Asaph Report

8/10/2019 Asaph Report

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JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

P.O. BOX 62000-00200 NAIROBI

TEL: (06!-"2#$#-%

FAX: (06!-"2#6%

E-MAIL: &&&')*+,.+.)&

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

AUTOMATED FILLING STATION FUEL MONITORING SYSTEM.

NAME: ASAPH MBUGUA MUHIA

REG. NO: E27-0231/03

B.Sc ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2008/200

Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering in partial

fulllment for the award of Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical and Electronic

Engineering.

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



DECLARATION

This project, submitted to the department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta

University of Agriculture and Technology, is my original work !t has never been presented or published

anywhere or in any institution before

"tudent #ame$ Asaph Mbugua Muhia %egistration #umber$ E27-0231/03

"ignature$ &&&&&&&&& 'ate$&&&&&&&&&&



CERTIFICATION

This project, which has been submitted by the above named student, was under my supervision

"upervisor #ame$ 'r ( K )inga

"ignature$ 'ate$



DEDICATION

T / 1+/3 14 ,5&4 ,*&7 8*994, +7 &*4+&/&,.



AC!NO"LEDGEMENT

T5+)8 , ,5& A3/5, G7 14 ,5& *7&8&4;&7 1+;*4 ,54*5*, / <;& &+4 8,++, JKUAT.

T5+)8 , / 8*9&4;84 D4. P. K H+ 14 58 *7+& +7 8*994, ,54*5*, ,5&94&, 9&47.

M 4//+,&= J*/+ J85*+= 14 58 /9+ +8 I >4)&7 3+,& , ,5& 5,.

M 3+88/+,&8 >,5 >5/ I 85+4&7 + 3,. S9&+3 ,5+)8 , J*3*8 N74+*



A#$%&'c%

F33 8,+,8 8&33 1*&3 +7 1*&3 4&3+,&7 947*,8. L?*7 947*,8 >55 3*7&

9&,43= )&48&&= 7&8&3 +4& ,+&7 @ ,+)8 >55 +4& 8,4&7 *7&44*7.

P*/98 +4& ,5& *8&7 , 9*/9 ,5& 947*,8 *9 14/ ,5& ,+)8 , ,5& 8*/&48

,+&4. A /&,57 1 /,4 ,5& 3&;&3 1 ,5& 947*,8 ,5& ,+)8 8 ,5&4&14&

&&88+4 8& ,5& ,+)8 +4& *7&44*7 +7 9+?*&.

T5& +*,/+,&7 <33 8,+, /,4 88,&/ 8 7&8&7 , 4&/,&3 /&+8*4&

,5& 1*&3 3&;&38 +, 4&*3+4 ,&4;+38 +7 8,4& ,5&8& ;+3*&8 + 7+,+@+8&.

C/9+48 8 ,5& /+7& @&,>&& ,5& /&+8*4&7 ;+3*&8 +7 8&, ;+3*&. S5*37 ,5&

/&+8*4&7 ;+3*& 1+33 @&3> ,5& //*/ 8&, ;+3*&= + +3+4/ 8 +,;+,&7 , +3&4, ,5&+,,&7+,. 5& 4&<33 ,5& ,+)8= 85*37 ,5& 3&;&3 @&7 ,5& 55&8, 8&,

;+3*&= + +3+4/ 8 4+8&7. T5& 3&;&38 1 ,5& 1*&38 +, + 8,+, 1 ,/& + ,5& @&

@,+&7 14/ ,5& 7+,+@+8&. I ,58 >+= '(%)*'%+), 1 ,5& 88,&/ 8 +5&;&7.

A&88 , +33 ,5& ,+)8 8 /+7& 14/ ,5& 8+/& PC 5&& /+) ,5& 88,&/

c,%&'+.





S4c+5c )#c%+$

T @& +@3& , /,4 ,5& 947*,8 3&;&38 14/ + &,4+3&7 93+&..

T +3&4, ,5& +,,&7+, +8&8 1 3&;&38 @& @&3> 4 +@;& ,5& 8&, 3&;&38.

