AS-T138 Load Restraint Manual - Nationwide Training Pty Ltd · Load Restraint Manual AS-T138 4...

Load Restraint

Manual

Load Restraint Manual

2 © Nationwide Training Pty Ltd Developed by Enhance Your Future Pty Ltd Customised by Nationwide Training Pty Ltd

Document Title Document Code Version Date Published

Load Restraint Manual AS-T138 4 24/04/2019

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Table of Contents About this resource .............................................................................................................. 5 About assessment ............................................................................................................... 5

Work area is prepared and maintained in accordance with national standards, safety codes, site operating procedures & Legislation ................................................................. 7

Legislation & Codes ............................................................................................................. 7 Relevant WHS/OSH and environmental procedures and regulations .................................. 7 Legal duty of care ................................................................................................................ 8 Chain of responsibility .......................................................................................................... 8

Manual handling ............................................................................................................... 9 Safe manual handling techniques .................................................................................. 10

Environmental concerns..................................................................................................... 10 Spill control and clean-up ................................................................................................... 10 Assessing site safety requirements and site operational procedures ................................ 11

No injury to personnel or damage to machinery or cargo during lashing/unlashing operations is ensured .......................................................................................................... 11

Relevant WHS/OSH procedures ........................................................................................ 11 Hazards .............................................................................................................................. 12

Risk assessment ............................................................................................................ 12 Use JHA/JSA work methods to detect unsafe work practices ........................................... 13 Unsafe equipment .............................................................................................................. 13

Pre-operational safety checks ........................................................................................ 13 Identify unsafe equipment with pre-operational safety checks ........................................... 13

Document faults found ................................................................................................... 14 Controlling hazards ........................................................................................................ 14

Pedestrian and vehicle interaction ..................................................................................... 14 Terminology ....................................................................................................................... 15 Legal loading requirements ................................................................................................ 16 Restraint principles ............................................................................................................ 16 Load shift ........................................................................................................................... 17

Lashing plan is read and interpreted ................................................................................. 17

Purpose of load/lashing plan .............................................................................................. 17 Read and interpret the lashing plan ................................................................................... 18

Site layout and obstructions ............................................................................................... 18

Work area .......................................................................................................................... 18

Housekeeping ...................................................................................................................... 19

Housekeeping workplace procedures ................................................................................ 19 Preparing the work area prior to loading ............................................................................ 19 Types of personal protective equipment ............................................................................ 20 Selecting appropriate PPE ................................................................................................. 20 Wearing PPE ..................................................................................................................... 20 During loading .................................................................................................................... 21 Correct spread of lashings ................................................................................................. 21

Tight stow of cargo is maintained ...................................................................................... 21

Maintaining a tight stow of cargo........................................................................................ 22 Planning cargo packing to ensure tight stow...................................................................... 22





Determining appropriate storage conditions ...................................................................... 22

Types of load restraint ........................................................................................................ 23

Rules of lashings ................................................................................................................ 23 Typical lashing capacity of chain........................................................................................ 24 Blocking loads .................................................................................................................... 25 Restraint requirements ....................................................................................................... 26 Friction ............................................................................................................................... 27 Pre-tension ......................................................................................................................... 27 Number of tie down lashings .............................................................................................. 28 Vehicles and equipment ..................................................................................................... 32 Approved lashing & binders ............................................................................................... 33 Anchor points ..................................................................................................................... 34 Lashing tensioners ............................................................................................................. 34 What to look for when using webbing ................................................................................ 34 Load facts about ropes ...................................................................................................... 34

Formwork is erected where no lashing points exist ........................................................ 35

Formwork ........................................................................................................................... 35 When will formwork be used? ............................................................................................ 35 Attaching the formwork ...................................................................................................... 35

Cargo is covered/uncovered safely ensuring appropriate covering and lashing, no injury to personnel or damage to cargo or equipment..................................................... 36

Covers ................................................................................................................................ 36

Dunnage ................................................................................................................................ 36

Suspicious cargo ................................................................................................................. 37

Australian and international standards, codes and regulations relevant to securing cargo or freight including ADG and IMDG codes ............................................................. 38

The ADG (Australian Dangerous Goods Code) ............................................................. 38

Load is checked to ensure dangerous goods, and hazardous substances are appropriately segregated in accordance with current ADG Code .................................. 39

Segregation & Transport documentation ....................................................................... 39 UN class and UN division labels for dangerous goods .................................................. 40 IMDG .............................................................................................................................. 40

Signage and markings ......................................................................................................... 40

When unlashing, fittings are released, disconnected and removed from the cargo ..... 41

Slacken securing devices in the correct order ................................................................... 42 Safety when slackening the securing devices.................................................................... 42 Enterprise procedures for reporting damaged cargo ......................................................... 42 Communication .................................................................................................................. 43 Relevant bond, quarantine or other legislative requirements ............................................. 43

Bonded cargo ................................................................................................................. 43 Quarantine ..................................................................................................................... 44 Other legislative requirements ....................................................................................... 44





Unit Introduction

This manual covers the units TLIA1001 - Secure cargo & TLID2004 - Load and unload goods/cargo.

