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AS level PEAS level PE
Respiratory systemRespiratory system
Discus mechanics of breathingDiscus mechanics of breathing
InspirationInspiration
ExpirationExpiration
Air is distributed to the lungs by way of the Air is distributed to the lungs by way of the – TracheaTrachea– Primary bronchi (Also secondary/tertiary)Primary bronchi (Also secondary/tertiary)– BronchiolesBronchioles– alveolialveoli
Respiratory system – 3 main Respiratory system – 3 main processesprocesses
Pulmonary respirationPulmonary respiration– The breathing of air into and out of the lungsThe breathing of air into and out of the lungs
External respirationExternal respiration– Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs
and the bloodand the blood
Internal respirationInternal respiration– Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood
and muscle tissues and muscle tissues
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AT RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AT RESTREST
Tidal volumeTidal volume– Amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each Amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each
breath (approx 500ml)breath (approx 500ml)
Frequency (f) Frequency (f) – Rate of breathingRate of breathing
Minute VentilationMinute Ventilation– VE = TV X fVE = TV X f
Residual volumeResidual volume– Volume of air remaining in the lungs (1200ml)Volume of air remaining in the lungs (1200ml)
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AT RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AT REST (Cont’d)REST (Cont’d)
Inspiratory reserve volInspiratory reserve vol
Expiratory reserve volumeExpiratory reserve volume
LUNG CAPACITIESLUNG CAPACITIES
Inspiratory capacity = IRV + TVInspiratory capacity = IRV + TVExpiratory capacity = ERV + TVExpiratory capacity = ERV + TVVital capacity Vital capacity – Maximal vol of air that can be expired after Maximal vol of air that can be expired after
maximal inspirationmaximal inspiration
Total lung capacityTotal lung capacity– Maximal volume of air contained in the lungs Maximal volume of air contained in the lungs
after a maximal inspirationafter a maximal inspiration– TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RVTLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
ALVEOLIALVEOLI
Gaseous ExchangeGaseous Exchange
Gaseous exchange refers to the exchange Gaseous exchange refers to the exchange of gases, namely O2 and CO2 and relies of gases, namely O2 and CO2 and relies on a process called diffusionon a process called diffusion
What is Diffusion??What is Diffusion??
PP – partial pressure of a gas is the PP – partial pressure of a gas is the pressure it exerts within a mixture of gasespressure it exerts within a mixture of gases– Gases always move from an area of high Gases always move from an area of high
pressure to an area of low pressurepressure to an area of low pressure
Inspired air – PO2 -159 , PCO2 -0.3Inspired air – PO2 -159 , PCO2 -0.3– Trachea – PO2 – 149, PCO2 – 0.3Trachea – PO2 – 149, PCO2 – 0.3– Pulmonary veins – PO2-100, PCO2 -40Pulmonary veins – PO2-100, PCO2 -40– HeartHeart– Body tissues – PO2 – 40, PCO2 - 46Body tissues – PO2 – 40, PCO2 - 46
MYOGLOBIN – RED PIGMENT IN MYOGLOBIN – RED PIGMENT IN MUSCLES THAT STORES O2 AND MUSCLES THAT STORES O2 AND TRANSPORTS O2 TO THE TRANSPORTS O2 TO THE MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA
02 – muscle cells (hb – myoglobin)02 – muscle cells (hb – myoglobin)
-- by product – CO2-- by product – CO2
CO2 travels in blood as carbonic acid (70%),CO2 travels in blood as carbonic acid (70%),
Carbaminohaemoglobin(20%) & 7% plasmaCarbaminohaemoglobin(20%) & 7% plasma
TASKTASK
IN GROUPS OF 3-4 YOU HAVE 5-IN GROUPS OF 3-4 YOU HAVE 5-10MINS TO DISCUSS AND PRESENT 10MINS TO DISCUSS AND PRESENT THE MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION THE MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISEDURING EXERCISE
1.1. MECHANICSMECHANICS
2.2. LUNG VOLUME CHANGES DURING LUNG VOLUME CHANGES DURING EXERCISEEXERCISE
SKIPPING ROPESSKIPPING ROPES
CONES & PAPERCONES & PAPER
MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISEDURING EXERCISE
What muscles are involved?What muscles are involved?
Inspiration – SCOM(sternocleidomastoid), Inspiration – SCOM(sternocleidomastoid), scalenes & pec minorscalenes & pec minor
Expiration – internal intercostals & rectus Expiration – internal intercostals & rectus abdominals / obliquesabdominals / obliques
See p.96See p.96
Discuss the ventilatory response to light, Discuss the ventilatory response to light, moderate and heavy exercisemoderate and heavy exercise
LUNG VOLUME & EXERCISELUNG VOLUME & EXERCISE
Tidal volume – 500ml Tidal volume – 500ml 3-4litres3-4litres
Frequency – 12-15 Frequency – 12-15 40-6040-60
VE – 6-7.5l VE – 6-7.5l 120-180l120-180l
IRV – 3100ml IRV – 3100ml decreases decreases
ERV – 1200ml ERV – 1200ml slightly decreases slightly decreases
Vital capacity – 4800ml Vital capacity – 4800ml slight decrease slight decrease
Residual volume – 1200ml Residual volume – 1200ml slight increase slight increase
Total lung capacity – 6000ml Total lung capacity – 6000ml slight decrease slight decrease
EXERCISE CHANGES TO EXERCISE CHANGES TO GASEOUS EXCHANGEGASEOUS EXCHANGE
BOTH EXTERNAL & INTERNAL BOTH EXTERNAL & INTERNAL RESPIRATION INCREASE DURING RESPIRATION INCREASE DURING EXERCISE IN ORDER TO INCREASE EXERCISE IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE SUPPLY OF O2 TO THE WORKING THE SUPPLY OF O2 TO THE WORKING MUSCLESMUSCLES
OXYGEN-HAEMOGLOBIN OXYGEN-HAEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVEDISSOCIATION CURVE