T @,+ +7 8,4& *8&1*3 7+,+ ,&4/8 1 8+3&8 >55 8 &88&,+3 /++&/&,

1 ,5& <33 8,+,

P&)c% ($%+5c'%+),

A ,&7*8 /&,57 1 /,4 ,5& 3&;&3 1 ,5&8& 947*,8 ,5& ,+)8 8

&/93&7. S*5 + /&,57 ;3;&8 799 + /&,+33 47 )> +8 ,5& 79 8,)

, ,5& ,+). T5& 79 8,) 8 /+7& 14/ 99&4 4 +3*/*/ +7 4+7*+,&7

,&4/8 1 3,4&8 +, &?*+3 ,&4;+38. I @&,>&& ,5& /+4)&7 ,&4;+38 +4&

4+7*+,8 +7 +994/+, 8 &/93&7.

T5& 79 8,) /&,57 4&?*4&8 ,5& +,,&7+, , /;& 14/ ,+) , ,+) ,+) ,5&

3&;&3 4&+78. T58 8 ,/& 8*/ +7 ,5&4&14& /+)&8 ,5& && 1 ,5&

>53& 94&88 3>. A994/+, 8 *8&7 +8& ,5& 3&;&3 7&8 , 44&897 ,

,5& 4+7*+,&7 8+3& 1 ,5& 79 8,) +7 ,58 /+)&8 ,5& +*4+ +7 4&3+@3, 1

,5& 88,&/ >+,. D+,+ 4&47 9+9&4 +7 ,5&4&14& +&88 , 9+8, 947*,3&;&38 8 83>. T5& *44&, 88,&/ +38 7&8 , 94;7& 14 4&+3 ,/& +&88 1 ,5&

947*, 3&;&38 8& 3&;&3 /&+8*4 8 /+*+3 +7 7& 3 +, ,5& 9& +7

38 5*48 1 ,5& @*8&88.. T5& &,4& 94&88 8 ,5&4&14& ,/& 8*/=

*4&3+@3& +7 &&,. T5& PC @+8&7 88,&/ &48 +*,/+,&7 +7 &,4+3&7

/,4 1 ,5& 1*&3 3&;&38 +7 8,4+& 1 ,5& 7+,+ + 7+,+@+8& >55 + @&

+&88&7 &+83 +, + ;& ,/&.



CHAPTER T"O:

LITERATURE RE6IE".

I,%&)(c%+),

T58 5+9,&4 ;&48 + 4&;&> 1 ,5& &8, /&,578 1 1*&3 3&;&3 /&+8*4 +7 +

@4&1 ++388 1 5> ,5& ;+4*8 /9&,8 *8&7 ,58 94&, >4).

D+4 $%+c *%) )9 F( L M'$(&*,%

T58 8 ,5& /&,57 ,5+, 8 *44&,3 *8&7 , /&+8*4& 1*&3 3&;&3 +8 &8,+@385&7 14/

;+4*8 <33 8,+,8 ;8,&7. I ,58 /&,57 + /&,+33 47 )> +8 ,5& 79 8,) 8

*8&7. T5& 79 8,) 8 /+7& 14/ &,5&4 99&4 4 +3*/*/ +7 4+7*+,&7 +, &?*+3

,&4;+38 ,&4/8 1 3,4&8. A994/+, 8 &/93&7 14 /&+8*4&/&,8 ,5+, 1+33

@&,>&& ,5& 4+7*+,8 ,5& 8+3&. T5& 4&+78 +4& ,5& 4&47&7 9+9&4.

D8+7;+,+&8 1 ,58 /&,57 +4&

• T5& /&,57 8 , +*4+,& 7*& , +994/+, ,&5?*& &/93&7• I, 8 ,/& 8*/ 8& ,5& +,,&7+, /;&8 14/ ,+) , ,+) 5&&

&&,.•

D+,+ 8,4+& 8 7& 9+9&4 5&& ,&/94+4 8,4+& +7 83> +&88 ,8,4&7 7+,+.

• H+8 N &,4+3+, +89&,

L $,$)&$



L&;&3 8&848 +4& *8&7 , 7&,&4/& ,5& +/*, 1 947*, 537 ,+)8. T5&

+4& +,&4&7 ,:-

• C,**8 3&;&3 8&848:- *8&7 , 7&,&4/& ,5& 3&;&3 14/ //*/ ,

/+/*/• P,-,+, 8&848:- *8&7 , 7&,&4/& 3&;&3 +, + 83& 9, (5&)-

9,!.

