted socket• Internal structure(pylon)• Knee cuffs• Belts• Socks• Realistic looking skin

TYPES OF MATERIALS

• Polyproplene- socket• Lightweight metals(titanium&aluminium)-pylon• Wood(maple)- certain parts of limb• Wool- socks

Design part2

• It's fitted to the stump through a socket which fits snugly over it like a thimble on a thumb. The socket is custom-made of fibre-glass or plastic. It's held on either by suction or some mechanical attachment with belts or straps.

• Expose the femur, the bone in the stump, to prepare it for the installation of a titanium implant which is like a bolt that's inserted into the cavity of the bone. That's the first stage for the surgical procedure.

• In the second stage surgery, we reveal the end of the femur, expose the head of the implant and connect to that another titanium component, called an abutment, which then comes through the tissue, out of the end of the patient's stump. The limb is then attached to that component via an allen key.

HOW IT IS MANUFACTURED

• Measuring and casting• Making the socket• Fabrication of the prosthesis• Physical theraphy• Quality control• The future

CONTROL

APPLICATION

BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

BENEFITS• The apparatus is readily

available• A big help in vital organ

recovery• Increasing the life span of

patients• Huge improvement in

patients’ lifestyle

CHALLENGES

• Movements or function still can’t mimic the natural human function

• Device failure• There is no “one size fit for

all” device.

In today’s presentation, we have talked about…1.A Brief History : Origins of Artificial

Organs

2.Design and Control : How it works.

3.Lesson learned : On Benefits and Challenges

More importantly:

This field is expanding vastly and continuous improvement is made every day.

The human organ is a precious gift from the Creator, and until today, no man made replacement has matched the natural organ that we are born with.

Thank you for listening.

Q & A