Artificial Organs

Artificial OrgansBG

IndexWhat are artificial organs?Artificial skinDialysisArtificial pancreasArtificial heartsArtificial kidneyArtificial liverArtificial lung

What are artificial organs?Shortage of donor organsSubstitute for natural organsWhen organs fail to perform, artificial replace themSome devices provide assistance, some replace the organManage patients with disease by providing transplantation

What are artificial organs?Either fully artificial or bio artificialbio hybrid organs are a combo of biologic and synthetic componentsThey incorporate many technologies: SensorsBiomaterialsInnovative delivery systems

Artificial SkinWhen skin is damaged due to severe injury or burn, bacteria has easy access to body fluidsWhen bacteria gets in body fluids causes circulatory collapse or shock when blood pressure in arteries is too low to maintain an adequate supply of blood to organs and tissuesPrevent this they use artificial skin

Artificial SkinTheres an artificial skin system called IntegraIts an artificial substance that contains no living componentsNot designed to replace skinRather supplies protective covering and pliable scaffold onto which a persons own skin cells can regenerate on the destroyed layer or skin.2 different types of skin graftsAutologous and allograft

Artificial SkinAutologous skin grafts transfer skin from one part of body to anotherAllograft transfers skin from another person only offer temporary cover, rejected by immune systemSkin grafts produced by taking cells from non-burned layer of skin, growing them into large sheets of cells then placing cell sheets on top of IntegraTo treat burn/injury :remove burned/damaged skinQuickly cover with underlying tissue (artificial skin + grown skin cells)

DialysisTreatment that performs functions of kidneysNeeded when kidneys can no longer take care of bodys needsStarts with loss of kidney function of 85%-90%Keeps body in balanceRemoves wastes, salt and extra water to prevent building upKeeps safe level of certain chemicals in bloodHelps control blood pressureDone in hospital, dialysis unit or at home

Dialysis2 types: Hemodialysis + peritoneal dialysisHemodialysis:Hemodialyzer is used to remove waste, extra chemicals and fluid from your bloodTreatments last about four hours, done three times a weekPeritoneal Dialysis:Blood cleaned inside bodyCatheter is placed in abdomenPeritoneal cavity is slowly filled with dialysateBlood stays in arteries and veinsExtra fluid and waste products are drawn out of blood

Artificial PancreasUsed for type 1 diabetesTakes over managing patients diseaseMonitors blood sugar and delivers insulin in doses thats for patients needsDesigned to replicate aspects of human metabolismComplex progress that converts energy from food into energy body can useDevice incorporates measurements of physical activity and the person metabolic responseSize of small paper book

Artificial PancreasThere's an abdominal patch that continuously measures blood sugarA pager sized pump that delivers insulin beneath the skinContinuous glucose monitor(CGM) that channels real-time blood sugar readings to insulin pumpThis directs pump to dispense proper amount of insulin to keep blood sugar levels correctSoftware algorithm, linking patch and pumpLoaded with information derived from patientAll automated

Artificial HeartProvide mechanical circulatory supportUsed for severe heart failuresHeart failure is a condition where heart can no longer provide enough blood to keep with the bodys needs.Caused by coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart attack, congenital heart problemsTwo types of artificial hearts:VADs and TAHs

VAD Artificial HeartVentricular Assist Devices (VAD)Does not replace heart, works along side itMechanical pumpSurgically implanted next to heartRuns on power from a battery pack that you carry at your side, constantly helping your heart to pump bloodAttached to left ventricle and to aortaWorks by helping heart pump blood from left ventricle into aortaThen the blood circulates through the body

VAD Artificial HeartAfter this surgery several meds are needed to be taken regularly, like blood thinnersThis pump can be a bridge to transplant, keeping patient healthy while waiting for donor heart

TAH Artificial HeartTotal Artificial Heart (TAH)Device that replaces the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles)Used for end stage heart failureSo severe all treatments have failedTAH is attached to hearts upper chambers(Atria)Between the TAH and Atria are mechanical valves that work like the hearts own valvesThese control the flow of blood in the heartTwo types of TAHs (known by brand name)CardioWest and AbioCor

CardioWest TAHConnected to outside power sourceHas tubes that run from inside chest to outside power sourceTubes exit the body and connects to a machine that powers and controls the CardioWest TAH

AbioCor TAHContained inside the chestBattery poweredBattery is charged through skin with a special magnetic chargerEnergy from the external charger reaches the internal battery through an energy transfer device transcutaneous energy transmission (TET)Implanted TET device is connected to the implanted battery