The units involve the skills and knowledge required to secure cargo & load and unload goods and cargo in accordance with procedures and regulatory requirements as part of work activities within the transport and logistics industry.

It includes preparing to secure cargo/containers, lashing and unlashing cargo, protecting cargo from weather, and packing and unpacking cargo.

It also includes loading and unloading goods and cargo, securing and protecting a load and completing all required documentation.

Work is performed under some supervision generally within a team environment.

No licensing, legislative or certification requirements apply to the units at the time of publication.

About this resource This manual brings together information to develop your knowledge about the units. The information is designed to reflect the requirements of the units and uses headings to make it easier to follow.

Read through this manual to develop your knowledge in preparation for your assessment. You will be required to complete the assessment tools that are included in your program. At the back of the manual are a list of references you may find useful to review.

As a learner it is important to extend your learning and to search out text books, internet sites, talk to people at work and read newspaper articles and journals which can provide additional learning material.

Your trainer may include additional information and provide activities, slide presentations and assessments in class to support your learning.

About assessment Throughout your training we are committed to your learning by providing a training and assessment framework that ensures the knowledge gained through training is translated into practical on the job improvements.

You are going to be assessed for:

Your skills and knowledge using written and observation activities that apply to your workplace.

Your ability to apply your learning. Your ability to recognise common principles and actively use these on the

job.





You will receive an overall result of Competent or Not Yet Competent for the assessment of the units. The assessment is a competency based assessment, which has no pass or fail. You are either competent or not yet competent. Not Yet Competent means that you still are in the process of understanding and acquiring the skills and knowledge required to be marked competent. The assessment process is made up of a number of assessment methods. You are required to achieve a satisfactory result in each of these to be deemed competent overall.

All of your assessment and training is provided as a positive learning tool. Your assessor will guide your learning and provide feedback on your responses to the assessment. For valid and reliable assessment of the units, a range of assessment methods will be used to assess practical skills and knowledge.

Your assessment may be conducted through a combination of the following methods:

Written Activity

Case Study

Observation

Questions

Third Party Report

The assessment tool for the units should be completed within the specified time period following the delivery of the units. If you feel you are not yet ready for assessment, discuss this with your trainer and assessor.

To be successful in the units you will need to relate your learning to your workplace. You may be required to demonstrate your skills and be observed by your assessor in your workplace environment. Some units provide for a simulated work environment and your trainer and assessor will outline the requirements in these instances.





Work area is prepared and maintained in accordance with national standards, safety codes, site operating procedures & Legislation

When preparing to secure cargo and cargo containers it is essential that the work area is prepared and maintained in accordance with all national standards, safety codes and site operating procedures to ensure that safe and compliant operations are able to be accurately undertaken. Legislation, Codes & guides

Road Traffic (Administration) Act 2008

Road Traffic (Administration) Regulations 2014

Road Traffic (Vehicles) Act 2012

Road Traffic (Vehicles) Regulations 2014

Road Traffic (Authorisation to Drive) Act 2008

Road Traffic (Authorisation to Drive) Regulations 2014

Load Restraint Guide 2018

WA Fatigue code of practice 2004

Australian Dangerous Goods Code by Road & Rail 7.5

Dangerous Goods Safety (Road and Rail Transport of Non-explosives) Regulations 2007

Relevant WHS/OSH and environmental procedures and regulations There are a range of WHS/OSH and environmental procedures and regulations, that must be met when handling and securing cargo and these may include:

OSH Act 1984 (regulating WA)

OSH Regulations 1996 (regulating WA)

WHS Act 2011

Customs, bond and quarantine Act, regulations and requirements as

related to the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (BAM Act)

and associated regulations. Federal Biosecurity act 2015. Import and

export Acts and requirements. Customs Act 1901, Regulations 2015

Environmental Protection Act 1986

Dangerous Goods Safety Act 2004

Handling of dangerous goods and chemicals

Emergency procedures

Provision and use of spill kits





Correct storage, packaging and disposal requirements for environmental regulations

Environmental reporting

Hazard identification

Risk assessment processes

Legal duty of care A person conducting a business or undertaking MUST provide and maintain, as far as is reasonably practical, a safe working environment. This can be achieve by having:

A safe system of work

Training, Supervision & Instruction

Safe plant

Personal protective equipment

Reporting process

An employee must as far as is reasonably practical take reasonable care of his/her own safety as well as anyone around them.

Chain of responsibility Who is Responsible for the load?

Consignors

Drivers

Operators

Freight handlers

Loaders

Packers

Prime contractors

Senior Management

Company directors

May all be held responsible in the event of a breach.

Control = Responsibility = Legal Liability

If you use road transport as part of your business, you share the responsibility of managing the risk.





This means anyone who has control in the transport chain – including the consignor, loader and receiver – can be held legally accountable if, by their actions, inactions or decisions, they cause or contribute to a breach of the road laws.

Whichever activity you perform in the “chain”, it is important that you take reasonable steps to manage the risk and ensure road safety.

By doing ALL YOU CAN, to eliminate the risk or reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring, appropriate to your job role. By not adhering to the Load Restraint Guide and incorrectly restraining loads, you are in breach of CoR.

