ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE

ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE3 February 20171/30

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OVERVIEWWhat is Artificial Groundwater RechargeNeed for Artificial RechargeIdentification of Areas for RechargeWater SourcesFactors Affecting Artificial Groundwater RechargeMethods of Artificial RechargeCase StudiesAdvantages of Artificial Groundwater RechargeConclusion

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What is Artificial RechargeArtificial recharge is the process of induced replenishment of the ground water reservoir by human activities3 February 20173/30

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Need for Artificial RechargeImprove quality of existing groundwaterConservation and storage of excess water for future useTo enhance yield in areas where aquifer has depletedTo remove bacteriological and other impurities from waste water3 February 20174/30

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Identification of Areas for RechargeWhere groundwater levels are declining rapidly

Where an aquifer has already been de-saturated

Where availability of groundwater is inadequate in lean months

Where salinity ingress is taking place3 February 20175/30

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Scientific StudiesHydrometeorological Studies - rainfallHydrological Studies - availability Soil Infiltration Studies - soil typeHydrogeological Studies - locationGeophysical Studies - siteAnalysis of Source Water Prevention of Clogging - surface layer3 February 20176/30

Factors Affecting Artificial Groundwater RechargeQuantity of Source waterQuality of Source water, Pretreatment requiredTime for which water would be availableClogging PotentialTransmission characteristics of Aquifer3 February 20177/30

Methods of Artificial Recharge1.Direct Methods2.Indirect MethodsA) Surface MethodsFloodingBasins or Percolation TanksStream AugmentationDitch and Furrow MethodContour BundB) Sub Surface MethodsInjection Wells, Subsurface Dykes Recharge ShaftsRecharge PitsA) Induced Recharge B) Aquifer ModificationBore blasting methodHydro fracturing methodJacket well TechniquesFracture seal cementation

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Surface MethodSuitable for large area of basinAquifer unconfined without impervious layer aboveRate of infiltration depend on nature of top soil, quality of water usedSolid suspension in water decreases infiltration rate

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1.FloodingFor flat topographyWater spread as thin sheetEmbankments on both sidesInfiltration higher in sandy soil, undistributed vegetation

3 February 201710/30Fig.1 Flooding

2.Basin and Percolation TanksMost common methodWater impounded in a series of basins or tanksParallel to intermittent stream channels

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11/30Fig.2 Percolation Tank

3.Stream AugmentationSeepage from natural stream increasedBy series of check dams across streamSite selected should have sufficient thickness of permeable bed

3 February 201712/30Fig.3 Stream Augmentation

4.Ditch and Furrow MethodAreas with uneven terrainShallow flat bottomed closely spaced ditchesMore percolation Spacing as per soil permeability3 February 2017

13/30Fig.4 Ditch and Furrow Method

5.Contour BundSmall embankment constructed along contour in hilly region Retain surface runoff for long time For low rainfall area3 February 201714/30Fig. 5 Contour Bund

Sub Surface MethodAims at recharging deeper aquifersImportant structures commonly used are Injection Wells or Recharge Wells, Recharge Pits, Recharge Shafts and Subsurface Dykes3 February 201715/30

1.Injection WellsSimilar to tube wellPumping In treated surface water under pressureConfined AquiferLittle land required3 February 201716/30Fig.6 Injection Well

2.Recharge PitsSimilar to recharge basins Excavated of variable dimensions-deepCanal trench

3 February 201717/30Fig.7 Recharge Pit

3.Recharge ShaftsPoorly permeable strata overlie water table aquifer Similar to recharge pitNo practical water lossSmaller in cross-sectionFast recharge3 February 201718/30Fig.8 Recharge Shaft

4.Subsurface DykeBarrierimpermeableto water UndergroundPVC sheetLocation-well-defined, wide, greatly sloping valley No evaporation loss

3 February 201719/30Fig.9 Subsurface Dyke

Indirect Methods:1.Induced Recharge Water pumped from aquifer hydraulicallyReverse gradient formed When poor quality of surface water3 February 201720/30

Fig.10 Induced Recharge

2.Aquifer ModificationAquifer storage capacity increasedCommon methods:Bore blasting methodHydro-fracturing methodJacket well techniquesFracture seal cementation3 February 201721/30

Hydro-fracturing methodWater injected at high pressure to widen existing fracture of rockRemoves cloggingInterconnection between fractures

3 February 201722/30Fig.11 Hydro-fracturing Method

Case Study: Mazhapolima, KeralaTo enhance the water table Improved the quality of water in open dug wellsTechniques:roof-top harvesting - sand filterroof-top harvesting - ordinary nylon filterSimpleEconomical3 February 2017

Case Study: Artificial Storage Recovery, United KingdomAugmenting ground water during winter seasonRecovering this water during summerInjection of water into the aquifer at high supply timesTest conducted as a series of injection and abstraction cycles

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Advantages of Artificial RechargeEnhance yield of wells and hand pumpsImproves water qualityStructures required - small and cost effectiveNo adverse effects like inundation of large surface areas and loss of cropsNo displacement of local populationReduction in cost of energy for lifting water3 February 201725/30

Conclusion

Artificial recharge projects are designed to replenish ground water resourcesProper storage and management of available groundwater resources is essential3 February 201726/30

ReferencesBhalerao,S,A, Kelkar,T,S, (2013) Artificial Recharge of Groundwater: A Novel Technique for Replenishment of an Aquifer with Water from Land Surface, International Journal of Geology, 3(1), 165-183Kavuri,M, Boddu,M and Annamdas,V,G,M, (2011) New Methods of Artificial Recharge of Aquifers: A Review, IPWE, Proceedings of 4th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore. Poster on: Artificial Recharge of AquiferMukharjee,D, (2016) A Review on Artificial Groundwater Recharge in India, SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering,3(1),60-65

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References Contd

Ramireddy,P,V, Padma,G,V, Reddy,N,B, (2015) Identification of Groundwater Recharge Zones and Artificial Recharge Structures for Part of Tamil Nadu, India-A Geospatial Approach, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Re-search Technology, 4(7), 999-1009Ravichandran,S, Kumar,S,S, Singh,L, (2011) Selective Techniques in Artificial Groundwater Recharge through Dug well and Injection well methods, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 3(3), 1050-1053Singh,S,K,(2012) Groundwater Mound due to Artificial Recharge from Rectangular Areas, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 138(5), 476-4803 February 201728/30

References Contdhttp://blog.al.com/wire/2011/06/mississippi_river_flooding_mis.html, January 15, 2017http://vikaspedia.in/energy/environment/percolation-tank, January 16, 2017http://www.cmu.edu/bajaj/water-management/, January 15, 2017https://www.reference.com/business-finance/furrow-irrigation-35a1b13fe0b68c9c, January 17, 2017http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105103026/module4/lec29/2.html, January 16, 2017http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/hydrology/PublishingImages/injection_well.gif, January 15, 2017http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105103026/module4/lec29/3.html, January 16, 2017http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105103026/module4/lec29/4.html, January 15, 2017http://peoriapublicradio.org/post/debate-new-fracking-rules-continues, January 16, 2017

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THANK YOU!!

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