AbioCor TAHAn external TET coil is connected to the external chargerAn implanted controller monitors and controls the pumping speed of the heart

Artificial KidneyOne day could eliminate need for dialysisDevice includes thousands of microscopic filtersA bioreactor to mimic metabolic and water balancing roles of real kidneyTwo stage system:Nano scale filters and removes toxins from the bloodBio cartridge of renal tubule cells mimics the metabolic and water balance rolesUses hemofilter to remove toxins from blood

Artificial KidneyEngineering to grow renal tubule cells to provide other biological functions of a healthy kidneyProgress relies on bodys blood pressure to perform filtration without needing pumps or an electrical power supplyReady in about 5-7 years

Artificial LiverResearchers made transplantable liver grafts for ratsMay point toward successful liver transplant substitute for humansThe livers job is to help fight infection, clean blood, digest food and store energyTo be successful, artificial liver must be large to provide enough liver functionThis requires a network of small blood vessels (micro vascular network) to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the structure

Artificial LiverDecellularization (process of removing cells from structure but leaving it with the architecture of original tissue) has shown some success in other organsScientists decellularized the liver while preserving its structureA matrix of proteins remained behind to hold livers shapeUsing a dye showed that microvascular network in each translucent liver was intactResearchers were able to successfully introduce hepatocytes (liver cell) back into matrix

Artificial LiverTested recellularized matrix, it carried out liver specific functions at levels comparable to normal liverGrafts transplanted into rats maintained their functional hepatocytes for a few hoursBut successful engineering of an entire functional liver will require other types of cellsMuch more work required to make long-term functional liver grafts that can be transplanted into humans

Artificial LungScientists mimicked structure of lung to make a device that can use air as a ventilating gas instead of pure oxygenFashioned microfluidic channels from the polymer polydimethylsiloxane Made them branch into smaller channels and the into artificial capillariesAdded blood and air flow outlets and inlets Coated all channels in polydimethylsiloxane gas exchange membraneNext step for artificial lungs

Artificial LungTested with pigs bloodBlood flowed through device from blood inletFed air into air inlet as it travelled along channelsOxygen molecules diffused across gas exchange membrane into the blood on way to blood outletBlood coming from inlet was rich in carbon dioxideWhich would diffuse across membrane and travel to air outlet

BibliographiesArtificial Skin Fact Sheet (2008, July). In National Institue of General Medical Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Factsheet_ArtificialSkin.htmDialysis. (2012). In National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/dialysisinfo.cfmWein, H. (2010, June 28). Progress Toward an Artificial Liver Transplant. In National Institute of Health. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/june2010/06282010liver.htmWhat Is a Total Artificial Heart?. (2010, June 1). In National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/tah/Ventricular Assist Device. (2012, January 26). In URMC Cardiology. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cardiology/patient-care/treatments-procedures/ventricular-assist.cfmSheahan, H. (2011, July 14). No more oxygen for artificial lung. In RSC Advancing the Chemical Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/July/14071101.aspBole, K. (2010, September 2). UCSF Unveils Model for Implantable Artificial Kidney to Replace Dialysis. In UCSF. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2010/09/4450/ucsf-unveils-model-implantable-artificial-kidney-replace-dialysisCan an 'Artificial Pancreas' Normalize Type 1 Diabetes?. (2011, July). In Mayo Clinic's Online Research Magazine. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://discoverysedge.mayo.edu/artificial-pancreas/Medical Devices and Artifcial Organs. (2012). In McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.mirm.pitt.edu/programs/medical_devices/

Pictureshttp://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Factsheet_ArtificialSkin.htmhttp://www.google.ca/imgres?q=dialysis&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=648&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=HCWVGxFCxIZd-M:&imgrefurl=http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/simulations/dialysissimulation.php&docid=7XlMje-5JMhrhM&imgurl=http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/images/dialysis.jpghttp://discoverysedge.mayo.edu/artificial-pancreas/http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=VAD+heart&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=648&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=hegJ8bLy1lHpuM:&imgrefurl=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/vad/&docid=b4V8gXSSWNo-TM&imgurl=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/imagehttp://www.google.ca/imgres?q=VAD+heart&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=648&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=TCyRmTMOdS6alM:&imgrefurl=https://louisville.edu/speed/bioengineering/faculty/bioengineering-full/koenig/lvad-left-ventricular-assist-device.htmlhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/tah/http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2010/09/4450/ucsf-unveils-model-implantable-artificial-kidney-replace-dialysishttp://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/june2010/06282010liver.htmhttp://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/July/14071101.asp