Asian Studies 102: Introduction to Asian StudiesStudy Guide

Included Materials:I. Lecture Outlines & Terms

Lecture Outline: The Traditional Chinese Moral Universe

I. Social and Intellectual Legacy of the Early DynastiesA. The Chinese Written LanguageB. From Matrilineal to Patrilineal SocietyC. The Growing Importance of Rituals

II. The Confucian FoundationA. The Life of ConfuciusB. The Works and Thoughts of Confucius

III. The Elaboration of Confucian PhilosophyA. Mencius and the Mandate of HeavenB. Xunzi the Synthesizer

IV. The Non-Confucian TraditionsA.Mozi and the Utilitarian EthicB. The Legalist AlternativeC. DaoismD. BuddhismE. Moral Culture as Social Foundation

TERMSlogographicmatrilinealpatrilinealLi (ritual) li Confucius [Kong Fuzi, 551-479 BCE] Warring States5 Classics/ 4 BooksUprightness (Zhi) Benevolence (Ren) Loyalty (Zhong) Righteousness (Yi) Rule by Moral ExampleMencius [Mengzi, 372-289 BCE] inner sage/outer kingxin [heart] Mandate of Heaven (Tianming) Xunxi (213 CE) Mozi (490-403 BCE) universal loveutilitarianLegalists (Qin dynasty) Laozi/Zhuangzi / Wuwei (do nothing) Guatama Siddharta karma transmigration

Three important elements of Chinese culture are Ritual, Writing and the Family system

The concept of Ritual (Li) One of the most important Chinese rituals has been Ancestor Worship. A person must live in order to beworthyof the glory of their ancestors, and must pay constant respect to their ancestors in various ceremonies.Rituals (Li) can include songs, prayers, bowing the head, lighting incense, pouring wine and otheractivities. It may seem from a Western perspective that "ritual" is superficial, on the outside, but the secretof Chinese ritual is not just in the outward display but the inner feeling which animates the person.

The Chinese Writing System Writing Chinese characters has been the great unifier of China. The Chinese are a very literate andelegant people because of the beauty of the Chinese language. The characters are multifaceted and cancommunicateeven when people do not know each other's dialects. Characters are often meaning units withinthemselves. The Chinese do not have an alphabet however the writing system is not based onhieroglyphics or pictographs. Over eighty percent of Chinese characters are logographic [thought +expression]. This means that the character contains both the sound and the meaning within it, and in thusmost characters can tell you the pronunciation and idea of the word.

The Chinese Family System The family unit is the most important element of socialization, which is relevant because the Chineseculture is a collective culture. In a sense your relationship within the family defines your position insociety. Generally, traditional Chinese relationships do stress some hierarchy with understoodsuperordinate to subordinate positions in what is known as the Five Relationships. These are: Ruler toSubject; Husband to Wife; Father to Son; Older Brother to Younger Brother; and Friend to Friend. Onlythe Friend to Friend relationship is one of equality.In conclusion, the Chinese cultural system is one where:

The Moral order is based on the Social Order

From the Confucian Analects. . .The Master said, A young man's duty is to behave well to his parents at home and to his elders abroad, tobe cautious in giving promises and punctual in keeping them, to have kindly feelings towards everyone,but seek the intimacy of the Good. If, when all that is done, he has any energy to spare, then let himstudy the polite arts.

The Master said, Govern the people by regulations, keep order among them by chastisements, and they will flee from you, and lose all self-respect. Govern them by moral force, keep order among them by ritual, and they will keep their self-respect and come to you of their own accord.

The Master said, At fifteen I set my heart upon learning. At thirty, I had planted my feet firm upon the ground. At forty, I no longer' suffered from perplexities. At fifty, I knew what were the biddings of heaven. At sixty, I heard them with docile ear. At seventy, I could follow the dictates of my own heart; for what I desired no longer overstepped the Boundaries of right. (Source: Nelson & Peebles)

Lecture Outline: The Historical Landscape of Chinese Civilization This lecture is a survey and includes highlights of various epochs.

The Dynastic CycleThe last Chinese dynasty ended in 1911. The first Chinese dynasty began in 2100 B.C.E. With only a fewperiods of disunity China has been ruled by dynastic houses. The history of each dynasty is written by thedynastic house that follows. Therefore, it appears that a dynastic cycle follows a Bell Curve of the first fewdynamic emperors, a plateau period, and the decadent and possibly evil behavior of the final fewemperors.