Ensure you familiarise yourself with the current Breaches on WA Main Roads Fact Sheet 6 ranging from Minor to Severe if you fail to follow the Mass & Dimension requirements below:

Mass, Length, Width and Height.

Manual handling Manual handling is any action that requires pulling, pushing, manual force or lifting. Manual handling injuries are common when correct manual handling techniques are not applied for tasks that require the moving and management of large or heavy items.

Manual handling techniques are also needed for any repetitive tasks as repetitive muscle strain can occur.

Manual handling includes all tasks that require:

Lifting

Reaching

Pushing

Pulling

Holding

Restraining

Throwing

Carrying

Manual tasks code of practice 2010, outlines the:

best practice to follow;

techniques to apply: and

links workplace policies, procedures and training.





Safe manual handling techniques Safe manual handling techniques include a range of safety and assessment tasks including:

Site risk assessment

Load assessment

Assisted lifting

Lifting Machines

Safe lifting techniques

Many injuries from strains muscle tears, slipped disc can occur if you do not use correct handling procedures.

Environmental concerns When handling, loading or transporting any goods including dangerous/hazardous goods, companies have to follow and comply with environmental procedures and regulations. Environmental Protection Act 1986 is paramount to follow.

Below are the Acts associated with Environment:

Conservation and Land Management Act 1984:

Is for the protection and management of certain public lands, waterways, flora and fauna.

Soil and Land Conservation Act 1945:

Is responsible for the effects of erosion, salinity and flooding.

Wildlife Conservation Act 1950:

Is for the conservation and protection of wildlife.

Spill control and clean-up Identify and prevent any potential flow of spills, escaping solid or dangerous liquid goods that could potentially create a risk to people, property or the environment.

This also includes outside the boundaries of the area. Possible means include the provision of channels and utilising the slope of the land. Containment should have sufficient capacity to contain any potential spillage.

There should be Bunding installed in a facility where there is a likely hood of any spill, to contain the spill.

Materials and equipment should be kept on all premises to aid in cleaning up spills. All spills should be immediately cleaned up.





Waste generated during clean-up needs to be: handled, stored, labelled, and disposed of in a safe manner in accordance with this code and environmental legislation.

In most cases, spills are the most common concern.

Training is required to carry and use spill kits. You need to know specific PPE in relation to Hazardous/Dangerous Goods spills.

Always refer to Safety Data Sheets for Hazardous Materials and Initial Emergency Response Guides for Dangerous Goods. This is a Legal requirement.

Assessing site safety requirements and site operational procedures Each worksite will have a range of safety requirements that must be adhered to in order to ensure that:

Personnel on site are safe from accidents and injury

All legal requirements are being met

Statutory and regulatory requirements are being met

It will be necessary to carefully assess all of the required legal, regulatory and safety requirements for a specific site and set of job tasks in order to ensure that all safety requirements are being consistently and adequately met.

No injury to personnel or damage to machinery or cargo during lashing/unlashing operations is ensured

It is essential that a range of steps are undertaken in order to ensure that no injury to personnel or damage to machinery or cargo occurs during lashing and unlashing operations.

Relevant WHS/OSH procedures When planning to load/unload or conducting cargo securing tasks, there are a range of WHS/OSH procedures that will need to be conducted including:

Risk identification using tools such as JHA, JSA, Take 5

Risk analysis

Risk control

Safe work practices

Use of personal protective equipment





Hazards Hazards are a situation or thing that caused a potential risk of injury, illness or death. Once hazards have been identified using a series of workplace checking and safety audits then their associated risks will be identified and then measured using a risk matrix which works out the correlation between the type of injury that may occur and the probability of that type of incident actually happening.

See below a table of typical hazards, and their associated risks, that you may come across when working in transport:

Typical Hazards Associated Risks Contact with electricity Serious Burns

Damage to nerves and internal organs Injuries from falls Death

Spills Falls Strains Sprains

Heavy lifting Back injuries Sprains Strains

Using heavy equipment Cuts Burns Loss of Limbs

Working with flammable liquids Burns Fire or explosion

Excessive noise Hearing damage Stress

Working with corrosive chemicals Chemical burns

Using hand tools Cuts Bruises Loss of digits

Electric power tools Electrocution Burns Cuts

Risk assessment Once hazards and their associated risks have been identified they will need to be recorded and ranked on appropriate risk assessment documentation.

Risk assessment documentation includes: Hazards and risks registers Risk matrix (Injury Vs Probability) Risk Rating Documentation

The rating that has been applied to the risk will determine how quickly the risk will need to be rectified. For example a risk that may cause death and has a high probability of occurring may require all work in the area to be stopped until the risk has been effectively controlled or removed.





Use JHA/JSA work methods to detect unsafe work practices In order to apply safe work practices effectively on a construction site it will be necessary to ensure that a job safety analysis or JSA is conducted on the work tasks in order to determine safe and compliant work method statements that can be used.

In order to conduct a JSA on a work task it will be necessary to complete the following five steps:

Document the steps in the activity onto an approved JSA worksheet.

Identify each of the hazard that will be involved and the likely risks that

these could present.

Identify a range of approved methods that could be used to control these

risks.

