Project Report on Arts, Outfits & Accessories

Mr. Raj N. Saraswat Miss Vinita Sunariwal

MBA faculty member, MBA student of A.I.T. College, A.I.T. College, Ajmer Ajmer

Declaration

I here by declare, to the best of my knowledge and ability that my work on the project namely “ARTS,OUTFITS & ACCESSORIES OF RAJASTHAN” is done completely

by me. It is not published and is done for the purpose to increase my knowledge.

VINITA SUNARIWAL

DATE : April 20, 2009

PLACE : Ajmer

1 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I take this opportunity to acknowledge the efforts of the many individuals who helped me make this project possible. First and foremost, We would like to express my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to our Faculty Guide & Prof. Raj N. Saraswat. His vision and execution aimed at creating a structure, definition, and realism around the project and fostered the ideal environment for me to learn and grow. This project is a result of his teaching, encouragement and inputs in the numerous meetings he had with me, despite his busy schedule. He has helped provide the scope and direct my research in a manner to make it most beneficial to me. I would like to my special thank to our H.O.D. Dr. S. S. chouhan for his continuous guidance. I would also like to thank the A.I.T. college, ajmer for providing me the opportunity to do a project. I express my gratitude to all my colleagues from A.I.T. college, ajmer.

Vinita sunariwal Ajmer

PREFACE

Theoretical knowledge is always incomplete without its

practical implication like gun without bullet seeing the

necessity of the practical knowledge. The MBA curriculum is

designed in such a manner so as the impact. The student has

opportunity for enough the corporate world for the practical

fulfillment of MBA curriculum. Students are required to

conduct field visit. Field visit helps student to gain the

practical knowledge about various industrial activities

through implementation of theoretical knowledge of different

concept and theories. Through this report student has tried to

present the facts and findings of his study in the form of

document.

1 8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction of rajasthanIntroduction of arts & craftsAbout outfitsAbout Accessories

History of rajasthan Different types of arts

The art of body paintingsCarpets & durriesLeather warePaintingsPotteryTextilesPuppetsRare artHandicraftSandalwood artArt metal ware

Arts in different cities Outfits of rajasthan

A symphony of coloursA brilliance of huesThe diverse attireWomen's attireMen's attire

1 9

Way of dressingsFootwearjewellery

Accessories in rajasthan

Feminine jewelleryMasculine jewelleryTextile ornamentationOther materials

Tourist Attractions in India

Conclusion Bibliography

1 10

Rajasthan-Introduction

A land of Forts and Palaces, the desert state of Rajasthan in India is replete with sand dunes, wooded hills and amazing lakes, magnificent palaces and rugged forts, colorful people, bustling cities and peaceful villages, camels, elephants and tigers. An exotic land of valiance and chivalry, Rajasthan represents a unique diversity in all its forms, including the rich Arts and Crafts of Rajasthan. Indianholiday offers a detailed guide on the Performing Arts of Rajasthan.

Besides being admired worldwide for its rugged charm and magnificent monuments, Rajasthan is also well known for its rich and colorful culture that dates back to several centuries. The rich and diverse forms of Performing Arts of Rajasthan have kept alive the rich cultural heritage of the land.

The various Folk Dance and Music forms of Rajasthan Culture of Rajasthan are lively, exhilarating, mesmerizing and compelling. Prime among the manifold attractions of this strange and wondrous land, Rajasthan Performing Arts are a part of life in Rajasthan. Indeed, Rajasthan boasts of very vibrant and highly evolved tradition of Performing Arts of Rajasthan that has been carefully nurtured and preserved over the centuries.

Marked by spectacular visual effects and fantastic music, the performing arts of Rajasthan are a treat to watch. An enchanting variety of art forms, when performed to perfection by skilled artistes, makes it an absolute feast for the eyes of viewers. Performing Arts of Rajasthan are performed immaculately to the accompaniment of vocal and instrumental music, leaving the viewers spellbound after enjoying such an ethereal experience

. No other state in India can match the grandeur and creativity exhibited through the various performing arts of Rajasthan. Legends and legendary characters revive from the glorious past and make their presence felt on the stages,

1 11

leaving the audience completely enthralled. While performing these art forms, the attires, gestures and facial expressions of the artistes are perfect that accounts for a spectacle not to be missed.

Over the centuries, the performing arts of Rajasthan have flourished under the patronage of erstwhile Rajput rulers and successive dynasties. Several of these performing arts are entangled with the rich cultural history of the various communities that had dweeled in Rajasthan.

All the regions in Rajasthan have their distinct folk dance and music forms. The dance styles differ over regions, as do the songs and even the musical instruments used.

Rajasthan culture

Rajasthan- the land of royalty is a glittering jewel set in the golden sands of a barren deserts landscape. The light that reflects off the golden sands engulfs a land renowned for its vibrant colors, people in bright clothes and beautiful jewelry, living in cities dotted and dominated by towering forts and palace that rise from the sands like mirage.

Rajasthan Music & Dances

Rajasthan is culturally rich and has extensive tradition in art and culture, which reflects Indian way life. The dance, music and art forms have been watchfully cultivated and patronised by the erstwhile courts. An equally rich and varied folk culture from villages is both fascinating & mesmerising.

Every region has its own very dialect of music and dance. The Ghoomar dance from Udaipur and Kaibeliya dance of Jaisalmer have international recognition. Folk music is a vital part of Rajasthan culture. Songs are used to tell the legendary battles of Rajputs. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds, love stories, and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis and often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, sarangi etc. Know Rajasthan Culture

Rajasthan Architectural Heritage

The mixture and brilliance of Rajasthan's architectural heritage can amaze a visitor. Majestic forts, intricately carved temples and havelis (meaning mansion) and even step well make Rajasthan a paradise for an architecture buff.The desert state of Rajasthan is a land of irony and extremes.

1 12

L a n g u a g e

hindi is the official language of the state. But the principal language is "Rajasthani", and the four major dialects are Marwari in the west, Jaipuri in the east, Malwi in the southeast and Mewati in the northeast. But Hindi language is replacing Rajasthani. Moreover, you will find English speaking people in all the major cities, and in remote villages also you will find someone who can speak and understand English. But other languages are completely unknown. You may ask Tour Operators to help you on this and they do have guides who knows almost all the languages.

R e l i g i o n

Hindusim is the main religion of Rajasthan. Other significant religious groups in the state are the Jains and the Muslims. There are many local folk heros and local deities such as Pabuji, Ramdeoji, Gogaji, Mehaji, Tejaji & Harbhuji.

O t h e r s : -

Thirty years back, Art of Rajasthan  was just a small shop selling curios and handicrafts. Over the years, with the constant patronage of our clients and the hard work of our trained staff, we have come a long way. Today, we are recognized as one of India's leading Export Houses in high-quality handicrafts from all parts of the country.

1 13

Our customers consist of the finest art stores/boutiques, architects, interior designers, big chain stores, wholesalers, retailers, and even end-users  from different parts of the world.

In its June 1999 issue,  the internationally-renowned Architectural Digest carried a feature on the best sources from India for architectural antiques, colonial furniture, cotton durries etc. The magazine cited our company as India's No. 1 source.