The Mandate of HeavenThe ruling house ruled by virtue of the Mandate of Heaven, a concept used by the Duke of Zhou tojustify the overthrow of the Shang dynasty. This was not a "god" centered idea such as the divine rights ofkings in the West. In China, the Mandate of Heaven was more tenuous.

There were 3 elements to obtaining the Mandate of Heaven:

1.The leader must lead by ability and virtue

2.The dynasty's leadership must be justified by succeeding generations

3.The mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important

Chinese Timelines:Ancient ChinaNeolithic ca. 12000 – 2000 B.C.Xia ca. 2100-1800 B.C.Shang 1700-1027 B.C.Western Zhou 1027-771 B.C.Eastern Zhou 770-221 B.C.

770-476 B.C. -- Spring and Autumn period 475-221 B.C. -- Warring States period

Early Imperial ChinaQin 221-207 B.C.Western Han 206 B.C.- 9 Hsing (Wang Mang interregnum) 9-25Eastern Han 25-220 Three Kingdoms 220-265 Western Chin 265-316

Eastern Chin 317-420 Southern and Northern Dynasties 420-588 A.D.

Classical Imperial ChinaSui 580-618 T'ang 618-907

Five Dynasties 907-960

Song A.D. 960-1279 960-1125 – Northern Song1127-1279 – Southern Song

Later Imperial ChinaYuan -1279-1368Ming – 1368-1644Qing – 1644-1911

Lecture Outline: Japan: Inner Harmony – Outer AdaptationI. Physical and Human Geography

A. Mountains and SeaB. NaturalResourcesC. Isolation and Homogeneity

II. Japanese Social ValuesA. HierarchyB. The Importance of Duty

III. The Way of the GodsA. Myth of CreationB. The Divinity of Nature C. Ritual Purity

IV. Classical Japan – Early CulturesA. Political CentralizationB. YamatoAge(300-650 CE)

V. Classical JapanA. External Influences and Aristocratic DevelopmentB. Heian Culture

VI. Medieval JapanA. Development of the BakufuB. Popular Buddhism

TERMS4 main islandsWet agricultureRice, Vegetables, FishOn – Gimu & GiriKojiki (712 CE) Nihongi (720 CE) AmaterasuJimmuTenno(660 BCE)Yamato stateKamiritual purityJomon(10,000-7,000 BCE)Yayoi (300 BCE)YamatoAge (300-650) Uji (hereditary aristocratic family groups) 【 " 】Prince Shotoku (573-621CE) Seventeen Article Constitution Confucianism/Buddhism TangDynasty(618-907 CE) Soga Family/ Nakatomi Family Taika Reform( January1,646 CE) Fujiwara FamilyNara Period (710-94 CE)Heian Period (794-1185CE)Shoen systemWriting and Literacy

Hiragana – Katakana – KanjiMan'yoshu (Collection of Myriad Leaves,760CE) Aristocratic Buddhism – 8th CenturyBushido (Way of the Warrior)SamuraiHeiji War (1179-1185)Taira (Heike)/Minamoto (Genji) Families Bakufu [Tent Government]Tales of the Heike[Heike monogatari] Tale of Genji-Lady Murasaki PillowBook - Sei Shonagon Kamakura Period (1185-1333)feudalismDaimyo [lords]Ashikaga Shogunate (1338-1573)Onin War (1467-77)Kukai (774- 835)Shingon (true words) Amida Buddhism Pure Land (10thcentury) namu amida butsuZen Buddhism (12th century) self-knowledgekoanNichiren (1222-1282)TendaiLotus Sutra

The Importance of Duty

From: Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (p.116)

On – obligations passively incurred. One 'receives an on' wears an on 'i.e.on are obligations from the point of view of the passive recipient.

Ko on – received from the Emperor;

Oyo on – received from parents Reciprocals of on. One 'pays' these debts, one 'returns these obligations'to the on man, i.e., these are obligations regarded from the point of view of active recipients. There are two types:

Gimu. The fullest repayment of these obligations is still no more than partial and there is no time limit. Examples include:

chu. Duty to the Emperor, the law, Japan; ko. Duty to parents, ancestors; nimmu. work.