Identify the person that will be responsible for actioning the agreed control

measures.

Monitor and review the activity throughout the tasks and modify the plan as

required to ensure ongoing safety.

Unsafe equipment Unsafe equipment is equipment that is:

Not suitable for the task

Damaged

Not of the required strength rating

Not correctly maintained

Not correctly selected

Pre-operational safety checks Pre-operational and safety checks are a series of tests and safety checks that are conducted prior to the use of any tools or equipment. When checking and setting up the equipment for operational tasks all tools and equipment will need to be tested for functionality, faults and safety.

Identify unsafe equipment with pre-operational safety checks Faults in equipment may be identified through the process of conducting pre-operational safety checks on all equipment prior to use.

Always tag out or isolate the piece of equipment and report the fault immediate to your site supervisor.

If you are the site supervisor promptly follow the workplace policies and procedures and communicate with your line manager.





Document faults found All identified faults will need to be documented and communicated to appropriate personnel within reasonable timeframes so that either repairs or replacements may be undertaken prior to the commencement of the task. It is essential that all safety requirements are followed to ensure the safety of self and all personnel that may be onsite.

Controlling hazards In the workplace there is a specific hierarchy of control that is used to strategically and safely reduce and remove risks.

The hierarchy of control consists of the following steps and is always performed in this order, only moving on to the next level of control if the hazard is still causing a risk.

Simple control measures such as barriers and signage can be used.

Always remember to follow your Workplace Policy & Procedures.

Pedestrian and vehicle interaction Ways for pedestrians to stay safe in the workplace are:

Stop pedestrians walking in front of vehicles

Indicate traffic routes

Ensure traffic routes are wide enough where it is not possible to separate pedestrians and vehicles

Build barriers and separate walkways for pedestrians

Where possible, remove the requirement for pedestrians and vehicles to operate at the same level





Any workplaces where pedestrians have to cross vehicle routes must have:

Clearly visible ground markings and signs

Clear pedestrian and vehicle visibility

Adequate lighting

Right-of-way rules established and clearly communicated

When Loading/Unloading, follow the (LUEZ) Loading, Unloading Exclusion Zones Guidelines

Terminology

Mass: the amount of matter in an object. (kilograms or tonnes)

Force: is applied to a mass to move it.

Friction: is the resistance to movement caused by the roughness of two surfaces in contact with each other.

Weight: is the force exerted by gravity on a mass.

o (1 kilogram force is the weight of a mass of 1 kilogram)

Tare: the weight of the unladen vehicle.

Aggregate: the weight of the vehicle and its load. (Gross vehicle mass)

Gross Combination Mass: the total loaded mass of the vehicle including any trailers.

Payload = GVM or GCM minus the Tare





Legal loading requirements

Axles & Tyres Maximum axle group load

Single axle 2 tyres 6.0

Tonne

Single axle 4 tyres 9.0 Tonne

Twin steer axle

group 4 tyres

10.0 Tonne non-load sharing

suspension

11.0 Tonne load sharing suspension

Tandem axle

group 8 tyres

16.5 Tonne

Tri-axle group dual

tyres

20.0 Tonne

Your vehicle does not exceed

Weight limits - (payload)

Height limits - (max 4.3m without a permit)

Width limits - (max 2.5m without a permit)

Length limits - Heavy Rigid (12.5m)

Length limits - Semi (19m)

Projection limits - 3.7m or 60% of the wheelbase, whichever is less.

Restraint principles Vehicle design is important when carrying loads. The vehicle must be deemed suitable to carry a load. This includes adequate space for the load as well as weight capacity.

The load must be restrained at all times. The weight of the load is not enough to keep it restrained whilst driving. Adequate restraint must be provided including correct devices.

The positioning of a load is vital. Incorrect positioning can result in the safety of load and vehicle being compromised. Correct positioning provides stability, steering and the ability to brake adequately without overloading the vehicle’s tyres and axles. A load’s centre of mass should be as low as possible. Positioning the load like this will help to reduce the risk of overturning when cornering.





When moving a load with a high centre of mass, special precautions must be put in place. Loads with a high centre of mass should be placed on a vehicle that has a good roll stability or one with a lower platform height such as a drop deck.

Any open vehicles must be fitted with a cover over the load as it is possible for parts of the load to be blown off.

Load shift Changes of speed, slope or direction will expose a moving vehicle and its load to forces.

Forces include:

Braking: the load can shift forward when driving forward and braking, or accelerating in reverse.

Braking in reverse: the load can shift rearwards when braking in reverse or accelerating forward.

Cornering: the braking force on the load is often higher at low speed than at high speed because the brakes may grab suddenly. The load can shift sideways when cornering.

Hills: the force on the load when travelling over undulating or hilly roads will increase as the slope of the road increases.

Camber: the force on the load when travelling over cambered roads increases as the camber of the road increases.

Air flow: when a vehicle is travelling at high speed, or there is a lot of wind, the force caused by air flow over the vehicle can shift a load.

Rough roads: when a vehicle is travelling over rough surfaces, an unsecured load can shift or fall off the vehicle.

Lashing plan is read and interpreted

Prior to attaching any lashings to the cargo or containers it will be necessary to ensure that the lashing plan is read and interpreted so that it may be implemented in a safe and compliant manner.

