Artificial Intelligence

By: Ian, Chelsea, Doug, & Grace

Artificial intelligence (AI) - is a branch of computer science and

engineering that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines

History Of Artificial Intelligence

1950s

• The 1950s were a period of active efforts in AI

• Alan Turing introduced the "Turing test”

• The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I

1960s-1970s

• Joel Moses demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems

• Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler published "A Pattern Recognition Program That Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts Its Own Operators" in 1963

1980s

• Neutral networks became widely used due to the backpropagation algorithm

• The team of Ernst Dickmanns built the first robot cars, driving up to 55 mph on empty streets

• Marked major achievements in many areas of AI and demonstrations of various applications

1990s & Turn of the Century

• During the 1990s and 2000s AI has become very influenced by probability theory and statistics

• After the September 11, 2001 attacks there has been much renewed interest and funding for threat-detection AI systems, including machine vision research and data-mining

DARPA Grand Challenge

• DARPA is a challenge for driverless cars

• The cars have no communication with humans

• In 2005 the winning vehicles completed all 132 miles of the course in just under 7 hours

A Few Basic Rules

• Must follow California driving laws

• Vehicles must follow a specific rout following specific check points

• Vehicles must drive though fog and rain even if GPS is blocked

Schools Of Thought

1. Conventional A.I.

2. Computational Intelligence

Conventional A.I. - a.k.a. symbolic A.I., logical A.I., neat A.I., and Good Old Fashioned A.I.(GOFAI)

Machine Learning Methods

Expert systems

• a computer program that contains some subject-specific knowledge of one or more human experts.

• helps users solve problems and draw conclusions reasonably.

Machine learning methods

Nuetral Networks

• systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities

• a.k.a. ANN (artificial neural network)

• an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal info that flows through the network.

Fuzzy Control System

• based on fuzzy logic (concepts that cannot be expressed as true or false but as partially true

A.I. In Fiction• Strong A.I. is used most often for

entertainment purposes• Usually portrayed as an upcoming power

trying to overthrow human authority• Trying to cause abrupt and dramatic changes• A few A.I. writers are: Vernor Vinge, Ray

Kurzweil, and Frank Herbert• Author Vernor Vinge states, “…technology

will reach a point beyond which we cannot even speculate about the consequences.”

Case-based Reasoning

• the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems

Bayesian Network

• a.k.a. Bayesian belief network or belief network

Behavior Based A.I.

• Made famous by Rodney Brooks

• A procedure for developing A.I. off of another module of intelligence

Computational Intelligence - repetitive development/learning that relays on evidence /consequences observable by the senses

Schools of Thought

• Conventional Artifical Intelligence– Machine Learning

– Formalism– Statistical Analysis

• Expert Systems• Case Based Reasoning• Bayesian Networks• Behavior

Schools of Thought cont.

• Computational Intelligence– Neural Networkes– Fuzzy Systems– Evolutionary Computation

Artifical Intelligence In Fiction

• Books– A Space Odyssey– The Moon is a Harsh Mistress

• Movies– The Matrix– Bicentennial Man– I, Robot

• Video Games– Halo