Giri. These debts are regarded as having to be repaid with mathematical equivalence to the favor received and there are time limits:

Giri to the World: Duties to liege lord; to affiinal family; to non-related persons due to on received…Giri to one's name: Examples: One's duty to clear one's reputation of insult or imputation of failure; One's duty to admit no(professional) failure or ignorance; One's duty to fulfill the Japanese proprieties.

Lecture Outline: The Meiji Restoration: The Political Revolution

I. Prelude to ModernizationA. Unification: Shoguns and SakokuB. Rise of the Merchant CultureC. Intellectual Trends: The Secret PlanD. The Perry Mission and the Opening of Japan

II. Meiji RestorationA. The Political Revolution-Dismantling FeudalismB. The Change in Samurai Status & Consequences

TERMSDaimyoOda Nobunaga (1534-1582) Hideyoshi (1536-1598)Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1868) 1614 EdictSakoku (1639)Nagasaki/DutchChonin CultureGenroku Era (1688-1704) Hiroshige (1797-1858) Basho (1644-1694)Honda Toshiaki: A Secret Plan for Government, 1798Eastern Ethics/Western ScienceSakuma Shozan(1811-1864)

Commodore Matthew C. Perry (1853)Gunboat diplomacyUnequal treatiesTownsend HarrisSonno Joi (Revere the Emperor/Expel the Barbarian) Treaty of Kanagawa(1858)Rise of Choshu/SatsumaMito School Yoshida Shoin (1830-1859) 1868- Meiji Emperor1869 – Move from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo) Charter Oath (April 1868)domain registersuniversal conscription Yamagato Aritomo (1838-1922) Surnames & SwordsSatsuma Rebellion (1877)

Charter Oath By this oath we set up as our aim the establishment of the national weal on a broad basis and the framingof a constitution and laws. 1.Deliberativeassembliesshallbewidelyestablishedandallmattersdecidedbypublic discussion.2. All classes, high and low, shall unite in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state. 3. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall each be allowed to pursue his owncalling so that there may be no discontent.

4. Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature.5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule.*

Lecture Outline: China: Revolts, Reforms, and RestorationsI.The Qing Dynasty and the Chinese Historical Zenith

A. Accomplishments of the QingB. Decline of the Qing

II.The Barbarian Intrusion A. The Tribute SystemB. The Opium WarC. The Tongzhi Restoration

III. The Qing Dynasty in DeclineA. The Taiping RebellionB. The Boxer Rebellion

TERMSSinificationEnlightened taxationNew World CropsDoubling TerritorySiku quanshu (Complete Collection of the 4 Treasuries) 【 $%全書 】430,000,000 Chinese (1850s)Ho Shen 【 和珅 �Middle Kingdom (zhongguo) 【 中國 】Tribute SystemCantonCohong system (cohong, hoppo, emperor) Lin Zexu (1785-1850)Opium War (1839-1842)Unequal treatiesArrow War

Tongzhi Restoration (1862-1874) Self-StrengtheningSino-Japanese War 1894-95Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) 【太平.國 】Hong Xiuquan (1812-1864) 【洪0全 】Thistledown Mountain Nanjing 【 12 】Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) 【3國藩 】lijin taxdecentralizationBoxer Rebellion (1899-1900) 【義和團】Expel the Barbarians, Overthrow the Monarchy Empress CixiDestruction of YiheyuanUnequal treaties

Excerpt of Letter from Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria (1839)Suppose there were people from another country who carried opium for sale to England and seduced your people into buying and smoking it; certainly your honorable ruler would deeply hate it and be bitterly aroused. We have heard heretofore that your honorable ruler is kind and benevolent. Naturally you would not wish to give unto others what you yourself do not want.

