Date post: | 01-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | joshua-logan |
View: | 224 times |
Download: | 3 times |
Artificial Tissue and Organ Generation
Valerie FortinBME 281
Organ Transplants Autografts
Transplanted within a patient Surplus, nonvital, or regenerating tissue e.g. skin grafts
Allografts Transplanted from a separate living or
deceased donor Isographs
Transplant from genetically identical individual e.g. twins
Types of Donations
Organs Heart Liver Kidneys Lungs Pancreas Intestines
Tissues Cornea Skin Heart Valves Tendons
Problems
Availability In 2012, 28,051 people received organs On average, 79 people receive organs daily,
but 18 people die due to shortage Rejection
In allografts, donor tissue differs genetically Triggers an immune response
Ethical Concerns
Organ donation has caused some controversy WHO has released guiding principles
May only harvest from deceased persons with legal permission OR “ there is no reason to believe that the deceased person objected to such removal”
Opt Out system
“In general living donors should be genetically, legally or emotionally related to their recipients.“
Donors cannot be monetarily compensated Concerns of trafficking and profiteering
Organs or tissues which were obtained through coercion or exploitation should not be used
Regenerative Medicine
Uses a patient's own cells to restore Includes use of stem cells Can grow tissues and organs on sterile
scaffold
Scaffolds
Artificial structure Cells are “seeded” onto it Which then grow to form the desired tissue
Materials Biodegradable preferred Collagen, polyesters Polylactic acid
Degrades into lactic acid Polyglycolic and polycaprolactone for differing
degradation speeds
Scaffolds (cont.)
Can also decellularize extracted tissue samples
Sterilized cellular matrices act as scaffold
Vascular graft
Scaffolds (cont.)
Rat heart grown around a decellularized scaffold
Benefits
All genetic material supplied by patient Eliminates potential for rejection Bypasses need for donor
No wait list No compatibility issues No moral qualms
Drawbacks
Currently limited Can only produce simple hollow structures
Few cell layers Stomach, bladder, blood vessels Solid organs are more complex
New procedure Doubts that grown organs are as durable or
effective as donated ones Will be expensive
Future
Practice will become more widespread, commonplace
Be able to better assess quality of grown organs
Develop means of synthesizing more complex structures
Citation Heike Mertsching, Thorsten Walles, Michael Hofmann, Johanna Schanz, Wolfram H. Knapp, Engineering of a
vascularized scaffold for artificial tissue and organ generation, Biomaterials, Volume 26, Issue 33, November 2005, Pages 6610-6617, ISSN 0142-9612, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.04.048. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961205003169>
"All About Donation." What Organs Can Be Donated. New York Organ Donor Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. <http://www.donatelifeny.org/about-donation/what-can-be-donated/>.
"Human Cell and Tissue Transplantation." WHO. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. <http://www.who.int/transplantation/cell_tissue/en/>.
“Human organ and tissue transplantation.” World Health Organization 26 Mar. 2009. <http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/A62/A62_15-en.pdf>
Neck, Haddam. "Doctors Grow Organs from Patients' Own Cells." CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. <http://edition.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/conditions/04/03/engineered.organs/index.html>.
"The Need Is Real: Data." Organdonor.gov. Division of Transplantation, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013. <http://www.organdonor.gov/about/data.html>.
NOONAN, DR. JESSICA. "Lab-Grown 'Custom' Organs May Be Future of Medicine." ABC News. ABC News Network, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. <http://abcnews.go.com/Health/lab-grown-custom-organs-future-medicine/story?id=16631764>.