Art of Rajasthan is a unique mix of old and new - recreating old ideas using state-of-the-art techniques. We are dedicated towards the revival of the traditional arts and crafts, which are fast dying out in the digital age.

Rajasthan Shopping

A magical sojourn reverberating with age old culture and traditions, the state enfolds in its lap a diverse kaleidoscope of breathtakingly beautiful and fascinating art-de-facts. The range is unparalleled even while it is sophisticated in its simplicity.

Rajasthan Tribals

Rajasthan according to the 2001 census has a population of 56.5 million. Rajasthan has a large indigenous populace Minas (Minawati) in Alwar, Jaipur, Bharatpur, and Dholpur areas. The Meo and the Banjara are travelling tradesmen and artisans.

Rajasthan Fairs & Festivals

Rajasthan, is a colourful desert. The unconvincing Thar Desert and with it all the barren land of Rajasthan has much to offer through the plethora of celebrations. Festivals and fairs, music and dances, turns the land to a creative fertile basin. Season heralded with a festive fervour and cattle marts turn into delightful fairs.

Rajasthan Gems & Jewellery

In Rajasthan, men and women traditionally wore necklaces, armlets, anklets, earings and rings. With the advent of the Mughal Empire, Rajasthan became a major centre for production of the finest kind of jewellery. It was a true blend of the Mughal with the Rajasthani craftsmanship.

1 14

Rajasthan District Map

1 15

Introduction of art & craft

The princely state of Rajasthan is one of the most romantic locales in the whole world. The amazing setting of this place amidst the Thar Desert attracts tourists from far and near. Rajasthan upholds the heritage and tradition of the Rajput era at its best. The Royal fervor of Rajputana is alive even today through its many palaces, forts, havelis, museums, and temples. Art and Crafts of Rajasthan is an integral part of the state. Each district and cities of Rajasthan specializes in different art forms. Some of the museum in Rajasthan exhibits the objects of different regions. Whether it be marble carvings, miniature paintings or frescoes all shows you the artistic genius of the craftsmen of yesteryears.

Art and Crafts of Rajasthan has a long history behind it. Whether it be the intricate jewelries or the exquisite marble carvings, or the frescoes all bears a testimony to the superb skill of the craftsmen. The Hadoti School of art specimens in the 10th century has been preserved in the many museums of Rajasthan. Miniature paintings which are renowned all throughout the world were popular in Rajasthan from a very early age. The Raagmala painting and the Kangra School of art developed in Rajasthan. Considering the long line of art history of this erstwhile state it is only right that the government spends a considerable amount in upholding, maintaining and preserving these art articles of Rajasthan in India. Different periods in Rajasthan contributed in its own way in upholding art and craft in Rajasthan. The Rajputs were great patronizers of art. To this effect they spend a huge sum to uphold and developed them.

Art and Crafts of Rajasthan were dormant for sometime as Industrialization took over and the only place you could glance through them were in the museums, palaces and havelis of Rajasthan. However the government of Rajasthan is slowly trying to revive this old art form and interestingly enough it is gaining momentum every year. To that effect many fairs and festivals are held in Rajasthan the main motto of which is to encourage Rajasthani culture and tradition through its art.

Rajasthani Art is famous all over India for its exquisite design and intricate pattern woven ob them. Moreover these handmade products also have a roving market abroad. However Performing Arts of Rajasthan are also popular all over India. Whether it be the colorful Dandiya dance or the Ghoomar dance, you see the best of the state

1 16

during these fairs and festivals which is a common platform for these dance performances.

Crafts of Rajasthan get a steady impetus from the state government for further development. Wood crafts, metal wares, toys and dolls all reflect the artistic ingenuity of the craftsmen. These are some of the best things that you could carry home as souvenirs. Prizes are reasonable enough for you to fill a bagful. Key chain in fragrant sandalwood, paper and trinket boxes, carved wooden blokes, paper mache products, carved and decorated chests and chairs, are some of the best buys

Introduction about outfits of rajasthan

Colorful Rajasthan is a vibrant patchwork of ancient traditions and culture and of course the clothes and dresses worn by the people of Rajasthan, north India is an inseparable part of Rajasthani culture. Even today the men and women in the villages of Rajasthan sport the traditional clothes and headgear.

During your cultural tours to Rajasthan, North India you can actually go on tours to the villages of Rajasthan and marvel at the colorful attires and ornaments worn by men and women. In fact the costumes worn by the people of Rajasthan in the villages still reflect the clothing style and costumes of those who lived in the olden times.

The costumes of the women and men of Rajasthan, North India are influenced by the climatic conditions, family status and the economic status.

The land of vibrant colours, Rajasthan is fun filled with the bursting bazaars, fair an festivals and the different costumes worn and produced in the traditional manners. The bright costumes of the village men and the tribal folks makes up for a place all colourful from red, dazzling yellow, green, orange to blue highlighted by the ornamental Gota or the Zari.

The dresses are mostly influenced by the climate and economy, status and profession of the peoples. The traditional dresses are the potia, dhoti, banda, angrakha, bugatari, pachewara, khol, dhabla among the Hindus and burkha, achkan for the muslims. Rajasthani daily wear that includes the Sarees, Odhnis and Turban are often made from textiles using block printed or tie and dye technique.

1 17

Introduction about accessories of rajasthan

Rajasthan Jewelry: Rajasthan is the jewel in the crafts map of India, and Rajasthan jewelry is its brightest gem. Wood and ivory carving, lacquer and filigree work, delicately cut precious stones, and exquisite enameled & silver jewelry – are some of the varieties perfected by Rajasthani craftsmen. Gifted by ancestors, and honed by time, the art of Indian jewelry has flourished in Rajasthan, perhaps like no other state in India. Kundan, a style of inlay setting of unpolished diamonds and other stones and Meenakari or the art of enameled gold jewelry, are exclusive to Jaipur.

History of rajasthan

According to the Hindu Mythology, the Rajputs of Rajasthan were the descendants of the Kshatriyas or warriors of Vedic India. The emergence of the Rajput warrior clans was in the 6th and 7th centuries. Rajputs ancestry can be divided into two: the "solar" or suryavanshi-those descended from Rama, the hero of the epic Ramayana, and the

"lunar" or chandravanshi, who claimed descent from Krishana, the hero of the epic Mahabharata. Later a third clan was added, the agnikula or fire-born, said to have emerged from the flames of a sacrificial fire on Mt Abu.

It has been accepted that the Rajputs were divided into thirty-six races and twenty-one kingdoms. The Rajput clans gave rise to dynasties like Sisodias of Mewar (Udaipur), the Kachwahas of Amber (Jaipur), the Rathors of Marwar (Jodhpur &

Bikaner), the Hadas of Jhalwawar, Kota & Bundi, the Bhattis of Jaisalmer, the Shekhawats of Shekhawati and the Chauhans of Ajmer.

Early History

Rajasthan is the north-western region of India, and has remain independent from the great empires. Buddhism failed to make substantial inroad here; the Mauryan empire (321-184 BC), whose most renowned emperor, Ashoka, Converted to Buddhism in

261 BC, had minimal impact in Rajasthan, However, there are Buddhist caves and stupas (Buddhist Shrines) at Jhalawar, in Southern Rajasthan.