Elements of the Unequal TreatiesForcefully establishing Western-style diplomatic relationsOpening treaty ports and interior tradePayment of huge indemnitiesLoss of territory as colonies and as leasehold Extraterritoriality - (the idea that foreigners did not have to be judged by the Chinese if they committed a crime in China, but by their own tribunals)

Lecture Outline: China: The 1911 RevolutionI. The Hundred Days Reform

A. Confucius as ReformerB. The Hundred Days Reform

II. The Qing ReformsA.Education andExams B. MilitaryReformsC. ConstitutionalismD. Failure of the Reforms

III.The Revolutionary MovementA. Zhang Binglin and Ethnic Nationalism B.Sun Yatsen's theory of GovernmentC. RevolutionaryAlliancesC. Wuchang Uprising: Downfall of the Qing

IV. Xinhai Geming: Realities of RevolutionA.Government of Yuan ShikaiB. The Hongxian Emperor

TERMSKang Youwei (1858-1927) 【 7有為 】Confucius as ReformerThree Ages of ManLiang Qichao (I873-1929) 【梁;超 】Guangxu Emperor (r.1875-1908) 【光>黃@】Dowager Empress Cixi【ABCD】Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) Eight legged essaysExam abolished(1905)Educational Ministry Commission for Army Reorganization(1903) New ArmyZou Rong (1885-1905) Ministry of Posts and CommunicationAudit DepartmentconstitutionalismProvincial Assemblies (1909) National Assemblies (1910)Zhang Binglin (1869-1935) ethnic nationalism

Sun Yatsen(1866-1925)【 E中F 】GuangdongThree People's Principles: nationalism, democracy, livelihoodFive Power Constitution: Executive, Legislative, Judicial, Civil Service, Censorate Three Stages of the Revolution: Destruction, Tutelage, ReconstructionOverseas ChineseTongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance) [1895,1905] Huang Xing (1874-1916) Railway Recovery Movement Provincial Assemblies12 February 1912 AbdicationGuomindang (1912) 【國G黨】Reorganization Loan (1913) Song Jiaoren (1913) Canton Government (1913)The Hongxian EmperorDeath of the Revolution?

Kang Youwei, Confucius as Reformer Confucius was born in the Age of Disorder. Now that communications extend through the great earth andchanges have taken place in Europe and America, the world is evolving toward the Age of Order. Therewill be a day when everything throughout the earth, large or small, far or near, will be like one. There willbe no longer any nations, no more racial distinctions, and customs will be everywhere the same. Withthis uniformity will come the Age of Great Peace. Confucius knew all this in advance.

Lecture Outline: China: The New Culture Movement & Rise of Mass PoliticsChronological Review—1911 Revolution & Aftermath

1894-95 Sino-Japanese War1898 Hundred Day's Reform1902 Qing Reforms1905 Abolition of Examination System 1908 Death of Ci Xi and Guangxu Emperor1911 Revolution of 19111912 Yuan Shikai becomes President1913 Reorganization Loan1913 Second Revolution – Dr. Sun Yatsen sets up alternate govt. in Canton 1916 Death of Yuan and Beginning of Warlord Period

I. The Warlord PeriodA. The Growth of WarlordismB. Death of Sun Yat-sen

II. The New Culture MovementA.Chen Duxiu & the Call to YouthB. Culture as a Political and Social Actor in China C. The May Fourth Movement

III. The Rise of Mass PoliticsA. From Youth Groups to Political Parties B. The May Thirtieth Incident

TERMS

Anfu-Zhili War (1920)Zhang Zuolin (1873-1928) Tiger of ManchuriaFeng Yuxiang (1882-1948) Christian GeneralHuangpu Military Academy First United Front (1924-27) Death of SunYat-sen(1925) Hu Hanmin (1879-1936) Wang Jingwei (1883-1944) Jiang Kaishek (1887-1975) Last TestamantNorthern Expedition (1926-27)New Culture Movement Chen Duxiu (1879-1942) New Youth Magazine Cai Yuanpei (1868-1940)Hu Shi(1891-1962)

Literary RevolutionYouth Groups:

New Citizens Society (Hunan)Young China Association (Beijing/Shanghai) The Self-Awakening Society (Tianjin)

May 4th Movement Versailles Conference Shandong PeninsulaRise of Political Parties (1921) Problems & IsmsReform & RevolutionChinese Communist Party (1921) May Thirtieth Incident (1925-26) 1.6 million strikers