Purpose of load/lashing plan The purpose of the load/lashing plan is to ensure:

You know the size, weight and shape of the loads being loaded (Characteristics of the Load)

You know where to place the loads in accordance with axle weights.

To know what type of lashings are needing to be applied.

The number of lashings required to secure the loads.





Read and interpret the lashing plan When reading and interpreting the lashing plan it is essential that all of the following information is understood and clarified if required:

All legal and regulatory requirements

All terminology

All equipment requirements

All lashing methods

Loading methods

Materials handling requirements

Steps that need to be taken

Safety requirements

Site layout and obstructions

Your work area is clean, safe. Ensure you know the site layout. This should be done at time of your Induction to ensure you know things such as:

All site hazards including any overhead hazards.

Emergency and safety equipment such as First Aid, Fire extinguishers, Showers etc.

Evacuation and Muster points.

Traffic flow. Is it a one way traffic flow site to avoid impacting other machinery?

Customs, quarantine, biosecurity areas, authorised access areas, non-access areas.

Work area The work area is the location that the securing operations and work activities will be taking place.

Work may be conducted: In a range of work environments By day or night (adequate lighting)

Workplaces may comprise:

Large, medium or small worksites Work may be conducted in:

Limited or restricted spaces or at height Exposed conditions direct sunlight





Housekeeping

Housekeeping workplace procedures In any workplace, it is important that employees are proactive in maintaining a clean and tidy work area. Prevention of accident, injury and illness in the workplace requires a commitment from management, and employees. It cannot be effective unless there is universal participation.

By keeping the workplace clean and tidy, all employees will be contributing to increasing the safety of the workplace. The major housekeeping tasks that need to be completed will involve general tidying, waste removal, moving stock, clearing obstructions, etc.

Some of the ways that workers can assist with maintaining a clean and tidy workplace include:

All employees have the responsibility to maintain the equipment that they use and to notify any malfunctions to their manager or supervisor.

Equipment needs to be kept clean and properly

stored after use, including load restraint equipment.

All Exits must be clearly indicated and must not be obstructed.

Rubbish should be regularly disposed of.

All staff should participate in health and safety training when provided.

Having a tidy workplace will prevent waste and products from building up in walkways, causing a tripping hazard, and proper cleaning will help reduce debris and contaminant build-up.

Preparing the work area prior to loading When preparing the work area it will be necessary to determine:

Environmental requirements of the work area

Safety hazards and controls

Legislative and regulatory requirements

Correct PPE is selected according to Site Policy & Procedures

Documentation such as Consignment notes and manifests are followed

Any safety equipment that may be required in the event of an emergency

Suitable load shifting equipment for the task

Appropriately licenced and trained operators only!

All relevant safety equipment is on board.





Types of personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment may include:

Gloves

Safety headwear and footwear

Safety glasses

Two-way radios

Protective clothing

High visibility clothing

Full arrest safety harness

Selecting appropriate PPE All PPE should be selected according to the tasks that are to be performed as well as the location in which the tasks will be carried out. Site specific Policies & Procedures must be adhered to.

PPE must be:

Appropriate for the specific task

Correctly fitted and comfortable to use

Maintained correctly to ensure its effectiveness

Replaced when it is no longer the best protection available

Replaced if damaged

Meeting Australian safety standards

Compatible with other PPE or control methods

Appropriate for the work environment

Not pose another risk to the worker

Wearing PPE Australian Workplace occupational health and safety guidelines state that it is the responsibility of employers to instruct all workers on the proper use and maintenance of PPE. It is essential to ensure that all PPE is worn as required at all times.





During loading Ensure you follow the load/lashing plan. Include any dunnage or other

items such as corner protectors when required.

Place heavy items on the bottom and ensure you do not load heavy or dangerous goods items on mezzanine decks.

Loads are within vehicle capabilities.

Ensure tensioners are securely fastened.

Ensure Dangerous Goods are segregated in accordance with the Australian Dangerous Goods Code.

Ensure everyone involved has received appropriate training to undertake the tasks required.

If transporting Dangerous Goods, check placarding requirements as per the ADG Code.

Correct spread of lashings The lashings must be spread evenly across the load to ensure that each of the lashing is only expected to restrain the required amount of weight as per the lashing schedule. Lashings must be spaced out according to the lashings plan. Use of spreader bars can be used if required.

Tight stow of cargo is maintained

Maintaining a tight stow of cargo is the process of ensuring that all of the cargo is packed tightly within the container or vessel to ensure that there is little or no free space left, the reasons for this are:

Tightly packed cargo is less likely to shift during transport

Spills are less likely

Environmental hazards are less likely

Wasted space may result in financial loss

Where your loads cannot be loaded across the entire truck bed, use empty pallets or other suitable dunnage to block your loads.





Maintaining a tight stow of cargo There are a number of ways that a Tight Stow of cargo can be maintained and this may include:

Brace cargo with wooden beams

Brace cargo and fill in spaces with air bags

Stack in a space saving manner

Load in layers

Use fake floors

Use dividing walls

Fill in gaps with foam

Use specially designed spacer boards

Lashings

Securing devices

Planning cargo packing to ensure tight stow When preparing to pack cargo into containers and vessels it will be necessary to ensure that cargo planning and stacking sheets are consulted so that packing of cargo may be carefully planned and conducted in order to ensure a tight stow.