1 18

Ancient Hindu scriptural epics make reference to sites in present-day Rajasthan. The Holy Pilgrimage site of Pushkar is mentioned in both the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

Emergence of the RajputsThe fall of the Gupta Empire, which held dominance in northern India for nearly 300 years until the early 5th Century, was followed by a period of instability as various local chieftains sought to gain supremacy. Power rose and fell in northern India. Stability was only restored with the emergence of the Gurjara Partiharas, the earliest of the Rajput (from 'Rajputra', or Sons of Princes) dynasties which were later to hold the balance of power throughout Rajasthan.

Whatever their actual origins, the Rajputs have evolved a complex mythological genealogy. This ancestry can be divided into two main branches: the Suryavansa, or Race of the Sun (Solar Race), which claims direct descent from Rama; and the Induvansa, or Race of the Moon (Lunar race), which claims descent from Krishna, Later a third branch was added, the Agnikula, or 'Fire Born'. These people claim they were manifested from the flames of a sacrificial fire on Mt.Abu From these three Principal races emerged the 36 Rajput clans.

The Rajput clans gave rise to dynasties such as the Chauhans, Sisodias, Kachhwahas and Rathores. Chauhans of the Agnikula Race emerged in the 12th century and were renowned for their valour. Their territories included the Sapadalksha kingdom, which encompassed a vast area including present- day Jaipur, Ranthambore, part of Mewar, the western portion of Bundi district, Ajmer Kishangarh and even, at one time, Delhi. Branches of the Chauhans also ruled territories know as Ananta (in present-day Shekhawati) and Saptasatabhumi.

The Sisodias of the Suryavansa Race, Originally from Gujarat, migrated to Rajasthan in the mid-7th Century and reigned over Mewar, which encompassed Udaipur and Chittorgarh.

The Kachhwahas, originally from Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh, travelled west in the 12th century. They built the massive fort at Amber, and later shifted the capital to Jaipur. Like the Sisodias, they belonged to the Suryavansa Race.

Also belonging to the Suryavansa Race, the Rathore (earlier known as Rastrakutas) traveled from Kanauj, in Uttar Pradesh. Initially they settled in Pali, south of present-day Jodhpur, but later moved to Mandore in 1381 and ruled over Marwar (Jodhpur).

Later they started building the stunning Meherangarh (fort) at Jodhpur.

The Bhattis, who belong to the Induvansa Race, driven from their homeland in the Punjab by the Turks, installed themselves at Jaisalmer in 1156. They remained more of less entrenched in their desert Kingdom untill they were integrated into the state of Rajasthan following Independen.

1 19

Different types of arts

Rajasthani Art is a living art in the sense that artisans and craftsmen in Rajasthan still strive to give the very best. They learned the tricks of the trade from their forefathers and are still passing on to their sons. It stays in the family. Art seemed to be an obsession both with the craftsmen as well as the patronizers. Interestingly enough you would see many huts in the remote villages of Rajasthan painted with elaborate design and motifs.

The art of body paintings:-

A tattoo is a painful art of inserting various colourful pigment into the skin. In technical terms, it is known as the micro pigment implantation. If you are in Rajasthan, than finding a unique tribal tattoos are very common sight for much of the tourists. You can see beautiful women and tall men, blissfully coloured and represent their tribe from their tattoos. Rajasthani tattoos are very much popular around the globe and you can find most of the wandering tourists expressing their interest in getting them done. As it represents the tribal aspect of various groups with the unique patterns, which are very alluring and powerful in nature. Once you are in Rajasthan, you can easily make out from this art of living, that the Rajasthani women's are very much fond of tattooing themselves. As they holds a strong believe that growing tattoos in abundance will enhances their beauty and health.

Embossing of the Tattoo on Body Parts !!!Once the interested tourist decided the design to be done over the chosen part of the skin, then the local Rajasthani tattooers punctured the desired pattern into the skin by means of sewing needle, which at times can be very much painful. When this pattern becomes visible and blood oozes out from various prick points, lamp black is pressed by a thumb into the design and the sap of a common herb (dudhi) is then applied as an antiseptic, to get the permanent designes.

Myriad Tattoo Designs !!!

Amongst their favourite designs are dot pattern, circles and crescents on the face, parrots, scorpions, flowers and a host of images of gods and goddesses on the arms. A wide variety of floral patterns are also applied over the calves and a pair of peacocks between the breasts of womenfolks. Some women also get the names of their husbands tattooed on the forearms as a token of their devotion and conjugal love.

An interesting aspect of tattooing among the women folk is that the designs tend to be used as a family heritage. Thus, the tattoo designs on the bodies of the elders are

1 20

adopted by the younger ones in the family and this goes on from one generation to the other.

Legendary Significance of Tattoo Patterns !!!

Apart from the motifs which can be called purely decorative, the women folk use a number of patterns, which constantly remind them of their significance and philosophy of the adorable objects they represent. Thus, a dot on the forehead signifies Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, round clusters of dots with ray like appendages symbolize Lotus (Kamal) or sacred wheel (Chakra) and Swastika signifying the sun. Peacocks, whose feathers are associated traditionally with the crown of Lord Krishna is also preferred pattern. Tree of eternal life (Kalpa Vraksha) and animals like Horse, camel and crocodile are also frequently tattooed. Traditionally the horse is associated with sun, the crocodile with goddess Ganga and the camel with regional God Gogaji, who is believed to have domesticated it for the first time.

Come and Visit the brilliant Tattoo Soil !!!

Once you are in the journey to incredible India, do not miss an opportunity to take some beautiful permanent remembrance with you back in form of traditional tattoo art on your body from Rajasthan. This tribal tattoo art, which has great significance and belief, since the times of king and Queens are becoming more popular among the visitors and the tourist in fact it has become a favourite passion for millions of enthusiastic travellers coming from all over the world.

Tattoo significance

Tattoos play a significant role in the pages of bygone era in Rajasthan. It is an ancient practice, usually performed to represent the tribal communities of Rajasthan.

Tattoo process

The local tattooers punctured the desired pattern into the skin by means of sewing needle, which can be very much painful.

1 21

.Visible design pattern is rubbed by the lamp black and is pressed by a thumb. z . The sap of a various herbs are applied over the designed marks as an antiseptic.

Varied tattoo pattern

Tribal Tattoos: Parrot Designs. Floral Patterns. Pair of Peacocks. Flowers and Scorpion Tattoos. Religious Tattoos:- Images of Gods and Goddesses. Permanent makeup: Names of the husbands, Dots, Circles and Crescents over the face.

Carpets and durries:-

The hand knotted woolen carpets of Tonk, Bikaner, and Jaipur are generally based on Persian styles. The traditional cotton durries of jaipur, Jodhpur are mostly in pastle shades with geometrical motifs

design.

