1. Cooperative Binary Ionic Solids forArtificial Photosynthesis of FuelsJohn A. Shelnutt, Kathleen E. Martin, Yongming Tian,Julian Y.-T. Shelnutt, Tito Busani, Zhongchun Wang, Yan Qiu, John Jacobsen, Craig J. MedforthAdvanced Materials Laboratory Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CADepartment of Chemical & Nuclear Engineering University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM YongmingTian

2. Photosynthesis6H2O + 6CO2 -------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 Efficient utilization of solar energy (efficiency is 28% to ATP & NADPH). 30% loss of photons in the 400-700 nm range. Legacy of evolution explains part of the inefficiency of biological photosynthesis. The pigments evolved from pre-photosynthetic molecular machinery heme biosynthetic pathway. Further 32% loss in converting to glucose (9% as sugar); 7-8% sugarcane to biomass. Areas for improved efficiency in artificial photosynthesis. Capture more of photons in the 400-700 nm range better or additional pigments. Extent spectral range out to 900 nm. 3. Photosynthetic PigmentsPhycoerythrinChlorophyll a & b Biosynthesis of chlorophyll is a branch off the evolutionarily muchearlier synthetic pathway for synthesis of related heme proteins. 4. Photosynthetic Reaction Center Light-harvesting complex I & II and the photosynthetic reaction center site of charge separation. 5. Photosynthetic Reaction CenterOEC Light-harvesting complex I & II and the photosynthetic reaction center site of charge separation. 6. Reaction Center 3 pse-