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Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
Hypnosis
State of awareness Highly focused attention Increased responsiveness to
suggestion Vivid imagery Willingness to accept distortions of
logic Alteration of sensation and perception
Hypnotic Suggestibility
related to subject’s openness to suggestion
ability to focus attention inwardly
ability to become imaginatively absorbed
Can you be hypnotized? Imagine you are holding in your hand a lemon. A
bright yellow lemon with shiny, puckered skin. Bring it up to your nose and inhale the citrus
smell. Take your other hand and peel back a big piece
of the skin to expose the white pith and the juicy fruit underneath.
Now bring the lemon up to your mouth and bite right down into it, sucking in all the juices….
Salivating? If you are Like most people, you probably started salivating once I asked you to imagine a lemon in your hand. You have just used the power of your mind to create a physical change in your body in about 15 seconds.
Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypermnesia
The supposed enhancement of a person’s memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
• Age regression therapy (the ability to re-live childhood memories) is
very limited in its effectiveness…..
• age regressed people may act as they think a a 6-year old would, but most often they
combine new memories and fantasy with what may have been reality
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
• The person who is hypnotized is aware of everything the hypnotist says at all times while they are experiencing hypnosis.
• Directly proposed hypnotic suggestions cannot make you do anything against
your morals, religion, or self-preservation.
• An authoritative person in a legitimate context can induce people, hypnotized or not, to perform
some unlikely acts
Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
• Dissociation is a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others– IE. An unhypnotized patient will feel the
pain of an ice bath in less than 25 seconds. A hypnotized patient will feel the cold, but not the pain, though their sensory systems will register the activity is present
Help Through Hypnosis Reduce pain Reduce stress Improve concentration and motivation Modify behavior in eating disorders Suppress the gag reflex (dentist) Eliminate recurring nightmares ….much more!
Meditation
Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness
Meditation
Sustained concentration that focuses attention and heightens awareness
Lowered physiological arousal decreased heart rate decreased BP
Predominance of alpha brain waves
Two Forms of MeditationAll forms of meditation have the goal
of controlling or retraining attention• Concentration Techniques
• Mantra (focus)
• Opening Up Techniques• Quiet awareness of the here and now
Drug Abuse• Recurrent substance use that results in disruption of academic, social or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems
Addiction the state of being
enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming, as narcotics, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma.
Physical Dependence
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Tolerance
Increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Withdrawal Symptoms
Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings
Occur when abstaining from a drug when physically dependent
Do I Have A Drug Problem?
• Dependence is defined as exhibiting three of the following seven symptoms over a 12-month period of time
• Developing tolerance
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop
• Using a substance for a longer period, or in greater quantities, than originally intended
• Making repeated attempts to stop or cut-back on drug usage
• Devoting a great deal of time attempting to obtain or use a substance
• Giving up or reducing social, occupational, or recreational activities as a result of drug use
• Continuing to use a substance even after negative physical or psychological effects have occurred, or will continue to occur with usage
Psychoactive Drugs
• Depressants—inhibit brain activity
• Opiates—pain relief and euphoria
• Stimulants—increase brain activity
• Psychedelics—distort sensory perceptions
Depressants
Barbiturates- sedation meds Tranquilizers - Valium
drugs that reduce neural activity
Slow body function
Alcohol - Depressant
Alcohol- widely used, abuse common
Why people take – initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition
Problems – depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions
Opiates
Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties
Mimic the brain’s endorphins Heroin, methadone Percodan, Demerol
Pain Killers/Opiates
Opiates- mostly illegal, produce euphoria alters the brains reaction to pain
Mimics endorphins
Heroin - Opiates
Heroin – most frequently abused opiates
Why people take – Rush of euphoria, relief from pain
Problems – depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal
Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body function produce feelings of
optimism and boundless energy, arouse behavior, and increase mental awareness; stimulates the cerebral cortex
Caffeine - Stimulant
Caffeine- widely used, addictive
Why people take – increased alertness and wakefulness
Problems – Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal
Nicotine - Stimulant
Nicotine- widely used, addictive Why people take – arousal and
relaxation, sense of well-being Problems – heart disease,
cancer, respiratory problems
Methamphetamine - Stimulant
Meth- addictive Why people take – Euphoria,
alertness, energy Problems – irritablity, insomnia,
hypertension, seizures
Cocaine - Stimulant
Cocaine- widely used, addictive Why people take – Rush of
Euphoria, confidence, energy Problems – cardiovascular
stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash
IE. Cocaine
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine (pleasure), norepinephrine (energy), and serotonin (arousal), so the feelings generated by those neurotransmitters intensifies as they linger in the synapse longer
Psychedelics
Create perceptual distortionsMescalineLSDMarijuanaFlashback reactions and
psychotic episodes
Psychedelics/Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD- psychotic state similarity Marijuana- cannabis plant, THC
similar to LSD Mescaline Peyote
Marijuana - hallucinogen
Marijuana- most abused Why people take – enhanced
sensation, pain relief, distortion of time, relaxation
Problems – lowered sex hormones, memory, lung damage from smoke
Why is marijuana considered a hallucinogen?
It relaxes, disinhibits, and may cause a euphoric high like alcohol, but it may also amplify sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells
“Club” DrugsEcstasy (MDMA)—feelings of
euphoria, increased well-beingSide effects—dehydration,
hyperthermia, tremor, rapid heartbeatDissociative anesthetics—include
PCP and Ketamine; deaden pain, produce stupor or coma, may induce hallucinations
Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ
relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness,
depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from of well-being tars)
Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from
smoke