Leather ware :-

1 22

Leather is also an essential raw material for making musical instruments such as the tabla, dhol, kamaycha. These instruments are used by Rajasthani folk musicians. The world fame jootis are made from leather having artistically emroidered uppers. These are incredibly comfortable and sturdy. Jaipur, Jodhpur, Barmer and Jaisalmer are traditionally known for these footwear. Bikaner is known for its painted lamp shades, shields and vases made from camel hide .Designer hand-bags, purses, belts, hats, stools and collapsible chairs with graphic embroideries made from leather at Tilonia village near Ajmer is also example of good craft manship.

Paintings:-

Painting of Rajasthan miniature and folk are known all over the world for treatment and composition, color scheme and subjecting. Use of vibrant colours, bold lines, two dimensional treatment of figures and entir composition distributed in compartments are some of the unique features of these paintings, popularly known as ‘phad’ paintings. An irressisable buy bare the paintings of Rajsthan . The paintings done in inimitable styles and colour rendering are so distinctive that they catch the eye and touch the soul.

'Rajsathan has many schools ol painting having Their own districts styles, well known among them being Marwar, Mewar, Hadoti Kishangarh, Dhundhur and Alwar.

The Miniature Paintings of Rajsthan which had flourishedunder princely patronage are still reproduced and descendants of the original craftsmen continue to produce miniture masterpieces, retaining their classic elegance . They are often made on hand made paper mathological the ms from Ramayana, Krishna Lila, Ragamala, and Geetgovinda are commonly used . In the paintaings , Vivdly rendred are hills valleys, gardens, palaces, court scenes and relifious processions.

Popular are the Phad paintings which are predominotaly red and green scrolls depicting the life of the local hero Pabuji. They are made by the Joshis of Shahpur, near Bhilwara, and are now available in smaller panels portrying single incidents or chracters from the epics . Pichwais are cloth paintings hung in temples. Made in Udaipurand Nathdwara these paintings depicts lord Krishna, as Shrinathji diffrent moods. They are done in dark rich hues and have deep religious connotations. Alll over Rjsthan one can see brightly coloured Murals depiciting folk processions and battles.

The Frescoes of Shekhawati are world renowned and the region is popularly termed

1 23

as an "Open Air Art Gallery", Today the tourist can take home a piece of this art and decorate their walls at home, for these traditional murals have been recreated in paper and also in cloth.

Wall Paintings

Palaces, Havelies, even huts are commonly having Walls and ceilings covered with colorful paintings in Rajasthan. Some of the finest paintings can be seen in havelis of the Shekhawati region and the ancient towns of Bundi and Kota. And some of the most humorous on the walls of houses tucked away in the lanes of Jaisalmer.

Pottery:-

Palaces, Havelies, even huts are commonly having Walls and ceilings covered with colorful paintings in Rajasthan. Some of the finest paintings can be seen in havelis of the Shekhawati region and the ancient towns of Bundi and Kota. And some of the most humorous on the walls of houses tucked away in the lanes of Jaisalmer.

Blue Pottery Rajasthan

If you want to understand the true concept of Heritage in India then Rajasthan is an ideal place for you to begin with. It upholds the tradition and culture of the Rajputs at its best. Situated on the Thar Desert with the Aravalli range bordering it Rajasthan tells of the many battles fought and won by the heroic Rajputs. The many palaces,

forts, temples, havelis, all tell of an ancient tale. The palaces and havelis constructed in marble and sandstone are like a dream woven in stone amidst the desert topography. Rajasthani Art is held in high esteem all throughout the world. Whether it be marble sculpture or miniature paintings or frescoes each has their own significance throughout the ages. Blue Pottery is an interesting specialization in the field of pottery in Rajasthan.

To begin with Blue Pottery originated in Persia and came into vogue in Rajasthan during the

times of Maharaja Ram Singhji who patronized this novel art. Distinctive materials like quartz stone were used to bring in the desired effect. Blue color mainly residues of (oxide of cobalt) and green (oxide of copper) were used to bring in the vibrancy of the objects. Nowadays even shades of yellow, dark blue and brown are used. Floral prints arabesque motifs and animal figures are the predominant themes interweaved in the articles. Ashtray, flower pots, lamp shades, jars are some of the best buy from Rajasthan bearing the hall mark of blue pottery. There was a time when Blue Pottery was vanishing from Rajasthan. But recently the art has been revived by Gayatri Devi and Kamala Devi Chattopadhya.

1 24

Check out the many markets of Rajasthan for Blue Pottery objects. It makes for some interesting souvenirs. Moreover the prices are reasonable enough but still a hard bargain is called for.

Textiles :-

Rajasthani textiles come in a fascinating range of dyed and block-printed fabric which are further embroidered. Each region has its own special color scheme, design and technique. Hand-block printed textiles of the townships of Sanganer and Bagru near Jaipur have won the hearts of millions at home and abroad. Jaipur's quilts are a hot favorite with most tourists. Tie-and-dye textiles, called bandhej or bandhani are an important Rajasthani craft. Different methods are used to tie the fabric into small points and produce various patterns like lehariya, mothda, ekdali and shikari. The best bandhej comes from Sikar and Jodhpur, while Jaipur, Barmer, Pali, Udaipur and Nathdwara are the other centers. Zari and gota are lavishly used in bridal and formal costumes. One can pick up saris or even cushion covers with this elaborate mettalic thread embroidery.

Rajasthani textiles come in an attractive range of hand - block prints, tie and dye and embroidered fabrics with mirror work. The art of Khari or over printing in gold is also practiced here. The bandhani or tie & dye work comes from Sikar, Jodhpur, Udaipur etc.

The Artistic technique of dying bandhani or tie & dye includes tying sections of a length of cloth (silk or cotton)

and then dunking it into vats of colour. These colorful clothes are used as turbans by the Rajputs and as odhnis by their women. This talent is bestowed by the people of  nearby towns of Bagru and Sanganer. Here you can see the Chhipa community of dyers at work.

The main colours used in Bandhani are yellow, green, red and black. The

fabric is skillfully knotted by the women, while the portfolio of dyeing rests with the men. The most commonly used patterns in this technique are dots, circles, squares, waves and stripes. These Stripes or the ripple effect is famously known as

1 25

Laheriya. Both Jaipur and Jodhpur are major centres of laheriya. Now this art of Rajasthan has got attention through out the world and it has extensive demand in the Export markets.

The colours used are traditionally based on vegetable dyes.

Tie and dye cloth is never too expensive but be warned that the colours always run. So if you’ve bought silk, it’s safer to get it dry-cleaned.  

Puppets:-

Puppets is an ancient and popular form of folk entertainment.

No village fair, no religious festival and no social gathering in Rajasthan can be complete without Puppets. With their sparkling eyes and brightly colored dresses, the kathputlis , gives unforgettable experience

Rare art from Rajasthan :-

Intricate scenic detail

FOR COLLECTORS of rare art objects, a three-day exhibition of Rajasthani paintings, scheduled from April 11 to 13, is sure to offer a good opportunity to

1 26

pick up some rare pieces of stunning work turned out by talented artisans who have kept the craft alive.

Lavanya Craft Shop is organising this exhibition, at the Shivanjali Trust complex on Maruthamalai Road.

