Development of Sport

Revision Guide

Pre-Industrial Britain: Limited leisure time Church Calendar Festivals

Pre-Industiral Society:The period of time prior to the Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1850)

Rural Communities Limited Transport Gentry/Peasantry

Ancient Origins:Early sport was based around.preparation for war (archery/jousting).

Festival Games:Revolved around church /agricultural calendar.Release of aggression – mob football.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Sport

Less time initially/long

working hours

Less space/loss of common land

Saturday half day/working

holidays

Led to need for national set of

rules

Development of

factory/church teams that competed

against others

Reduction in violence/need for fit

and healthy workforce

Development of transport

meant teams could travel to play in

other towns

More psectating

than playing as too many people not

enough opportunity

Condification and the Introduction of National Governing Bodies

Towns and schools had localised rules Need for common set of rules Students brought rules to ‘Oxbridge Melting Pot’ Written rules recorded Development of competition Governing Bodies National Bodies to oversee rules, competitions and structure of

sports

Codification and the Diffusion of Sport

Colonial:Former Public School boys working for the British Empire abroad

Army:Officers shared sports with working class soldiers

Industry:Once finished school, students went back to fathers factories.Forming of factory teams

University:Provided greater opportunity and resources

Patronage:Patrons supported sporting events and competitions

Teachers:Many former pupils became teachers and delivered similar sports

Administration:When playing days were over many joined governing bodies to develop sport further and formulate national rules

Church:Nature of schooling meant many boys took up roles within the church which led to fromation of teams.

The Olympic Games

William Penny Brookes Barron Pierre De

Courbetin Much Wenlock Games Festivals of sport All competing on a level

playing field Amateur Competitors from all

walks of life. Rise of sport as a Business: Development in transport

and media coverage TV Audiences of over 4

Billion Exclusive TV rights Sponsorship and branding Shop Window – political/

propagada uses

Globalisation and its effects: Diffusion of sport across the globe with cultural adaptations Massive audience provide excellent stage to gain maximum

exposure Examples include:

o Berlin 1936 Nazi propagandao Mexico 1968 Black power anti-racism saluteo Moscow 1980 – US boycott o Los Angeles - 1984 Russian Boycott

Date Venue Major Incident1896 Athens First olympics to be

held1936 Berlin Hitlers games – nazi

propeganda1968 Mexico Black Power1972 Munich Arab terrorists hijack

Israeli Athletes1976 Monteal Games went bankrupt

–spiralling costs due to increased security

1980 Moscow USA Boycotted in protest of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1984 Los Angeles ‘Hamburger’ Olympics – commercialisation‘Tit for Tat’ – Russia Boycott

1988 Seoul Ben Johnson stripped of 100m Olympic gold

1996 Atlanta Controversy over Athens not being awarded century games went to Atlanta instead – home of major sponsor coca-cola

2004 Athens On the eve of games two greek sprinters tested positive and banned

Americanisation and Commercialisation:

Peter Uberroth – ’86 LA games first to make profit

‘Hamburger’ Games Sponsorship and media fees Changes in ethics (amateur to

gamesmanship) The Olympic Programme – sale of

the 5 rings Exclusive TV rights ’96 Atlanta Games – Coca-cola

Major Olympic Games

Sportmanship – Playing within the rules of the game

Gamesmanship – Win at all costs – bending the rules in order to win

Remember to give examplesAmateurismCompeting for the

love of the sport and without rewards

ShamateurismCustum of pre-1990 athletes who were

amateur but received unofficial

payments via commercial

scholarships or state bursaries

ProfessionalismCompeting for

monetry rewards

Deviance in Sport

The Professional Foul

Deliberately trying to impede, obstruct or injure an oponent to get the right result.Stamping in rugbyProfessional foul in football (deliberate foul to prevent scoring)‘Sacking’ (injuring) of quarter back

WADA

World Anti-Drugs Agency

Set up in 1998 because of

doping problems

Testing and results

management

Education and research

National and International

Policy and standards

Mission:To promote and co-ordinate at international level the fight against doping in sport in all

forms

Comprehensive database of

drug information Regular testing

Impossible to stay ahead of the chemists

Genetic Engineering

Drugs specifc to atheltes geneticsGenetic info used to identify talentAthletes genetic composition modified to improve performanceCells of newly fertilised eggs to produce super athletes

Performance Pathways

Performance Pathways

National and International level

Club or County Level

Participation – Fun/enjoyment

Grass Roots level - young

Make sure you know the differences between agencies:

What are their main roles?

What level do they cater for?

What are their aims?

What initiatives do

UK SPORT

UK Sports Agencies

SPORT ENGLAND

YOUTH SPORT TRUST

3 main agencies:

UK SPORTSupport and develop Olympic and ParalympicSPORT ENGLANDMore people active2 million by 2012Distribution of lottery moneyDevelop fall off from school age.YSTTOP ProgrammesPathwaysSports CollegesPESSCL Strategy

Use examples from your

sport

Traditional Pathways

Pathways for aspring athletes

The School Sports Pathway

Combat post 16 fall out from sport

The Post School Gap

Different parthways for different sports.MAKE SURE YOU KNOW

E.G. ESFACompetitionsEvents

On average only 5% of school children are involved in competitive sport

National Framework for Sport: Joint Venture from UK Sport, UK

Sports Institutes and governing bodies

Making England an active and successful nation 2020

20 priority sports and 10 development sports

Game Plan: Increase in participation

for health benefits – 70% active

Improvement in success in international competition – top five world rankings for

Sporting Future for All: Published in 2000 Superseeded by the

National Framework for Sport

Sport Search Programmes

Identifying potential sporting talent

Online system aimed at 11-17 year olds

Objective to allow young people to assess their suitablility in 150 sports

Closed Loop Sports

Open Loop Sports

Know the difference and give examples

Talent ID in East Germany: Wanted to use Olympic

success as a shop window Every child was screened

at 7 for sporting potential High scoring children

invited to train regularly At age of 10 they were

transferred to sports boarding school

6 hours sport 2 hours academic

Elite athletes based at high performance centres

Talent ID in Australia: Dissapointment at

Montreal Olympics in ‘76 AIS (Australian Institute

of Sport) opened in1981 Scholarships to over 600

athletes 32 sports 75 full time coaches Seven satellite institues

in all state capitals Developed Sports

Search Based on fitness and

body measurements Every high school visited

in build up to 2000 Sydney

Considered elitist as only 2% went through to

Talent Identification

Talent ID in the UK

Talent search within the National Framework for Sport.