Chen Duxiu, Call to Youth—1915

1. Be independent, not servile2. Be progressive, not conservative 3. Be aggressive, not retiring

4. Be cosmopolitan, not isolationist 5. Be utilitarian, not formalistic6. Be scientific, not imaginative

Lecture Outline: Japan: Entering the Dark ValleyI. From Taisho to Showa

A. The Taisho PeriodB. Paradox: Liberalism and Bushido

II. Growing Japanese ImperialismA. War Against China – Elder BrotherB. War Against Russia – YellowPeril

TERMSTaisho Reign(1912-26) Choshu/SatsumaYamagato Aritomo Ito Hirobumi Genro [elders]Liberal Democratic Party [Seiyukai]Great Earthquake of 1923Katayama Sen(1859-1933) The Dark ValleyPrince Saionji (d.1940)Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) Treaty of ShimonosekiThe Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)Triple InterventionHibaya Peace Riots (1905) Versailles Conference

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)- Article IIIJapan possessing paramount political, military and economic interests in Korea, Great Britain recognizes the right of Japan to take such measures of guidance, control and protection in Korea as she may deem proper and necessary to safeguard and advance those interests, provided always that such measures are not contrary to the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of all nations.

Soseki’s view on Civilization and Enlightenment“Having left shadows behind, Tokyo seemed intent upon become the brightest city in the world, and it may well have succeeded. A series of industrial expositions became the ground for testing the limits. . .“Sift civilization to the bottom of your bag of thrills” wrote the novelist Natsume Soskei in 1907, “and you have an exposition. Filter your exposition through the dull sands of night and you have blinding illumination. If you possess life in some small measure, then for evidences of it you go to illumination, and you must cry out in astonishment at what you see. The civilized who are drugged with civilization are first aware that they live when they cry out in astonishment.”--E. Seidensticker, “Tokyo from Edo to Showa 1867-1989: The Emergence of the World’s Greatest City”

Lecture Outline: Confucian Culture: Korea, 1894-1945

I. Disintegration of the Yi DynastyA. Korean Cultural Growth and Political Seclusion B. The Tonghak Rebellion (1894-95)

II. Japan Annexes KoreaA. First phase of Japanese ImperialismB. The Failure of Internal Reforms

III. The Colonial Period (1910-1945)A. Political Repression and Economic ExploitationB. Korean Nationalist Resistance

TERMSYi Dynasty (1392-1910)Neo-ConfucianismYangban (example of Confucian exam/mobility) Han'gulJapanese Invasion 1592-971876 – Gunboat DiplomacyCh'oe Che-u (d.1864) Tonghak Rebellion (1894-1895)Li Hongzhang/Yuan Shikai Ch'ondogyoSino-Japanese War (1894-95) Assassination of Queen Min (1895) Hair & HistoryIndependence Club

Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05Assassination of Ito Hirobumi (1909) Annexation (1910)General Terauchi Masatake Shinto Shrines and Lost Names Oriental Development CompanyThe March First Movement (1919) ManseKorean Provisional Government Syngmen RheeKim KuKim Won BongSinganhoeAssimilation Policies

“I will whip you with scorpions.” - General Terauchi Masatake Under Japanese colonialism:1. By 1911,101 of 110 companies in Korea were owned by the Japanese.2. In 1910 Japanese owned 3% of the arable land, by 1930 this amount of land ownership rose to 60%.

Lecture Outline: Confucian Culture: Vietnam, 1802-1975I. An Overview of Vietnamese History

A. Resistance and IdentityB. Cycles of Colonialism and War

II. The Confucian HeritageA. Tale of Kieu

III. French ConquestA. Duty & Conquest: The French InvasionB. Duty & Defense: The Vietnamese Resistance

IV. The Civilizing MissionA. The Administration of IndochinaB. Economic and Social Change Under the French Regime

V. TheFirst IndochinaWarA. The Japanese Occupation B. Rise of the Viet MinhC. Dienbienphu

VI. The Second Indochina War (1965-1975)TERMS

Nguyen Du, Kim Van Kieu Thuy Kieu and Kim TrongInvasion of Champa Gia Long (r.1802-1820)Minh Mang (r. 1820-1841)Tu Duc (r. 1847-1883) Protectorate [Annam/Tonkin] Cochinchina/Laos/Cambodia/French Indochina Ham Nghi (r. 1884-1885)Phan Dinh Phuong (1847-1896) Can Vuong MovementPaul Doumer (1897-1902) Admiral Rigault de Genouilly "civilize the backward peoples"Vichy Government