Indian miniature paintings are a hot favourite among collectors of rare paintings, for the intricate works of art always centre on exotic themes and exhibit much skill when it comes to colouring and shading, to say nothing of attention to detail.

Miniature paintings can be divided into the Rajasthani and Pahari schools of art and Mughal miniatures, say the organisers of the show. Most of the miniatures deal with the epics and highlight religious mythology and common folklore.

Among the most sought after paintings are those that deal with the divine theme of Radha and Krishna. Though the artists that produced these works of art functioned with royal patronage, they brought a refreshing outlook to their paintings, as a result of their religious beliefs.

Mughal miniatures were primarily meant to portray life in the royal courts.

Artists entrusted with the task of visually recording important events, emphasised the lifestyles of the rich and famous of the time.

They portrayed with telling effect, the details of the exciting hunting expeditions that were a favourite with the powerful and the mighty.

"Both Rajasthani and Pahari are generic names for a number of styles of painting such as the Kangra, Bilaspur, Krishangarh, Bikaner, Jaipur, Malwa and Mewar styles, to name a few," say the organisers of the show.

Handicrafts of Rajasthan:-

Rajasthan – the land of the Rajahs – can boast not only of its rich, regal past, but also of its outstanding crafts tradition. Every nook and corner of this state in India tells a different story of handicrafts. Kishangarh, Bikaner, Alwar, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Bhilwara, Udaipur – you name a place and it will have its own heritage of diverse handicrafts. From Indian paintings to jewelry, marble work to leather, textile to woodcraft – Rajasthan excels in every possible aspect of handicrafts.

Wooden handcrafted furniture: Rajasthan, specially Barmer and Jodhpur, specializes in the craft of wooden furniture. Hand carved from locally available wood, these beautifully patterned furniture can enliven even the shabbiest of rooms. Kishangarh and Shekhawati have their own styles of ornate furniture. Furniture from Jodhpur sport an old times look that charms the onlooker.

The technique of painting furniture in various colors is quite common in Rajasthan. The items, which are generally available in this range, are small chairs and tables,

1 27

chowkis, stools with string seats, boxes, cabinets, mirror and picture frames, doors and windows. Wooden furniture from Rajasthan is noted for its intricate designs, beautiful paintings, an overall aesthetic and functional appeal.

Rajasthan Jewelry: Rajasthan is the jewel in the crafts map of India, and Rajasthan jewelry is its brightest gem. Wood and ivory carving, lacquer and filigree work, delicately cut precious stones, and exquisite enameled & silver jewelry – are some of the varieties perfected by Rajasthani craftsmen. Gifted by ancestors, and honed by time, the art of Indian jewelry has flourished in Rajasthan, perhaps like no other state in India. Kundan, a style of inlay setting of unpolished diamonds and other stones and Meenakari or the art of enameled gold jewelry, are exclusive to Jaipur.

Hand Block Printing: Hand block printing is a traditional form of imparting motifs and colour on fabric, mostly cotton. Carved wooden blocks soaked in different colors are pasted on the fabric. It is an eco-friendly form of printing on textiles. Meticulous printing by hand is done using vegetable dyes. Though hand block printing is widely practised all over the state, two villages close to Jaipur, Sanganer and Bagru, are devoted solely to the pursuit. Sanganeri is famous for its delicate floral sprigs, Bagru for its linear and zigzag stripes in earth colors. Barmer, a town located in the heart of the desert, is known for its red indigo geometric ajraks and historic Chittor for its jajam prints.

Zari work: Gota, zardosi, banarsi are made for formal and bridal ensembles, with metallic and threaded embroidery.

Quilting: Another Rajasthani specialty is the quilt. These feather-soft and feather-light quilts are called razais. Though these quilts are available all over the state, it is in Jaipur that they have reached a degree of perfection. Available in beautiful colors with Sanganeri prints, bright tie-dyed materials, marble prints on cotton or in brightly hued velvet, they weigh very little yet are comfortingly warm.

1 28

Gems and stones: Jaipur is world's largest gem cutting center. This is the best place to pick up strings of garnets, amethysts or quartz at unbelievable prices.

Blue Pottery: Sawai Ram Singh II, though originally from Persia, brought the art of making glazed blue pottery, to Jaipur. This unique art of pottery does not use clay but resorts to crushed quartz. The color schemes are also peculiar. Blue (oxide of cobalt), Green (oxide of copper) and the external white are characteristic. Some of the pottery is semi- translucent. Lately experiments are being done with other colors such as yellow, dark blue and brown.

Sandalwood Art of Rajasthan :-

Rajasthani craftsmen create intricate figurines and stylized scenes from folk-lore. Caravans of elephant, camel, lord Ganesha, lord Krishna playing flute with Radha, Dhola-Maru and charming trinkets, wooden boxes and carved Pens are some of the finest products testified to the canner's finesse.

Sandalwood is a natural aromatic wood that grows in India. Its a highly priced wood. Its popularly known as Chandan. Other very common and high demand products made out of sandalwood are incense sticks, dhoop sticks, fragrance sticks, herbal incense sticks, incense dhoop, incense stick cones, plain incense sticks and natural incense sticks. Even spent wood after oil extraction is an important raw material in agarbati manufacture. Chandan or sandalwood is considered to be very sacred thing, so these products are used for worshipping Gods.

Because of its heavenly fragrance, it is extensively used in cosmetic and soap manufacturing. The beauty-conscious Indian women used to rub their bodies with a sandal and turmeric paste for a blemish-free skin much before the western cosmetic industry made inroads into India. In many parts of the country, brides still have their ritual bath with sandalwood paste.

1 29

Art Metal ware of Rajasthan:-

Jaipur is known for combination of engraving and lacquering brassware, which is mainly used for decorative purposes. The most commonly made products are spice boxes, vases, rose-water sprinklers, trays, caskets and hukkas and statues, all ornamented with bird and animal figures. Beside brass also includes filigreed cut work on silver items like handas, spice bottles, Bed and Diwan Legs and baskets much in demand globally. Highly ornamented hilts and scabbards of swords and daggers are also crafted.

Other beautiful feature in metalware commonly done in Rajasthan is etching done on metal for  temple decorations like the chauki a platform or base on which the deity is placed, the chatra, a plate edged with floral carvings, is hung with strings as the covering for the image. Kalsha is another ornamented decoration kept in the corners of the chauki  Apart from these objects highly carved  crowns, canopies, umbrellas, and seats are also famous.

The other object of metal famous in Rajasthan is Water Vessels. Bidri is a method which involves the damascening of silver on oxidized black vessels of copper and zinc.

ARTS IN DIFFERENT CITIES

Rajasthan, where Tradition is given value more than any other things. It can be seen immensely colored with peoples wearing Turban of vivid attire and the women folk bejeweled with chunky silver ornaments, necklace, waist bands, bracelets all giving it the surname of a Haute-culture atmosphere in the Country of India. The royal Maharajas and the courts produced the finest musicians, architects, sculptures, artisans and

1 30

writers. These great skilled men had left behind a legacy of art, craft and antique treasures that are the pride of Rajasthan today.