C),%+,()($ $,$)&$

T5& 94;7& + ,**8 4&+7 1 3&;&38 14/ //*/ , ,5& /+/*/. T5&

94;7& + ++3*& 8+3 (0-#0V 7 4 %-20/A!. T5& +4& &&4+33 /4&

&9&8;& 8& ,5& /*8, 94;7& + ,**8 8+3. T5& 3*7& RF +7/,,+&

(+9+,;&! ,9&= 8*7 ,9& ,5+, *8&8 + 4&&3 +7 ,+9&= ,5& 7&4&,+3 94&88*4&

8&84.

• RF A7/,,+& ,9&

I, *8&8 9*38&7 4+7 14&?*& >+;&8 , 7&,&4/& ,5& 3?*7 8 ,*5 ,5& &7

1 ,8 94@&. I, *8&8 5+& 7&3&,4 , 7&,&4/& ,5& 3&;&3 1 + 3?*7. T58 8

>5 , 8 +38 +33&7 +9+,;& ,9&. T5& 4*,4 +, ,5& ,9 1 ,5& ,+) 947*&89*38&7 RF >+;&8 ,5+, > ,54*5 ,8 3 94@& , ,5& ,+) >+33 4 ,5& @,,/

>55 94;7& ,5& 4*7 14 ,5& 4*,. T5*8 ,5& 94@& /*8, @& 3+,&7 +, +

38& 94/, , ,5& *,87& >+33 4 ,5& @,,/ 1 ,5& ,+) 8 ,5+, ,5& +/*,

1 7&3&,4 ,5& +4 @&,>&& ,5& 94@& +7 ,5& ,+) 8 )>. I1 ,5& @,,/ 8

*8&7 +8 ,5& 4*7= +9+,+& @&,>&& ,5& 94@& +7 ,5& 3?*7 >33 5+& +8

, 48&8 +7 /;&8 38&4 , ,5& 94@&. T5& +9+,+& + ,*& , @&

/&+8*4&7 +8 ,5& 3?*7 @&8 , ;&4 ,5& 94@&.

• S 3&;&3 8&84.

U8&8 ,5& 9493& ,5+, ,5& 89&&7 1 8*7 >+;&8 ,4+;&33 , + *7 + @&

/&+8*4&7 +7 ,/&. T5& 3&4 ,5& 78,+& ,5& >+;& ,+)&8 , ,4+;&3= ,5& 3&4

,5& ,/& , >33 ,+)& , @& 8&, +7 4&&,&7. I, 5+8 + 8 ,4+8/,,&4 +7

4&&;&4 /*,&7 ,5& 8+/& ,+). T5& 8 ,4+8/,,&4 8 3+,&7 +, ,5& ,9 1



,5& ,+). T5& ,4+8/,,&7 >+;&8 4&+5 ,5& 3?*7 >33 @& 4&&,&7 @+) ,

,5& 8&84. T5& 4&&;&4 >33 7&,&, ,5& 4&&,&7 8*7 >+;&8 +7 ,5& &3&,4

4*, >33 /&+8*4& ,5& +/*, 1 ,/& @&,>&& ,5& 8,+, ,5& >+;&8 +4& 8&,

+7 >5& ,5& +4& 4&&;&7. T5& +/*, 1 ,/& 8 +3*3+,&7 BCD */@&4.

T58 */@&4 8 *8&7 + +3*3+, , ;&4, ,5& +/*, 1 ,/& , 78,+&

7,+3 , ++3*& ;&4,&4 8 *8&7 , 94;7& + ++3*& 8+3 (%-20/A!

,5+, 4&94&8&, ,5& 3&;&3 1 ,5& 3?*7.

• D&4&,+3 94&88*4& 3&;&3.

U8&8 ,5& 9493& ,5+, ,5& 94&88*4& +, ,5& @,,/ 1 + 3?*7 3*/ 8

9494,+3 , ,5& 5&5, 1 ,5& 3*/. T58 /&+8 ,5+, ,5& 7&&9&4 ,5& 3?*7

@&/&8 ,5& 4&+,&4 ,5& 94&88*4& , &&4,8 +, ,5& @,,/ 4 ;&88&3 ,5+, 5378 ,5&

3?*7.

• U8 >&5 88,&/8.

