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BY :
Nikita Vyas (12069)Surabhi Raj Singh (12070)
RaviRaj (12060)
Shobhit Singh (12075)
Amardeep Singh (12061)
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEArtificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligenceof machines and the branch of computerscience which aims to create it.
It was founded on the claim that a centralproperty of human beings, intelligence can beso precisely described that it can besimulated by a machine.
Today it is an essential part of the
technology industry and it is also related tomany other fields mathematics, philosophy,biology, etc.
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HistoryThinking machines appeared in acientsocieties (Greece, Egypt, etc.)
Humans believed that intelligence were builtin machines- they worshipped them
Sacred statues in Greece and Egypt
20th century: new approach to buidingintelligent machines based on discoveries inneurology and by the invention of digitalcomputer
1956: the field of AI research was founded at a
conference onthe campus of DartmouthCollege
Participants of the conference: John McCarthy,Marvin Minsky, Allen Newel, Herbert Simon-they became the leaders of AI
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Turing Test(developed by Alan Turing, a British Mathematician)
It was proposed by Alan Turing in 1950he concluded that a machine could beseen as being intelligent if it could "fool"a human into believing if it was human.
A benchmark for progress in AI
The process: a human interrogator
communicates with a test subject by atypewriter (or any other text-onlychannel)
The main issue: can the interrogator tellwhether the subject is human ormachine?
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Specific characteristics of intelligent behavior:1. Learn from experience and apply the knowledge acquired
from experience.2. Handle complex situations.3. Solve problems when important information is missing.4. Determine what is important.5. React quickly and correctly to a new situation.6. Understand visual images.7. Process and manipulate symbols.8. Be creative and imaginative.9. Use heuristics.
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Purpose: Intelligent Agents An agent is a device that responds to stimuli
from its environment.
Sensors: to recieve stimuli
Actuators: to react
The goal of artificial intelligence is to build
agents that behave intelligently.
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Advantages of AI Smarter artificial intelligence may replace human
jobs, freeing people for other pursuits by automatingmanufacturing and transportation.
Self-modifying, self-writing, and learning softwares
can relieve programmers of the burdensome tasks ofspecifying the functions of different programs.
Self-replicating applications can make deploymenteasier and less resource-intensive.
AI can see relationships in enormous or diversebodies of data that a human could not.
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Risks associated with AI Unforeseen, unpredictable impacts of new features.
Self-modifying, when combined with self-replicating,can lead to dangerous, unexpected results, such as a
new and frequently mutating computer virus. Rapid advances in AI could lead to massive structural
unemployment.
AI utilizing non-transparent learning (i.e. neural
networks) is never completely predictable.
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Ethical Considerations Artificial life may be viewed as more expendable
than human life, so AI will be used as cheap labor, orperhaps slaves, thus increasing profits forcorporations.
We do have to take responsibility for our creations,so if the risks associated with creating a form of AIare too great, then we should not pursue thatdevelopment.
Will AI ever reach a state when it can demand rightsfor itself? And if it does, can those rights be grantedto it?
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The Future of AI The idea of AI is being replaced by artificial life - anything with
a form or body.
The consensus among scientists is that a requirement for lifeis that it should have an embodiment in some physical form,but this may change. Programs are not able to fit thisrequirement for life yet.
Very sophisticated AI may not be far; with sufficientcomputation power (such as that offered by quantumcomputers) it is possible to evolve AI without muchprogramming effort.
Today, concerns include mutating viruses and the reliability ofAI.
Scientist should always remain cautious over the dangers ofdeveloping new features for AI.
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The Problems Of AIThe problem of stimulating intelligence has been broken down into a
number of specific sub-problems
These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like
an intelligent system to display
1.Deduction, reasoning, problem solving2.Knowledge representation
3.Planning
4.Learning
5. Natural language processing
7.Motion and manipulation8.Perception
9. Social intelligence
10.Creativity
11. General intelligence
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The difference between Natural and Artificial Intelligence
AttributesNatural
Intelligence
(Human)
Artificial
Intelligence
(Machine)
The ability to use sensors (eyes, ears, touch, smell) HIGH LOW
The ability to be creative and imaginative HIGH LOW
The ability to learn from experience HIGH LOW
The ability to be adaptive HIGH LOW
The ability to afford the cost of acquiring intelligence HIGH LOW
The ability to use a variety of information source HIGH HIGH
The ability to acquire large amount of external information HIGH HIGH
The ability to make complex calculations LOW HIGH
The ability to transfer information LOW HIGH
The ability to make a series of calculations rapidly and accurately LOW HIGH
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Major Branches of
Artificial Intelligence
ROBOTICS
VISION
SYSTEMS
LEARNING
SYSTEMS
NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING
NEURAL
NETWORKS
EXPERT
SYSTEMS
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1. RoboticsInvolve developing
mechanical or computer
devices that perform tasks
requiring a high degree ofprecision or that are
hazardous for humans.
Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence
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The Rover was a remote-controlled robot used byNASA to explore the surface of Mars.
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Lucyan orangutan robot, was a
pure research project todevelop some novel
theories about the
fundamental operating
principles of the brain.
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2. Vision Systems
Include hardware and
software that permitcomputers to capture,
store, and manipulate
visual images and pictures.
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3. Natural language processing
Computers understand and react to statements
and commands made in a natural language,such as English.
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4. Learning system
Computer changes how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback.
5. Neural network
Computer system that can act like or simulate
the functioning of the human brain.
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6. Expert Systems
Consists of hardware and software that
stores knowledge and makes inferences,similar to a human expert.
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THANKYOU