Section3.1:BiologicalMolecules3.1.1MonomersandPolymers3.1.2Carbohydrates3.1.3Lipids3.1.4.1Proteins3.1.4.2Enzymes3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure3.1.5.2DNAReplication3.1.6ATP3.1.7Water3.1.8InorganicIons
ASLevelPaper1and2.A2LevelPaper1and3- Topics1-4
Section3.2:Cells3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses3.2.1.3Studyingcells3.2.2Allcellsarisefromothercells3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem
Section3.3Organismsexchangesubstanceswiththeirenvironment3.3.1Surfaceareatovolumeratio3.3.2Gasexchange3.3.3Digestionandabsorption3.3.4.1Masstransportinanimals3.3.4.2Masstransportinplants
Section3.4Geneticinformation,variationandrelationshipsbetweenorganisms3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutationsandmeiosis3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy3.4.6Biodiversity3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity
Topic4:3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes(p202-207)Whatisagene?
Whatisanallele?
Whatisthegeneticcode?
Whatarethefeaturesofthegeneticcode?
CanyoudistinguishbetweentheDNAinprokaryoticcellsandtheDNAineukaryoticcells?
CanyouexplainthatthemitochondriaandchloroplastsofeukaryoticcellsalsocontainDNA?
CanyoudescribehowaDNAmoleculeanditsassociatedproteinsformachromosome?
Canyouexplainwhatismeantbyhomologouschromosomes?
Topic4:3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis(p208-216)Whatismeantbythetermsgenomeandproteome?
WhatisthestructureofRNA?
CanyoudescribethestructureandfunctionofmessengerRNA(mRNA)? CanyoudescribethestructureandfunctionoftransferRNA(tRNA)?
WherewouldyoufindribosomalRNA(rRNA)?
Topic4:3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis(p208-216)
Canyouexplainwhathappensduringtranscription? Canyouexplainwhathappensduringsplicing?Rememberthisdoesnotoccurinprokaryotes!
Topic4:3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis(p208-216)
Howmightaproteinbeassembled?
Canyoudescribetherolesofribosomes,tRNA,andATP?
Canyouexplainwhathappensduringtranslation?
Topic4:3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutations(p220-223)Whatisagenemutation?
Howandwhendogenemutationsarise?
Canyoudescribetheeffectofmutagenicagents?
Whatisasubstitutionmutationandwhatcouldthepossibleeffectsbe?
Whatisadeletionmutationandwhatcouldthepossibleeffectsbe?
Whatisachromosomemutation?
Topic4:3.4.3Geneticdiversity– meiosis(p224-228)
Canyoudescribetheprocessofmeiosis?
Howdoesmeiosiscreategeneticvariation?Whyismeiosisnecessary?Whattypesofcellsdoesmeiosisresultin?
Howwouldyoucalculatethepossiblechromosomecombinationsfollowingmeiosis?Andthenumberofpossiblechromosomecombinationsproducedfromthefertilisation oftwogametes?
Canyouexplainthedifferentoutcomeofmitosisandmeiosis?
Topic4:3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection(p229-230)
Whatisgeneticdiversity?
Whatfactorsinfluencegeneticdiversity?
Explainhowgeneticdiversityisafactorinenablingnaturalselectiontooccur:
Canyoulisttheprinciplesofnaturalselectionintheevolutionofpopulations?
Explainhowreproductivesuccessaffectsallelefrequencywithinagenepool:
Topic4:3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– typesofselection(p230-234)
Cabyoudescribedirectionalselection,exemplifiedbyantibioticresistanceinbacteria?
Canyoudescribestabilisingselection,exemplifiedbyhumanbirthweights?
Canyoudescribehowadaptationsmaybeanatomical,physiologicalorbehavioural?
Topic4:3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy(p237-242)Whatisaspecies?
Howarespeciesnamed?
Whataretheprinciplesofclassification?
ArtificialvsPhylogeneticclassification:
Whatisahierarchy?
Canyouexplainhowweorganisethegroupsofspecies?
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Whatisphylogeny?
Topic4:3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy(p237-242)
Whatistheroleofcourtshipinensuringsuccessfulmating?
Howdoescourtshiphelpmembersofaspeciesrecogniseeachother?
Whataresomedifficultiesofdefiningaspecies?
Topic4:3.4.6Biodiversity(p243-248)
Canyoudescribetheimpactofagricultureonspeciesdiversity?Whatismeantbybiodiversity?
Whatismeantbyspeciesdiversity?
Whatismeantbygeneticdiversity?
Whatismeantbyecosystemdiversity?
Whatisadiversityindexandhowisitusedasameasureofspeciesdiversity?
Canyouexplainthebalancebetweenconservationandfarming?
Topic4:3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity(p249-252)
Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingthefrequencyofmeasurableorobservablecharacteristics?
Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingthebasesequenceofDNA?
Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingthebasesequenceofmRNA?
Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingtheaminoacidsequenceoftheproteinsencodedbyDNAandmRNA?
Howcanyouidentifygeneticdiversitywithin,orbetweenspeciesbyusingimmunologicalcomparisonofproteins?
Topic4:3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity(p253-256)
Howisvariationmeasured?
Whatissamplingandwhyisitused?
Howdoweminimisetheeffectofchancewhensampling?
Whatarethedifferenttypesofvariationandtheircauses?
Howdoyoucalculatethemean,modeandmedian?
Whatisthenormaldistributioncurve?
Howdowecalculatethestandarddeviation?Whatdoesitshowus?
∑=thesumofx=measuredvalue(fromthesample)x̄=meanvaluen=thetotalnumberofvaluesinthesample