Viet MinhHo Chi Minh (1890-1969)[Nguyen Sinh Cong, Nguyen Ai Quoc] Indochinese Communist Party (1930) [ICP] March Coup (1945)August Revolution (1945)September 2, 1945 – Independence Fountainebleau Negotiations (1946)Vo Nguyen GiapDienbienphu/Geneva Conference (1954)Kennedy/Johnson/NixonNational LiberationFront (1961)[NLF]Nguyen VanThieuHenry Kissenger/Le Duc Tho Trinh Cong Son,"The Heritage of our Mother Land"

Cycles of History1. Prehistory to Pre-Colonial Period2. Chinese Colonialism (111BCE -939 CE)3. Independent Vietnam (939-1862)4. French Colonial Period (1862-1954)5. First Indochina War (1945-54)6. Second Indochina War (1964-1975)7.Socialist Republic of Vietnam(1975-)

Guerrilla Warfare has the main idea of avoiding a set piece battle until the odds of victory are on your side. The 3 principles of Guerrilla Warfare are:1. As the enemy advances – we retreat.2. When the enemy halts – we harass them.3. When the enemy retreats – we strike at them.

Lecture Outline: The Second World War in Asia

I. From the Washington Conference to Pearl HarborA. Japan Invades ChinaB. Alliance with Nazi Germany

II. The Second World War in AsiaA. The New Order (1938)B. Setting up a Puppet Government in NanjingC. PearlHarbor (1941)

D. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereE. The War in Southeast AsiaF. Dropping the Atomic Bombs

III. The Significance of World War II in Asia

TERMSInternal Discord & Depression Washington Treaties (1921) Multinational Cooperation Manchurian Incident (1931) Manchukuo (1932)Total Mobilization GroupMarco Polo Bridge Incident (1937)Lytton Commission (1933)Hitler Recognizes China Claims of Japan (1936) Tripartite Axis Pact (1940)The Rape of Nanjing (1937)The New Order in East Asia (1938) Premier Konoye FumimaroWang Jingwei (1940)Chongqing, SichuanThe U.S. boycott (1940-41)

Pearl Harbor (1941) Occupation o fSoutheast AsiaThe Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereBurma - 30 ThakinsPETASuhartoAung San, Burma National Army U Ba MawCairo Declaration (1943) Unconditional Surrender Saipan (June, 1944) Bombing of Tokyo President Harry Truman Hiroshima/Nagasaki Emperor Hirohito Surrender -August 15, 1945

Three arguments for the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:1. Asia for the Asians2. Economic Cooperation for Modernization 3. Anti-Communism

The Significance of World War II in Asia1. Defeat of Western colonialists on Asian nationalism2. Japanese brutality showed that imperialism was not colorblind 3. Human death and physical destruction4. Rise of Communism (China/Indochina/Philippines)5. Destroyed colonial framework:

Indonesia (1949) Indochina (1954) Burma (1948) Malaysia (1947) Philippines (1946)

Lecture Outline: The People's Republic of China: From Marxism to Market I. PRC: Political ConsolidationII. Agrarian Reform

A. Agrarian Reform Laws of 1950B. From Mutual Aid Teams to Communes

III. IndustrializationA. Centralization of Industry B. The First Campaigns

IV. The Continuing Class StruggleA. Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956) B. The Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957) C. The Great Leap Forward (1958-60)

V. Leaping BackwardsA. The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

VI. Leaping ForwardA. The Rise of Deng Xiaoping B. The Four Modernizations C. Market-Leninism?D. Current US-Sino Relations

TERMSChinese Communist Party (CCP) Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) Political Bureau (Politburo)cadres land reform Mutual Aid Teams CooperativesCommunesThree Antis Campaign (1951) Campaign for the Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries (Feb 1952) Five Antis Campaign (1952)Five Year PlansMarriage Law of 1950Role of Zhishi Fenzi"Politics in Command"Mass LineUnity, Criticism, Unity pragmatists/ideologues

Liu ShaoqiPeng Dehuai (1959)Lin BiaoPeople's Liberation Army (PLA)“Dare to Rebel”Red GuardsWu Han, Hai Rui Dismissed from Office Cult of PersonalityJiang QingGang of FourZhou EnlaiDeng XiaopingMao Zedong (d. 1976) Hua GuofengDemocracy Wall 4 ModernizationsTiananmen Incident (1989)

The goal of the "Four Modernizations" was to strengthen the sectors of agriculture, industry, technology and defense.

