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Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligence
Partially successful due to obstacles encountered
Programs can not function intelligently outside the context for which they were designed
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Defining Intelligence No clear consensus on what intelligence really is
Intelligence comprises some or all of the following: Learn and retain the learned knowledge Reason on the basis of this knowledge Adapt to knew circumstances Plan (develop strategies) Communicate Recognize patterns
Compared to the human brain computers accept smaller amounts of input and poorly recognize patterns, but calculate and output faster than humans
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
The Turing Test
British computer scientist Alan Turing propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a group of unbiased judges can not tell the difference between computer generated and human output
Many believe test is too simplistic
Programmers have created programs to trick the judges
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Brute Force
Using the computer’s calculating capabilities to simulate human intelligence
Computers calculate all possible options and choose the best one
Used in chess playing programs
IBM’s Deep Blue program defeated Russian chess master Garry Kasparov
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Achievements
PEGASUS, a spoken language interface, enables people to obtain flight information and book reservations through a telephone conversation with the computer
A video monitoring computer drove a car from Washington, DC to San Diego,CA
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Natural Language
Natural language is the speech people use everyday
Computers are not good at understanding and acting on what they hear
Natural language interfaces are basically word matching programs
Problems with ambiguity of human language
Speech recognition programs translate speech into text
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Machine Translation
Machine translation is using computers to translate foreign text automatically
Problems with resolving ambiguities
One program can translate 300,000 words per hour but results contain many errors
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Expert Systems
Expert systems formulate the knowledge of human experts according to if-then rules
Eliciting the rules from human experts is called knowledge representation
Knowledge base is a database of represented knowledge
The program checks its knowledge base and comes to a conclusion based on the information supplied
Used in grammar checking and e-mail anti-spam programs
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Intelligent Agents
Agents are automatic programs that help the user
They communicate with the user, understand their needs, and offer assistance
Microsoft’s Office Assistant is an example
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Pattern Recognition
Using a digital camera, pattern recognition software process what they are seeing and draw connections between the patterns they perceive and patterns stored in a database
Used in building security to recognize suspicious movement
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic makes it possible to express a proposition with varying degrees of confidence about its truthfulness
Helps make artificial intelligence software work better by automating forms of reasoning that people use
Video cameras that adjust to jiggling is an example
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Robots
A robot is a computer-based device programmed to perform motions that can accomplish useful tasks
Robots are performing tasks such as assembly, welding, material handling, and material transport in industry
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Strong Artificial intelligence
Intelligent computers need to have the everyday knowledge that people have
CYC
Computer scientist Douglas B. Lenat is programming a computer with basic facts about the world
Goal is to create a computer that knows as much as a 12 year old
Project is known as CYC
COG
MIT professor Rodney A. Brooks believes intelligence is a set of behaviors acquired as organisms interact with their environment
Created insect-like robots that crawled across fields
COG is a humanoid robot
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Neural Networks Neural networks are computers that mimic the human brain
Composed of thousands of processors that are interconnected like neurons in the brain
Neural nets aren’t programmed, they are trained
They learn by trial and error
They are good at recognizing patterns, dealing with complexity and learning from experience
Neural nets are comparing signatures, monitoring aircraft engines and predicting stock market trends
Artificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?
Genetic Algorithms
Genetic algorithms involve creating artificial intelligence by creating laboratory conditions in which the most intelligent programs survive.
Based on the evolutionary theories of biology that organisms try to survive
Algorithms are placed in a computer environment and are allowed to mutate, one algorithm emerges as the best at tackling the problem
The
End
Case Study on AI:
The spacecraft that landed on Mars in the 70’s was not designed for travel on the planet’s surface, so they sat immobile, gathering data from their immediate surroundings. A better way to explore Mars is to send people there. They could drive over the surface, make surveys, make quick decisions on where to explore and adapt to any changes in the plan. Humans, however, cost a great deal to transport to outer space. Astronauts need a lot of facilities not only for survival but also for comfort since a trip to Mars takes several years. The ship will also be heavier and more complex since it must be able to return the crew back to Earth. Propose a solution to this problem.