Famed as the perfect Shopper's Destination, here craftsmen still continue to churn out the very best and fabulous range of creation employing the age old traditional skills, which they had perfected with the passing years. From the ravishing tie and die fabric, fine block printed textiles, soft silk to splendid furniture every thing is the best. The lacquer & the filigree work, stones cut out very carefully and gems to ornate jewellery, the blue pottery all are enticing to the  eyes.

The entire state is a treasure of the best Indian handicrafts, that have till now able to attract tourists from all over the world. Visitors can shop for some of the fabulous fabrics, in prints, precious and semi-precious stones, Kundan and Minakari enameling in gold and silver jewellery, embroidered leather shoes or Jhuttis. In the craft makings the blue pottery, miniature Paintings, carpets, blankets, beautiful Trinkets are the glamorous wardrobe of the State of Rajasthan.

Jaipur : The jewellers of Jaipur are renowned all over the world. Silver, Gold works of the highest quality, Lac bangles are its special attractions. The Lac Bangles are believed to be worn as a good omen and available in many colours and design. Glass Bangles, Kundan and Minakari jewellery is the specialty of Jaipur city. Kundan, which is the art of setting precious stones in Gold. Jaipur houses a variety of emerald, garnet, ruby, amethyst, topaz and Lapiz lazuli. Jaipur carpets are too making a mark in the Indian Market as well as International .

Ajmer : The leather work of Ajmer and Puskar is popular and the quality is also to be taken note of. The final shape is given by the joint effort of the Local Men and women. The men does the tanning, cutting, stitching while the women folk do the work of embroidery and ornamentation.

Bikaner : The place of Bikaner has its own peculiarity. Articles are made of camel-hide, sheep wool, carpets, woolen items and wood items are popular. Even the bikaneri bhujiyas are quite a favorite among the peoples as a good snacks.

Jaisalmer : The desert city is famous for Mirror works, embroidered articles, woolen pattu shawls and other items of wood, trinkets. Silver jewellery and curious are of better quality and locally produced.

Jodhpur : The city is well known for leather shoes, sandals, water bags, fans, pouches and musical instruments. The Jhuttis come with embroidered uppers.

Sawai Madhopur : Famous for khas perfumes, madhopur also is well known for the other objects made of khas, including fans, pouches, caps and small boxes.

Kota : Home of the famous dori sarees, there are small units where sarees are made in all corners of the city.

Udaipur : A plethora of items like folk toys, colour full tie and dye sarees and clothes, turbans, hand painted fabrics are the best buys of the city of Udaipur.

1 31

Outfits of rajasthan

A Symphony Of Colours :-

Against the backdrop of dusty land and sun-soaked skies, Rajasthan is filled with opulent colours, the sparkle of mirror and silver and precious stones, and the sheen of silk and vivid kaleidoscope of cotton. The exotic and vividly colorful state of Rajasthan is synonymous with majestic forts, stately palaces, lakes, sand dunes, camels and people dressed in brightly coloured costumes.

To add a dash of colour and life to the barren, colorless landscape and the monotonous,

cloudless sky, the people of Rajasthan show a distinct preference for bright costumes. From the simple village folk or tribal belle to the royalty, the preferred colours are bright red, dazzling yellow, lively green or brilliant orange, highlighted by a lavish use of sparkling gold and silver 'zari' or 'gota'.

The dyers of Rajasthan and neighbouring Gujarat were masters of their craft from the dawn of history. Their unsurpassed skill is still evident in the costumes worn by the Rajasthani people, both rich and poor. The study of the people of Rajasthan is incomplete without the knowledge of costumes and ornaments. The costumes of the present have the reflections of the costumes of the past. Clothes express one's personality and distinguish people of different places from each other.

The Brilliance Of Hues :-

Both males and females dress in the customary dresses fully influenced by climate, economy, status and the profession. The traditional dresses being 'potia', 'dhoti', 'banda', 'angrakha', 'bugatari', 'pachewara', 'khol', 'dhabla', amongst Hindus; and 'tilak', 'burga', 'achkan' amongst Muslims, which are fast changing now with 'bushirt', 'salwar' and 'skirts', saris and pants accordingly.

Turban, the head dress of Rajasthani men, is a differential pattern, of each geographical region designed to suit terrain and climatic influence. All over Rajasthan, the 'bandhni', the tie-and-dye sari and turban reign supreme. The common

1 32

dress of the women constitutes (i) sari or 'odhani', (ii) 'kanchli' or 'kunchuki' or 'choli' (iii) 'ghaghra' or 'ghaghri' or 'lahanga'. Besides, the women of high status and ranks wear 'dupatta' and 'patka'.

The use of chappals or sandals or 'jutees' is also common but ladies of high families use coloured sandals studded with gold threads and stars.

The Diverse Attire :-

Royal Wardrobe

The rich and opulent dresses of the royalty were made under the meticulous attention of special departments in charge of royal costumes while the 'Ranghkhana' and the 'Chhapakhana' were departments that took care of dyeing and printing the fabrics respectively. The 'siwankhana' ensured its flawless and articulate tailoring. Two special sections, the 'toshakhanand' and the 'kapaddwadra', took care of the daily wear and formal costumes of the king.

Traditional Textiles

Rajasthani daily wear such as saris, 'odhnis' and turbans are often made from textiles using either block printed or tie-and-dye techniques.

Rajput Costumes

The Rajput kings, owing their close proximity to the Mughal court dressed up in their colorful and formal best. Richly brocaded material from Banaras and Gujarat, embroidered and woven Kashmiri shawls and delicate cottons from Chanderi and Dhaka were procured at great cost.

Women's Attire:-

Odhni

It is 10 feet long and 5 feet wide, One corner is tucked in the skirt while the other end is taken over the head and right shoulder. Colours and motifs are particular to caste, type of costume and occasion. Both Hindu and Muslims women wear 'odhnis'.

Pila

An 'odhni' with a yellow background and a central lotus motif in red called a 'pila', is a traditional gift of parent to their daughter on the birth of a son. The vibrant and colorful land of Rajasthan, with

1 33

hospitable and well-attired men and women add a splash of colour to the otherwise parched landscape.

Rajasthani women wear ankle-length long skirts with narrow waist that gain width like an umbrella at the base. It is called 'ghaghara'. However, the length has been kept a little short on purpose, so that foot ornaments are visible. The width and the number of pleats in the 'ghaghara' symbolize one's prosperity. It comes in many colors and styles. The skirt is not folded at the lower end like normal skirts but a broad colored fabric known as sinjaf is sewn underneath to make it stronger. Ghagaras come in many styles but the most popular ones are dyed or printed cotton ghagharas with laharia, mothra and chunari prints just like the turbans of the males. The odhani is a cotton cloth 2.5 to 3 meters long and 1.5 to 2 meters wide that acts as a veil for women

Men's Attire:-

The turban, variously called 'pagari', 'pencha', 'sela' or 'safa' depending on style, an 'angrakha' or 'achakan' as the upper garment and 'dhoti' or 'pyjama' as the lower garment make up the male outfit.