,5 + 537 ,+) 1 *14/ 85+9&= ,5&4&8 9494,+3 4&+8& 1 ,8 >&5,

+8 ,5& 3?*7 3&;&3 48&8 +7 + 9494,+3 7&4&+8& >5& ,5& 3&;&3 3>&48 8&

,5& 3?*7 8 1 + *14/ 89&< 4+;,. T5& 9493& + @& *8&7 , 7&,&4/&

,5& 3&;&3 +, + ,/&.

• R+7+4 3&;&3 8&848.

I, *8&8 + 9&4+, 9493& 1 8+ + 89+& @ /&+8 1 55 14&?*&

4+7 >+;&8 ,5+, +4& 8&, 14/ + ,4+8/,,&4 +7 +4& 4&&,&7 @ + @&,8

,5& &*,&4. T5& @&+/ 8 4&&,&7 14/ ,5& /+,&4+3 , &*,&48 +7 8&,

@+) , + 4&&;&4. I,8 74&, +7 /+,*7& 7+,&8 ,5& 78,+& 4 ,5& 8&

1 ,5& @&,. I +8& 1 3&;&3 /&+8*4&/&,= ,5& 4&&,&7 >+;&8 7+,& ,5&

78,+& ,5& 4+7 >+;&8 5+7 ,4+;&33&7= >55 8 *8&7 , +3*3+,& ,5& 3&;&3 1

,5& 3?*7 @& /&+8*4&7.

P)+,%-C),%'c% L S,$)&$

S&;&4+3 9,-,+, 8>,5&8 +4& +;+3+@3&. M8, 1 ,5&8& 3*7& + 8>,5 ,5+,

8 +,;+,&7 >5& ,5& 3&;&3 4&+5&8 + 89&< 9,.



F)'% L S,$)&

A +, 8 &,&7 , + +4/= +7 ,5& +4/ >33 +,;+,& + 3/, 8>,5 >5& ,5&

+4/ 8 4+8&7. T5& +, >33 @& 31,&7 >5& ,5& 3&;&3 1 ,5& 3?*7 8 55 &*5.

T5& 3/, 8>,5 + @& +7*8,&7 8 ,5+, ,5& &+, 3&;&3 >5&4& ,5& 8>,5 8+,;+,&7 8 8&,. A,5&4 ,9& 1 +, 8>,5 *8&8 + /+&,-+,;+,&7 8>,5.

I,8 8&& ,5+, ,5& +, 1 ,58 8>,5 5+8 + 47 &,&7 , , *8, 3)& ,5&

94&;*8 ,9& 1 +, 3&;&3 8&84. I, 5+8 + 9&4/+&, /+&, &,&7 , ,5&

&7 1 ,5& 47. 5& ,5& +,&4 48&8 >,5 ,5& 3?*7 3&;&3= ,5& /+&, 8 /;&7

, 98, 8 ,5+, , 8 &+4 ,5& /+&,-+,;+,&7 8>,5 ,5+, 8 /*,&7

,5& 5&+7 1 ,5& 8&84. 5& ,5& 9&4/+&, /+&, ,5& 47 8 ,5& 45,

98,= , >33 9*33 ,5& /;+@3& /+&, ,5+, +,;+,&8 ,5& 8>,5. 5& ,5&

/;+@3& /+&, 8 9*33&7 , ,5& /+&, ,5& 47= ,5& 8>,5 ,+, 38&8.5& ,5& 3?*7 3&;&3 7498 +7 ,5& +, +33>8 ,5& 47 , @& 3>&4&7= ,5&

/+&, >33 3&4 5+;& + +,,4+, , ,5& 8>,5. S/+33 8948 >33 +*8&

,5& ,+, , /;& , ,5&4 4/+33 9& 98,. T5& 8>,5 5+8 + 83&-

93&= 7*@3& ,54> <*4+, 8 ,5+, ,5& // ,&4/+3 + @& &,&7

14 4/+33 9& 4 // 38&7 9&4+,.

G+ F( L S,$)&$ T5& *8& +9+,;& ,&53 , +*4+,&3 8&8& ,5& 3&;&3 1 1*&3. T5&

8&848 5+;& /; 9+4,8 +7 +4& 7&+3 14 *8& &,4&/& &;4/&,8.