Chinese War Against Japan – The CCP view

It is only through the unity of the Communist Party that the unity of the whole class and the whole nationcan be achieved, and it is only through the unity of the whole class and the whole nation that the enemy can be defeated and the national and democratic revolution accomplished.

"Win the Masses in Their Millions for the Anti-Japanese National United Front" (May7,1937), Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Vol. I, p.292.

The Korean War 1950-531950North Korean Communist forces invade South Korea (June 25). UN calls for cease-fire and asks UN members to assist South Korea (June 27). Truman orders U.S. forces into Korea (June 27). North Koreans capture Seoul (June 28). Gen. Douglas MacArthur designated commander of unified UN forces (July 8). Pusan Beachhead— UN forces counterattack and capture Seoul (Aug.–Sept.), capture Pyongyang, North Korean capital (Oct.). Chinese Communists enter war (Oct. 26), force UN retreat toward 39th parallel (Dec.).1951Gen. Matthew B. Ridgeway replaces MacArthur after he threatens Chinese with massive retaliation (April 11). Armistice negotiations (July) continue with interruptions until June.19531953 Armistice signed (July 27). Chinese troops withdraw from North Korea (Oct. 26, 1958), but over 200 violations of armistice noted to 1959.

On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People Mao Zedong (February, 1957)

Literally the two slogans—let a hundred flowers blossom and let a hundred schools of thought contend—have no class character; the proletariat can turn them to account, and so can the bourgeoisie or others. Different classes, strata and social groups each have their own views on what are fragrant flowers and what are poisonous weeds. Then, from the point of view of the masses, what should be the criteria today for distinguishing fragrant flowers from poisonous weeds? In their political activities, how should our people judge whether a person's words and deeds are right or wrong? On the basis of the principles of our Constitution, the will of the overwhelming majority of our people and the common political positionswhich have been proclaimed on various occasions by our political parties, we consider that, broadly speaking, the criteria should be as follows:

(1) Words and deeds should help to unite, and not divide, the people of all our nationalities.(2) They should be beneficial, and not harmful, to socialist transformation and socialist construction.(3) They should help to consolidate, and not undermine or weaken, the people's democratic dictatorship.(4) They should help to consolidate, and not undermine or weaken, democratic centralism.(5) They should help to strengthen, and not shake off or weaken, the leadership of the Communist Party. (6) They should be beneficial, and not harmful, to international socialist unity and the unity of the peace-loving people of the world.

Of these six criteria, the most important are the two about the socialist path and the leadership of the Party.

Lecture Outline: Japan: Allied Occupation & Post-War PoliticsThe Japanese Economy During the Fifties & Sixties

I. The Allied OccupationA. Living with DefeatB. Reform not Revenge

II. Post-War RecoveryIII. The Japanese Miracle

A. Government PoliciesB. Agricultural PoliciesC. Technological Adaptations

III. The Japanese MiracleA. Business Practices

IV. Limitations of the Economic MiracleA. Food, Oil, Security

V. Issues for a New CenturyA. International PositionB. Facing World War II AtrocitiesC. New Globalization and Economic SlowdownD. New Social and Cultural Realities

TERMSGen. Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) SCAPShowa ConstitutionArticle 9Stoddard Mission (1946) Educational ReformAbolition of State ShintoismYoshida Shigeru (1868-1967)Treaty of San Francisco (1951)recovery into growth Government practicesZaibatsu (Cartels)

From Harvard Business Review:Japan is the purest example of what has become known as a producer economic state, and many of itseconomic practices are now familiar. For nearly 40 years, the country subordinated other goals in favor ofcatching up with—and perhaps surpassing—the U.S. economy. The revisionist critics correctlyemphasized the role played by Japan’s government in working toward that goal, but they neglected theother two pillars of Japanese success: large companies and a well- educated workforce. Those threepillars cooperated on an unusually focused developmental strategy that generated impressive economicefficiencies.