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Precedence
Overview
What is precedence
Determining precedence
Categories of precedence
Resources
2
What is Precedence?
Precedence is…
“The practice of precedence in official life is conducive to smooth relations because it provides simple answers to what might otherwise be difficult questions of rank and formality”
- McCaffrey, Innis and Sand
Precedence
Precedence is the foundation of protocol rules and is the common language of protocol
The practice of precedence provides simple answers to complex issues of rank and formality
Recognized system of international courtesy
Keys to the system:◆Seniority, age, position, wealth,
tradition and regulation◆All can be used to determine precedence
Establishing the “pecking” order – no “equals” among “equals”
Mixing and matching Consistency and predictability Flexibility in the system
Determining Precedence
Categories of Consideration
Each category has structure
Government
International
Business
Community
Family
Government Precedence
Custom and tradition have established the official order of precedence in the United States
◆ Generally based on position, rank, or length of service
General hierarchy:
◆ Elected
◆ Appointed
◆ Government service employees
Government Precedence
Precedence is determined at the discretion of the Current Administration
Statute Creation of New Positions Abolishment/Reclassification
U.S. Government: Establishment of
Department11 Members of the Cabinet (other than the Secretary of State) according to date of
establishment of the department, and as added by The President, as follows:
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of Defense
Attorney General
Secretary of the Interior
Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of Commerce
Secretary of Labor
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Secretary of Transportation
Secretary of Energy
U.S. Government: Establishment of
DepartmentContinuation:
Secretary of Education
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Secretary of Homeland Security
Chief of Staff to the President
Director, Office of Management and Budget
United States Trade Representative
Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency
Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy
Director of National Intelligence
12 President Pro Tempore of the Senate
Senators (by length of service; when the same, by State's date of admission in the Union, or alphabetically by State)
Secretary Deputy Secretary Undersecretaries Assistant Secretaries Deputy Assistant Secretaries
Order – within government departments:
Heads of State ranked by date of office Heads of Government ranked by date
of office Ambassadors ranked by date of arrival
and presentation of credentials (senior person is Dean of the Corps)
Chargés ranked by date of assumption of office
Multiple International/Visiting
Delegations:
Order determined by head of delegation
Ambassador always senior, but can yield position to Minister/Secretary
Ask for delegation list in protocol order!
Single Foreign/Visiting Delegation:
Precedence Practices – Civilian Leadership
Senate Confirmed Positions (PAS) ◆Senior civilian leadership◆Precedence established by date of
appointment◆“The Honorable”
Senior Executive Service (SES) Civilians◆Precedence determined based on
position held, not the SES pay grade
Once The Honorable, always The Honorable
Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate
Elected officials Full time members of boards and some
commissions Assistants, Deputy Assistants and Special Assistants to the President
The Honorable
Military Precedence
Determined by date of promotion within the ranks
Position can take precedence over rank◆Example: The Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Inter-Service Precedence
Precedence is the same for all services◆Active duty precedes Guard,
Reserves, and retired of the same rank
Each Service has it’s own precedence list
The Department of Defense (DoD) precedence list is used for joint events
Army
Marines
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
Service Precedence
International
May include officials from:
Government (all levels)
International trade organizations
Non-governmental organizations
Corporate
Academia
Clergy
Community
May include officials from:
Academia
Local government officials
Ecclesiastical
Philanthropical organizations
Local citizens
Business Determine the structure of the business
An example:
◆Chairman of the Board
◆Company President
◆CEO
◆Executive Vice President
◆Senior Vice President
◆Regional Vice President
◆Director
Family
VIP without official rank
Spouses generally afforded the same precedence as their spouse at official functions
Widows are accorded same rank as the principals at official functions
Common Practices
Military Retirees– Follow active duty military of the
same rank
“Formers”– Follow the rule of seniority
• Present followed by the person that service “first” and coming forward
• Example: US Presidents. President Obama is first followed by Carter, Bush, Clinton, Bush
• Look at the two next examples – which is correct?
Dignitaries at Coretta Scott King Funeral
State precedence determined by date admitted to the Union◆Establishes State flag precedence◆Establishes State officials precedence
Only two States admitted on same date◆North and South Dakota
◆Alphabetically
Precedence of States
3-Step Formula for Success
Determine which category the individual belongs
Place individuals w/in each category in rank or precedence order
Apply situational consideration (purpose of event and special needs) and desires of the host
Federal Government Congress Military Clergy Judiciary State and local government officials Foreign government officials Family members
Mixing and Matching:
“Failure to recognize the proper rank and precedence is an insult not only to individuals and their positions, but to the countries they represent.”
- Protocol, 25th Anniversary Edition,
The Complete Handbook of Diplomatic, Official and Social Usage
by Mary Jane McCaffree, Pauline Innis, Richard M. Sand
Precedence
Honor & Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address
By: Robert Hickey
Resources
United States Protocol: The Guide to Official Diplomatic Etiquette
By:Ambassador Mary Mel French
Resources
Protocol: The Authoritative Source, 35th Anniversary Edition
Mary Jane McCaffree Pauline Innis, Richard M. Sand
Resources
Knowing Precedence is the Foundation to Piecing together the Puzzle
Cabinet Cabinet MembersMembers
Heads ofHeads ofStateState
MilitaryMilitary
AmbassadorAmbassadorss
City MayorCity Mayor
RepresentativesRepresentatives
Business Business LeadersLeaders
FamilyFamily
SenatorsSenators