A33 8&848 1&+,*4& 1*33 ,&4+,&7 -@+47 &3&,48 8 ,5&4& 8 &&7

14 +77,+3 @*3) &3&,4 /7*3&8. T5& 8&848 +4& 1+,4 +3@4+,&7

,5& +993+@3& 1*&3 +7 +4& 94;7&7 >,5 14&& P4@&MON +3@4+, 81,>+4&

, +33> & , 4&-+3@4+,& ,5& 8&848 , 585&4 4&?*4&/&,8.

T5& 1*&3 3&;&3 8&848 9&4+,& , ,&/9&4+,*4&8 1 #2"C +7 +4& /9+,@3&>,5 +33 4+7&8 1:

P&,43&*/

G+83&

J&,A



T> 4+&8 1 1*&3 8&848= M-S&4&8 +7 R-S&4&8 +4& +;+3+@3& >,5 ,5& R-

8&4&8 8&84 @& ,5& 8,+7+47 7&8 +;+3+@3& +, + *8,/ 3&,5.

R-S&4&8 ,9& M-S&4&8 ,9&

K& 1&+,*4&8

N M; P+4,8H5 A*4+

T5&4/+33 S,+@3&F*33 S*@/&48@3&L5,>&5,

F*33 C<*4+@3& O*,9*,I7;7*+33 7&8&7

S9&<+,8S*993 V3,+& 6VDC , 2%VDCS*993 C*44&, #0/A '#2VV3,+& O*,9*, R+& 0.2"V - %."VR+& A*4+ 0." 1 1*&3 7&9,5 '20CP4@& L&,5 ,9+33 0 - 00// (*8,/&4 , 89&1!&5, F4/ 3 $0 (7&9&7+, 7&8!O9&4+,+3 T&/9&4+,*4& 0C , #2"C

A,') %) D++%' C),&%&$

A+3 , 7,+3 ;&4,&48 5+& + 8+3 ++3 14/ , 7,+3 8+3. T5&

+4& /94,+, /&+8*4&/&, 88,&/8 @&+*8& ,5& 1+3,+,& ,5& ,4+81&4 1



++3 7+,+ , + /9*,&4 4 ,5&4 7,+3 88,&/8 >55 3 >4) >,5 7,+3

7+,+.

T5&4& +4& 7&4&, ,9&8 1 ADC8:

S(cc$$+-'44&);+*'%+), ADC

I, *8&8 + /9+4+,4 , 4&&, 4+&8 1 ;3,+&8= &;&,*+33 8&,, + <+3

;3,+& 4+&. F4 &+/93&= ,5& <48, /9+48 /5, 7&7& ,5& /8, 8<+,

@, 1 ,5& *,9*,= ,5& &, /9+48 7;7&8 ,5& &, /8, 8<+, @, &,. ,58

8 +38 +33&7 @,->&5 ;&48. ADC8 1 ,58 ,9& ;&4, ;&4 1+8, +7 5+;&

7 4&83*,8 +7 ?*,& >7& 4+&8. T5& +4& /4& /93& ,5+ 8/& ,5&4

7&88.

D+&c% C),&$+), ADC )& <'$ ADC.

T58 5+8 + /9+4+,4 ,5+, <4&8 14 &+5 7&7&7 ;3,+& 4+&. T5& /9+4+,4

1&&78 + 3 4*, ,5+, &&4+,&8 + 7& 14 &+5 ;3,+& 4+&. D4&, ;&48

8 ;&4 1+8,= @*, *8*+33 5+8 &5, @,8 4&83*, 4 3&88= +8 , &&78 + 3+4&=

&9&8;& 4*,.

ADC8 1 ,58 ,9& 5+;& + 3+4& 7& 8&= + 55 9*, +9+,+& +7 +4& 94& ,

947*& 3,5&8 ,5& *,9*,.