TurbanStyles

Varying styles of turban denote region and caste. These variations are known by different names such as 'pagari' and 'safa'. Infact, there are about 1,000 different styles and types of turbans in Rajasthan, each denoting the class, caste and region of the wearer. Turbans come in all shapes, sizes and colours; and there are specific turbans for specific occasions as well.

A 'pagari' is usually 82 feet long and 8 inches wide. A 'safa' is shorter and broader. The common man wears turban of one color, while the elite wear designs and colors according to the occasion.

Headgear Turbans

Varying styles of turban denote region and caste. These variations are known by different names such as 'pagari' and 'safa¿. Infact, there are about 1,000 different

styles and types of turbans in Rajasthan, each denoting the class, caste and region of the wearer. Turbans come in all shapes, sizes and colours; and there are specific turbans for specific occasions as well.

A 'pagari' is usually 82 feet long and 8 inches wide. A 'safa' is shorter and broader. The common man wears turban of one color, while the elite wear designs and colors

according to the occasion.

1 34

Way Of Dressing :-

Traditional textiles

Rajasthani daily wear such as saris, 'odhnis' and turbans are often made from textiles using either block printed or tie-and-dye techniques.

Rajput Costumes

The Rajput kings, owing their close proximity to the Mughal court dressed up in their colorful and formal best. Richly brocaded material from Banaras and Gujarat, embroidered and woven Kashmiri shawls and delicate cottons from Chanderi and Dhaka were procured at great cost.

Colours, Hues & Themes :-

Against the backdrop of dusty land and sun-soaked skies, Rajasthan is filled with opulent colours, the sparkle of mirror and silver and precious stones, and the sheen of silk and vivid kaleidoscope of cotton. The exotic and vividly colorful state of Rajasthan is synonymous with majestic forts, stately palaces, lakes, sand dunes, camels and people dressed in brightly coloured costumes.

To add a dash of colour and life to the barren, colorless landscape and the monotonous, cloudless sky, the people of Rajasthan show a distinct preference for bright costumes. From the simple village folk or tribal belle to the royalty, the preferred colours are bright red, dazzling yellow, lively green or brilliant orange, highlighted by a lavish use of sparkling gold and silver 'zari' or 'gota'.

The dyers of Rajasthan and neighbouring Gujarat were masters of their craft from the dawn of history. Their unsurpassed skill is still evident in the costumes worn by the Rajasthani people, both rich and poor. The study of the people of Rajasthan is incomplete without the knowledge of costumes and ornaments. The costumes of the present have the reflections of the costumes of the past. Clothes express one's person.

Footwear:

'Mojaris' or 'jootis' (leather shoes made up of camel, goat or sheep skin) are worn by both males and females. Though camel leather is very soft and is only suitable to be worn inside the house, the shoes made up of goatskins and sheepskins are stronger and can be worn outside. Shoes are pepped up with intricate embroidery done on velvet or brocade, which is pasted on the outer part of the shoes. Jootis of Jaisalmeler, Jodhpur, Ramjipura and Jobre are especially famous all over the world.

1 35

Jewellery:-

Rajasthani jewellery has a distinctive style. Precious stones, diamonds and emeralds were not only used in ornaments but can also be seen in the hilts of daggers of kings and nobles, which are on display in the various museums. An earring or a pair of studs is common among men along with a gold chain or string of pearls (usually worn by the rich) or even silver 'hansli' (a variation of a thick bracelet worn around the neck usually worn by the peasants or the poor).

Tribal women of Gayari, Mina and Bhil are not far behind. Once they used to wear only brass ornaments made by Bharawas and it was customary for the bridegroom to give 25 kg of jewellery as a dowry. But times have changed and even these women have started using silver or white metal jewellery. There are other communities like Rabaris of Sirohi region and Raikas of Jodhpur region who wear heavy silver jewellery and often use inexpensive glass pieces to decorate them with. One can see captivating designs based on sun, moon, flowers, seeds and leaves on their jewellery. Besides the metal jewellery, Lac jewellery studded with glass pieces can also be coomonly seen in Rajasthan. To the south of Rajasthan, one can see women wearing bangles that are made up of coconut shell with a silver strip set in a groove in the centre.

Accessories in rajashan

Feminine Jewellery:-

Feminine jewellery is more complex than masculine jewellery. Jewellery in India is worn as a complete ensemble and not as an accessory. It is thus quite acceptable to wear more than one necklace around the neck, also in the ears, on the toes and fingers, ornaments on the forehead, in the hair, and so on, any number to be worn at the same time.

So it is not surprising that the royal ladies of Rajasthani were bedecked from head to toe in jewels so much so that it sometimes was mystery as to how they could carry the weight of all the jewellery worn.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE HEAD

The ladies of the royal family of Rajasthani wore at least half a dozen kinds of hair jewellery at one time, each with its own name and specific function. The most common head jewel is the bindi, which has a central pendant hanging from a string of fine pearls and is worn down the parting of the hair with the pendant resting in the middle of the forehead.

A variant of this is called the borla in which the central pendant is semi-spherical and set with precious stones and a fringe of fine peals. Chains of gold, shaped like the lotus and other flowers ate worn across the length of the plait. There are

1 36

flower-shaped hair pins and hair combs beautifully enameled and set with stones.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE NOSE

The nath is a nose ornament which, when worn us considered to bring good fortune. It is often a ring of fine gold with a pearl threads between two rubies in its central part. There are many other kinds of nose rings as well.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE EARS

The kinds of earrings worn are too many to enumerate, but the main styles are the Karanphool Jhumka is a bell shaped flower, toti is the image of a parrot, lathan is the image of a grape, pipal patti is shaped like a pipal leaf.

A special type of earring is one which runs along ear with an ear top and jhomka attached to the lower half. Sometimes strings of fine pearls run from the earning into the hair, and pearls are also threaded through th hair.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE FOOT

The foot ornaments are of two types the toe rings and the anklets. The toe rings and the for the big toe are called anvat. The rings for the other toes are modeled in the shapes of fish, flowers or just circles of granules on the surface. There are also double toe rings, which cover the entire toe. There is a great exuberance in the designs of the anklets.

Most of them have little bells that tinkle as the lady walks. And are often referred to as jhanjhar. An unusal combination is that of an anklet with tow rings, where five radiating chains connect the toe rings to the anklet.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE WAIST

The women also wear girdles and belts around their waists. These are usually made of gold and set with rubies, emeralds and diamonds. Belts are usually broad bands of flattened, twisted metal in silver or gold, encrusted with gems, and embossed with exquisite designs.

They are usually finished off with clusters of beads at the rims. The Kardhani is made of various chains, each a little longer than the previous one and all held together with meral bands.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE ARM

1 37

There is an enormous range in armlets and the most common ones are gold bands with precious stones. The wearing of ornaments on the wrists and forearm follows a special pattern. The smallest bangle to fit the wrist is the kada, which is a thick rounded bangle with various decorations on it.

The two ends are usually carved with replicas of the heads of animals and birds like elephants, lions or parrots. Then come bangles, any number of them in various shapes and designs. There may be the chuda, which is sometimes made of ivory inlaid with gold.