Contractors

Official representatives

Determining appropriate storage conditions In order to ensure that all equipment is cleaned, maintained and stored as required by the organisation and the manufacturer, organisational policies and procedures and manufacturer instructions will need to be accessed and interpreted. Storing your load restraint gear in an approved box, will stop the items form flying off the vehicle.





Types of load restraint

Rules of lashings When using restraints to directly restrain by attaching a load the angle

of the restraint must be no more than 60 degrees.

When direct lashings are angled at less than 60 degrees, a simple rule is to select lashings with a combined lashing capacity of:

-- in the forward direction = twice the weight of the load

-- in the sideways direction = the weight of the load

-- in the backward direction = the weight of the load

As direct lashings become more vertical, they become less effective in providing horizontal restraint. Note that this is opposite to tie-down lashings where the effectiveness improves as lashings become more vertical.





Typical lashing capacity of chain

Claw hook Grab hook with wings Grab hook without wings





Blocking loads Blocking loads using different techniques reduces movement and the

number of restraints required for an unblocked load.

Test that headboards meet the forces in the load restraint performance standards.

If the headboard is part of a full containment blocking solution, the headboard must be capable of holding the full 0.8g load.

If there are gaps in the load, firstly block in the forward direction, and if necessary for rearward direction.

Pallets can be used as dunnage/blocking, or others loads.

Inflatable dunnage is also referred to as ‘pneumatic load control systems’ or ‘air bags’.

Inflatable dunnage can be disposable or reusable, and is available in a wide variety of sizes.

Inflatable dunnage can be used to separate loads contained in van bodies and containers.

Inflatable dunnage is used to fill gaps in a containment system.

Inflatable dunnage must be used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

When applying tie down restraints the angle of the lashings should be greater than 30 degrees. Recommendation, is to raise the load if possible to increase the angle.





Tie down lashings are most effective if they are vertical and tight. The more a lashing is angled away from the load, the less the clamping force. This is called the angle effect:

Restraint requirements Every load must be restrained by law, to prevent movement during all conditions of operation for:





Friction The friction coefficient (μ) is used to compare the load restraint friction force between two surfaces. The static friction coefficient applies before movement begins and the dynamic friction coefficient applies once movement occurs.

Pre-tension





Number of tie down lashings Refer Appendices at the back of the Load Restraint Guide to get a complete list of all types of devices and sizes. The below inserted tables, are just the common ones used in the industry.

















Vehicles and equipment Curtain-sides cannot restrain loads adequately unless they have been specifically designed to do so, and manufactured with ratings, but additional restraint methods used accordingly. They are predominately protection from weather.

Rated curtains will have a certification label attached. This is not a stand-alone method. Products must have direct restraint to prevent movement.

Do not use rated or unrated curtains for any loads that can damage the curtain. These loads need to be adequately contained or positioned correctly as to not damage or make contact with the curtain.

Side gates are not capable of restraining heavy loads. Restraining gates can triple the strength of them. When using unrated side gates, restrain the gates as well as the loads. New designed gate systems have lanyards and restraint fixtures that must be locked in, after the load is restrained. Older design vehicles, loads and the gates must be restrained separately.





Non Rated headboards alone are not strong enough to restrain heavy loads under heavy braking. These need to be re-enforced to strengthen them, and restrained with chain, as these are stronger.

Rated headboards have been certified to withstand certain forces.

Approved lashing & binders Use only approved lashings and binders meeting the AS/NZS Standards.

Use edge protection to ensure damage does not occur to freight or the lashing equipment such as corner guards.

Check for any rust or wear.

Ensure you tighten and close binders prior to travelling.

Store all restraint gear in tool boxes or similar to keep them out of the weather and stop them becoming a projectile.

Over centre binders are strongly discouraged.





Anchor points Tie in the vicinity of the cross member and the tie down rail junction. If you fail to do so, damage to the rail can occur. This is the strongest part of the structure, prevents damage to trailer and weakening the rail.

Do not use tie down equipment near weak points like the centre of the rope rail.

Lashing tensioners Lashing tensioners provide pre-tension to the lashings in tie-down or direct restraint.

What to look for when using webbing If weakened by 10% or more do not use the device.

Stiching failure

Exposure to chemicals including acid, and alkaline and organic solvents

Exposure to high temperatures

Prolonged exposure to sunlight or UV will degrade the fibres.

Load facts about ropes Synthetic ropes should only be used for restraining relatively lightweight loads (up to 50kg). They have low strength and cannot be tensioned sufficiently to restrain heavy loads. Ropes complying with AS/NZS 4345 can only be used.





Formwork is erected where no lashing points exist

When securing cargo and containers it will be necessary to secure them cargo using a range of lashings, lashing equipment and formwork.

Formwork Formwork is a range of re-enforcing and strengthening equipment that is used to safely ensure that cargo that is round or odd shaped, is unable to move or shift during transport of goods.