Talent ID and fast track development

EIS (English Institute of Sport)

Employed dedicated talent ID spoecialists

Searched the country Specifically for new

olypic sports like basketball, handball and volleyball

World Class Pathway

World Class Talent World Class Development World Class Podium

World Class Performance Programme

Identifying top performers

Providing top class facitlites

Providing support

SPORT SEARCH ATHLETE AWARDS SCHOOL GAMES

GIFTED & TALENTED PERFORMANCE

EIS High Performance Centres

Top class facilities Provide a a

comprehensive network of services

Sports Science Sports Medicine and

rehabilitiation Support personel

Don’ts forget the other talent development programmes!

TASS - Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme

AASE – Advanced Apprentiship in Sporting Excellence

DO YOU KNOW WHAT THESE

SCHEMES DO?

Lifelong Involvement

Lifelong Involvement

Mass Participation:Break through constraints to encourage everyone to take up an active lifestyle

Intrinsic and Extrinsic benefits

Benefits for society Benefits for crime

rate/anti social behaviour

Benefits for Health Service

Benefits for the economy

Lifetime Sports: Pursue throughout life Eg’s are golf and

badminton Self-paced sports Low impact Fun and Enjoyment Aim to guide school

leavers to active lifetime sports and prevent fall out from physical activity

Leadership and Volunteer Schemes

Sports Leaders AwardsOverseen by Sport Leaders UK – aimed at school aged students.

Step into SportJoint venture from Sport England, YST and Sports Leaders aimed at getting 14-19 year olds involved in leadership and coaching.

Sport England’s Paricipation Segments

DO YOU KNOW EXAMPLES OF TARGET GROUPS?

Opportunity: Time Money Ability

Provision: Facilities Inner City Rural Equipmen

t Hire

Esteem: Societies

view/judgement

‘Traditional’ gender sports

Stereotypes

SPORT FOR ALL CAMPAIGN: Introduced in 1972 Highlights vlaue of sport and need to

be active To increase the opportunities

available Particularly focussing on target

groups

Peer Pressure:

Negative Teenage

fall out

Geographical :

Where a person lives

Give eg’s

Educational: Dependent

on schooling and experiences

School facilities

Reformative Policies

Making England Active:Aims to help people of all ages start and remain in sportIncrease opportunitiesDevelop a network of clubs, coaches and volunteers

Multi-sports HubsCommunity sports centres offering a multitude of sportsEducational, health and social welfare servicesSport England see these as key for boosting participation

Active Places:Web based resourceSearch for facilities in localityMakes it easier to get involved

Public Service Agreement:Department of Culture, Media and Sport and Sport EnglandTarget – 85% of children accessing 2 hours of PE by 2008Target – Increase participation by 3% in target groups

Active People Survey:Sport England surveyTrack targets every three years

Programming: Sport centres use

particular sessions aimed at target groups

Women only/over 50’s etc

Local Shemes: Age well sessions Ironing services Free creches GP referrals

Concessions: Reuced session

fees and mmbership rates for target groups

Schemes in place to provide greater opportunities

County and School Partnerships: 43 County Sports Partnerships Develop & streamline network of clubs,

coaches, volunteers and competitions 400 school sports partnerships Delivery of PESSCL

Technical Developments and Cultural Trends

Reformative Programmes

Private gyms and health clubs Fashion and the role of the media Technology and access

cheaper equipment Adrenalin and Adventure sports Impact of the 2012 Olympic Games

Specialist Agencies

Women’s Sports Foundation (WSF)Aim – to promote opportunities for women in sport

WSF Awards – aids preparation for international competition

Elite Sports workshops (dealing with media, gaining sponsorships)

National Action Plan – to help achieve sporting equality Women into high performance coaching Women Get Set Go – enabling women to get into

leadership Women in Sports Resources – assist schools, clubs etc

English Federation of Disabiliy Sport

The national body for developing sport for people with disabilities

Works closely with:o British Amputee and Les Autres Sport Associationo British Blind Sporto Wheelpower British Wheelchair sporto Mencap Sporto UK Deaf Sport

Promote inclusion and equality ‘Count Me In’ programme

Kick It Out Lets kick racism out of football Football against Racism in Europe (FARE)

Long Term Athlete Development

PhilosophyTo provide:

Pathways that introduce people into sport Pathways that allow people to progress in that sport

Fun and enjoymentBoys aged 6-9 and girls 6-8Fundemental motor skills

Major learning stageBoys aged 9-12 and girls 8-1180% train 20% copmpetition

Build an aeroibc base, speed, strength etcBoys aged 12-16 and girls 11-15

Optimise fitnessDevelop position specific skillsMales 16-23 and females 15-Final stageWorking towards podium performanceMaximise fitness and technicalMales 19+ and Females 18+At the end of careerMoving from one sport to anotherMove from competitive to recreationalCoaching/ officiating/ media