The last item is the patli, which is a plain bangle that highlights the ostentation of therest of the ornaments that go before it. The hathphool is a bangle with rings connected to it by chains that lie over the back of the hand. There is a central flower which connects it all together. The rings are of a great variety. A quaint & charming ring is the arsi, with a tiny mirror and worn on the ring finger.

ORNAMENTATION FOR THE NECK

Jewelry for the neck is one of the most important items of jewelry and there is a bewildering range of strings, sometimes with rubies and emeralds strung with them of with gem studded pendants, are worn in double and triple strings.

There is the chandan haar ( a necklace of gold sequins), the mohanmala ( a necklace of beads resembling melon seeds), champakali ( a string of flowers stylised in the shape of the champa ), the mohrun, the jugnu, the hansli ( a gold collar or ring, thick in the middle and tapering towards the ends).

Masculine Jewelery:-

Vanity, a love of opulence and deep aesthetic sense gave the Rajas and Ranas of Rajasthan a great fondness for jewellery. The men were as elaborately and dazzling dressed as the women, with jewelry that often rivaled that of their wives.

It was a status symbol and a portable display of wealth, and consequently, power Turban jewellery was the prerogative of king, his close family or the members of his entourage (including his horse). The turbian itself would be heavily encrusted (with jewels and fastened with a gem set kalangi or aigrette. Men also wore necklaces of pearls and precious stones, earrings, jeweled sashes around their waists and several rings on every finger.

1 38

The ornament worn in front on the turban is called a sarpech. It was often extended into a golden band set with emeralds, rubies, diamonds. Pearls were greatly valued by the Maharajas and they often wore double or triple strings of pearls with pendants of precious stones round their necks. The sashes round their waists were heavily jewelled as were the clasps or buckles of their sword belts.

They wore armlets and amulets around their forearms, and their wrists strings of pearls and bracelets of gold and gems. Even the slippers of the royalty were encrusted with pearls and gems. Emperors wore rings of diamonds emeralds, rubies and other precious stones at least one on each finger and often more. Traditionally gold is not enough on the feet since it is considered a metal of the gods, but in Rajasthan the anklet of gold worn on one or both feet by men was a sign of nobility.

Tod's Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan notes that after the siege of Chittaur, the equivalent of 170 lbs. Of gold bangles or anklets were found on the bodies of men who had fallen, all the men who wore them having been of noble blood or knights.

Masculine jewellery was not confined to the articles worn on the body alone. The Rajasthani princes had gold epaulets, gem encrusted sword hilts.

Dagger sheath swords scabbards and hookah mouthpieces. Their horses were as finely bedecked as they themselves were, and it is said that the horse of Rajasthani Maharaja was worth more than our cities on account of the jewels he wore.

The commoner of Rajasthan has traditional worn jewellery too, though what he wears is made from more modest metals like silver and gems are substituted by colored glass. Earrings, armlets and anklets of silver are still commonly seen adorning the rural Rajasthani male. Males also wear necklace, earnings and lucky charms, which are considered to ward off evil.

1 39

Textile Ornamentation:-

Besides all this jewelry, the saris and the lehengas (long skirts) of the ladies may be richly and heavily embroidered with gold and silver threads.

A single grain of gold could be drawn to a length of 500 feet. Gold embroidery called Karchop is done on masnads & elephant trapping fans & canopies. The gold work of Jaipur is also famous.

Other materials:-

Ivory was often used to make jewellery, especially bangles, which are considered an essential part of bridal jewelry. The bangles are often overlaid with gold. They are often dyed in various colours, though the most popular one is red.

The production of ivory bangles has now been stopped due to the ban on use of ivory and has been replaced by plastic or bone. Lac jewelry, usually bangles, are often worn in Rajasthan on all auspicious on all auspicious occasions as a sign of goods omen.

Some bangles are plain others are studied with glass pieces bright stones beads etc. and look gorgeos. The designs on the plain bangles are the traditional lahariya or zigzag patterns.

But in the ornamental ones, there are many varities like he patla and the phooldar (flora). They are also set with salma patri, etc.

Often they were studded with stones and are still being made in jaipur. Another important ornaments in Rajasthan is that of Churi or ornamental bracelet of sheliac worn by women.

According to the ornamental gilt work on them, these bracelets bear various names such as Gokhru, Tarang etc. Coconut shell bracelets are also very popular.

Tourist Attractions in India

The brilliance and vibrancy of Rajasthan will enthrall you like no other states in India. You always associate color with Rajasthan- color and heritage. This princely state upholds the glory and tradition of India at its best. Most of the heritage sites in India are located here. Situated on the Thar Desert with the Aravalli range bordering it Rajasthan tells of the many battles fought and won by the heroic Rajputs. The many palaces, forts, temples, havelis, all tell of an ancient tale. Quintessentially romantic is how you describe Rajasthan in a nutshell. Rajasthani Art is held in high esteem all throughout the world. Whether it be marble carvings, miniature paintings or frescoes it tells you of the artistic genius of the craftsmen of yesteryears. Wood and Marble

1 40

Carving in Rajasthan are famous all over India for its exquisite design and ingenious handiworks of the craftsmen.

Wood and Marble Carving is a living art in the sense that artisans and craftsmen in Rajasthan still strive to give the very best. Not only would you see stunning marble work and motifs in the heritage sites or those preserved in the museum but also you can glance through them at the many shops and bazaars sprawled throughout the cities and villages of Rajasthan. These craftsmen learned the tricks of the trade from their forefathers and are still passing it on to their sons. It is an art that stays in the family. In the days of yore Art seemed to be an obsession both with the craftsmen as well as the patronizers. Wood carvings in Rajasthan include exquisite sandalwood carvings with intricate designs on it. Choose from a wide variety of key chains, designed boxes, showpieces and toys with carved motifs of desert landscape, camels, Rajput warriors and princess. You can also look through the different furnitures like carved chest, cradles, chairs embellished with figures of dancing girls and hunting scenes. The standard of Wood and Marble Carving in Rajasthan is very high these pieces are exported on a daily basis all over the world. As is well known Rajasthan is very rich in natural stones like marbles, quartzite, slates etc. Some one has described Rajasthan as a dream weaved in marble in the desert topography. The beautiful havelis and palace bears full testimony to that. The ancient stone sculptures found in areas like Bharatpur, Chittor, Mandore, Osiytan, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, and Udaipur shows that stone carving is an age old art in Rajasthan.

Conclusion:-

RAJASTHAN - the land of massive forts, sprawling palaces and intricately carved temples of colourful tribes and brave warriors, of unrivalledform of arts and crafts, unique dance and music traditions, is changing at rapid pace.

Rajasthan offers one of the most diversified customs and culture. Famous for its music and dance, you will enjoy dancing to the tune of local folk music.

Apart from all these, Rajasthan also has a remarkable range of terracotta products, metal crafts, lac products, stone carving, marble work and durries, carpets and rugs. Owing to its rich variety and heritage of handicrafts, Rajasthan is a shopper's paradise till date.

1 41

Bibliography:-

www.rajasthanart.com

www.ebay.in

www.incredible_india_holidays.com

www.jweeller.exportersindia.com

www.culturalrajasthantours.com

www.rajasthantravel.com

1 42