Formwork may include:

Chocks

Trestles

Pallets

Headboards

Loading racks

Side gates

Side curtains

Bins

Skips

Stillages

Purpose built casings such as

cradles.

When will formwork be used? There may be situations that arise when securing cargo where no lashing or anchor points are available in order to safely secure lashings and securing equipment to the cargo. In these instances it will be necessary to ensure that formwork is used. Formwork may also be required if lashing points are not strong enough to take the full load required.

Attaching the formwork When attaching the formwork it will be necessary to ensure that it is tied to the vehicle and load separately to ensure that it cannot move if the load attempts to move and meets all safety and strength requirements.





Cargo is covered/uncovered safely ensuring appropriate covering and lashing, no injury to personnel or damage to cargo or equipment

It will be necessary to ensure that all cargo is covered and uncovered safely using appropriate and safe coverings and lashings in a manner that ensures that no injury to personnel or damage to equipment will occur.

Covers Covers like tarpaulins are placed on cargo to protect them from:

Dust

Pollution

Dirt

Rain

Air flow

Dunnage

Dunnage is the packing placed under and between parts of the load. It is generally made of hardwood nor softwood timber. Dunnage is used to:

Elevate the load to increase lashing angles

Increase the stability of the load

Separate parts of the load

Increase friction between the load and the deck, or between parts of the load

Allow for easier loading and unloading





Suspicious cargo

When loading and unloading vehicles, it is essential that you are aware of the general security requirements and procedures that are implemented in your workplace, particularly in recognising, isolating, and reporting suspicious cargo and goods.

Some of the requirements for security during the loading and unloading of goods may include:

Ensuring there is a person responsible for overseeing the loading bay

Checking goods that are coming in and going out of the facility for any that are suspicious, unmarked, unsuitable, etc.

If you find something suspicious amongst your load:

Isolating offending loads away from the loading area to be properly checked, then dealt with

Reporting any suspicious cargo or goods to the supervisor immediately

Keeping unauthorised people out of the loading area

Any workplace specific security procedures

Monitoring the loading and storage areas where high value theft targets are kept

Following all orders given by supervisors and managers

Contact relevant authorities if unsure as could be an explosive





Australian and international standards, codes and regulations relevant to securing cargo or freight including ADG and IMDG codes

The ADG (Australian Dangerous Goods Code) The ADG or Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail is designed to give technical information for the transport of dangerous goods. Further to this is the Dangerous Goods Safety Act and Regulations set of legal and regulatory requirements that must be followed in order to ensure that the transfer and transport of dangerous goods can be conducted in a safe and compliant manner. The recommendations are given to ensure Regulations are not breached.

The ADG (Australian Dangerous Goods Code) is based on the United Nations recommendations for the transportation of dangerous goods. It is the international guideline for the safe transport of dangerous goods in a revised and sometimes more restrictive form. The ADG (Australian Dangerous Goods Code) has been implemented for all states and territories in Australia in order to ensure a national uniform statutory requirements for the transportation of dangerous goods within the country.

It is important to remember that the Australian Dangerous Goods Code should be read along with all relevant state or territory law that applies in your jurisdiction.

The Australian Dangerous Goods Code lists provisions in relation to the transportation of dangerous goods include the following:

Classifications

Required packaging and containers

Performance testing for packages

IBC Bulk packaging and containers

Required placards and signage

Requirements of vehicles used in the transport of dangerous goods

Storage and positioning of load

Bulk transfer and transportation requirements

Transportation and other documentation requirements

Required safety measures and equipment

Emergency procedures

UN numbers/Special Provisions

Hazchem codes





The Australian Dangerous Goods Code does not contain all requirements and guidelines that relate to the transportation of:

Explosives

Radioactive materials

Waste products

Other environmentally hazardous substances unless those products or

substances are also dangerous goods within the meaning of the Code.

Load is checked to ensure dangerous goods, and hazardous substances are appropriately segregated in accordance with current ADG Code

Vehicles carrying dangerous goods must be loaded safely, and the load stowed securely to prevent damage. Check for:

"THIS WAY UP" markings

Vented closures

Vented containers and packages needing protection from high temperatures

Packaged goods loading limits (packages must not protrude beyond the sides of a vehicle and if stacked above the sides must be no higher than 30 percent of the height or the package)

Ventilation needed for cylinders of flammable gas, toxic gas or liquefied oxygen to prevent the build-up of vapours

Segregation & Transport documentation Some dangerous goods should not be carried with other goods unless segregated and secured in accordance with the ADG Code by Road & Rail, while others must never be in the same load as they can cause a reaction.

Check the National Road Transport Commission ADG Code.

You need to organise/sight/amend shipping documents - You must have the correct shipping documents for the goods you are loading (including empty containers that haven't been cleaned) because they have a detailed description of the load.

Documents must be updated if part of the load is unloaded, so they always show what is on the vehicle.

If you are loading a combination vehicle, the documents should show which dangerous goods are on what part of the vehicle.

It is a legal requirement that when transporting dangerous goods, you MUST have the Dangerous Goods Transport Document outlining what is being carried.





UN class and UN division labels for dangerous goods There are nine Classes of dangerous goods, as determined by the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

To find out specific information about a Dangerous Good being transported, refer to the Safety Data Sheet which outlines detailed information about the product and safe handling of the product.

Hazardous Chemicals that are not a Dangerous Good, must have an SDS available to define all relevant information about the chemical being transported.

IMDG The IMDG is the maritime and water dangerous goods code that stipulates a range of information relating to how dangerous goods must be handled and registered if they are to be carried by boat or other means on the water. The IMDG is put in place by the International Maritime Organization or IMO and will be regulated by different authorities in different jurisdictions; the regulatory body for the IMDG in Australia is the Australian Maritime Safety Authority or AMSA.

The ASMA is responsible for monitoring the following aspects related to maritime cargo:

Bulk goods

Documentation

Packaging

Segregation

Standards including stowage

Operations

Safety

Legislation

Signage and markings

Many loads are marked with symbols indicating special handling information and instructions. Consignors, loading staff, drivers and operators involved in the transport of bulk and packaged dangerous goods must be familiar with the special requirements of the Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail.





Below are some examples:

Mixed load of Dangerous Goods

Elevated temperature of goods

Miscellaneous class 9 Dangerous Goods

Marine pollutant

IMDG DG marking

Overpack Outer container designed to enclose and secure one or more inner containers.

This way up

When unlashing, fittings are released, disconnected and removed from the cargo

When unlashing, it will be necessary to ensure that the securing devices on the plant are slackening in a sequence that will optimise safety and ensure a safe and compliant unloading procedure. All lashings will need to be released, disconnected and removed from the cargo in a safe and organised manner.





Slacken securing devices in the correct order When slackening the securing devices it is essential to ensure that they are released in a manner that will not cause the load to become unbalanced or drop suddenly. It will be necessary to ensure the following:

Front winches and lowering supports are attached before any load securing devices are released

Rear securing devices are released first

All major tie down points are slacked evenly and slowly to allow the plant to move without tilting

Securing devices are only slackened enough to allow each movement of the plant to be conducted

Safety when slackening the securing devices It is essential that a range of slackening and securing device safety considerations are followed at all times including:

Manufactures safe release options are followed

The device is slowly slackened

Even tension is maintained between all devices

Appropriate personal protective equipment is worn

Isolation areas are established and maintained

No personnel is behind the tilt truck at any time during slackening

Emergency tightening procedures are followed

Enterprise procedures for reporting damaged cargo There may be a range of different procedures that may be required if damaged cargo has been identified during checking procedures:

Documentation

Reporting to management

Reporting to the client

Reporting to customs

Reporting to the EPA

Reporting to Health Authorities





It is essential that the nature of the damage is identified if possible and that all of the required enterprise procedures are followed to ensure the protection of goods, Australian Bio security, the environment and a range of other safety and legal concerns. Different types of damaged goods may pose a range of different safety concerns and legal issues and therefore there may be a range of different procedures and precautions that apply. Communication A range of communications should be used to ensure that all cargo securing tasks are completed in a manner that ensures the safety of all personnel and equipment.

Communication is key in safety regardless of what you are doing. You need to be able to communicate to a basic level to interpret signage and documentation.

Verbally call out to advise if you are needing to throw a strap over if safe to do so and your initial Take 5 permits.

Communication in the work area may include:

Verbal

Written

Phone

Radio

Oral, aural or signed communications

Established procedures (Safe Work Procedures)

Relevant bond, quarantine or other legislative requirements

Bonded cargo Bonded cargo: When cargo is bonded it is held in customs approved facility until the bond is paid.

Bond for bonded cargo may include:

Customs charges

Import costs

Tax

Fees

Payments owed





Quarantine Under quarantine and import laws a range of goods may be subject to quarantine and must not be released within Australia until all requirements have been met. Permitted and prohibited goods will be assessed as per BAM Act and appropriate checks and clearances. On final release of items, a final release certification must be processed.

Quarantine may be:

Compulsory

Certified

Based on inspections

Based on permissions

Other legislative requirements There are a range of other legislative requirements that cargo must meet and these may include:

Inspections

Standards testing

Documentation

Quarantine paperwork

Cargo release forms

Transport documentation

Payment for bonds





Summary

Now that you have completed the units, you should have the ability to load & unload cargo as well as secure cargo.

You should have the skills and knowledge to the units involves the skills and knowledge required to load and unload goods and cargo in accordance with relevant state/territory roads and traffic authority regulations/permit requirements.

It includes loading and unloading goods and cargo, securing and protecting a load and completing all required documentation.

If you have any questions about this manaul, please ask your trainer. They will be only too happy to assist you when required.

References

Cargoes and Dangerous Goods ASMA Retrieved: 25 March 2016 https://www.amsa.gov.au/vessels/ship-safety/cargoes-and-dangerous-goods/

Labelling requirements commerce marking Retrieved: 27 March 2016 https://www.border.gov.au/Busi/Impo/Labe

Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail

Load Restraint Guide

Biosecurity requirements, customs, quarantine and bonds requirements:

http://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/legislation#export-legislation

https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/bam/biosecurity-and-agriculture-management-act-2007





Notes:

Date post:	25-May-2020
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