R'*4-c)*4'& ADC

T58 947*&8 + 8+>-,,5 8+3 ,5+, 4+/98 *9= ,5& ?*)3 1+338 , &4. 5& ,5&

4+/9 8,+4,8= + ,/&4 8,+4,8 /9*,. 5& ,5& 4+/9 ;3,+& /+,5&8 ,5& 9*,= +

/9+4+,4 <4&8= +7 ,5& ,/&48 ;+3*& 8 4&47&7. T5& 4+/9 ,/& 8 8&8,;& ,

,&/9&4+,*4& @&+*8& ,5& 4*, &&4+, ,5& 4+/9 8 1,& *8, & 8/93&

833+,4. T5&4& +4& ,> 83*,8Q *8& + 3)&7 *,&4 74; + DAC +7 ,5& *8&

,5& /9+4+,4 , 94&8&4;& ,5& /9*,&48 ;+3*&= 4 +3@4+,& ,5& ,/&7 4+/9. A

89&+3 +7;+,+& 1 ,5& 4+/9 /9+4&8 ,5& 88,&/ 8 ,5+, /9+4 + 8&7

8+3 *8, 4&?*4&8 +,5&4 /9+4+,4= +7 +,5&4 4&8,&4 , 8,4& ,5& ;3,+&

;+3*&.

D%'-,c) ADC



T58 5+8 + *9-7> *,&4 ,5+, 1&&78 + 7,+3 , ++3 ;&4,&4 (DAC!. T5&

9*, 8+3 +7 ,5& DAC @,5 , + /9+4+,4. T5& /9+4+,4 ,438 ,5&

*,&4. T5& 4*, *8&8 &+,;& 1&&7@+) 14/ ,5& /9+4+,4 , +7*8, ,5&

*,&4 *,3 ,5& DAC8 *,9*, 8 38& &*5 , ,5& 9*, 8+3. T5& */@&4 8

4&+7 14/ ,5& *,&4. D&3,+ ;&4,&48 +4& 7 14 4&+7 4&+3->437 8+38.

M8, 8+38 14/ 958+3 88,&/8 7 , 5+& +@4*9,3.

S/& ;&4,&48 /@& ,5& 7&3,+ +7 8*&88;& +994+5&8Q ,58 >4)8

&89&+33 >&33 >5& 55 14&?*&&8 +4& )> , @& 8/+33 /+,*7&.

S/& /94,+, 9+4+/&,&48 1 ADC8 +4&

• R&83*,

I7+,&8 ,5& */@&4 1 784&,& ;+3*&8 + ADC + 947*&. I, 8 *8*+33

&94&88&7 @,8.

• A*4+

I, 7&9&78 ,5& &444 ,5& ;&48. T5&8& &4448 +4& /&+8*4&7 *,

+33&7 ,5& 3&+8, 8<+, @, (LSB!.

• S+/93 4+,&

I, 7&<&8 ,5& 4+,& +, >55 &> 7,+3 ;+3*&8 +4& 8+/93&7 14/ ,5& ++3

8+3. I,8 +38 4&1&44&7 , +8 ,5& 8+/93 14&?*&.

• A3+8

I1 ,5& 9*, 8+3 8 5+ /*5 1+8,&4 ,5+ ,5& 8+/93& 4+,&= 89*4*8 8+38

+33&7 +3+8&8 >33 @& 947*&7 +, ,5& *,9*, 1 ,5& DAC. T5& 14&?*& 1 ,5&

+3+8&7 8+3 8 ,5& 7&4&& @&,>&& ,5& 8+3 14&?*& +7 ,5& 8+/93 4+,&.

ADC080 8-B+% =P C)*4'%+# A/D C),&%&$ >+% 8-C',, M(%+4;&

G,&' D$c&+4%+),



T5& ADC0$0 7+,+ +?*8, /9&, 8 + /3,5 CMOS 7&;& >,5 + $-@,

++3-,-7,+3 ;&4,&4=$-5+&3 /*3,93&&4 +7 /494&884 /9+,@3&

,43 3. T5& $-@, AD ;&4,&4 *8&8 8*&88;& +994/+, +8 ,5&

;&48 ,&5?*&.

T5& ;&4,&4 1&+,*4&8 + 55 /9&7+& 599&4 8,+@3&7 /9+4+,4= + 2"6R

;3,+& 7;7&4 >,5 ++3 8>,5 ,4&& +7 + 8*&88;& +994/+, 4&8,&4. T5&

$-5+&3 /*3,93&&4 + 74&,3 +&88 + 1 $-83&-&7&7 ++3 8+38.

T5& 7&;& &3/+,&8 ,5& &&7 14 &,&4+3 &4 +7 1*33-8+3& +7*8,/&,8. E+8

,&41+ , /494&8848 8 94;7&7 @ ,5& 3+,5&7 +7 7&7&7 /*3,93&&4

+774&88 9*,8 +7 3+,5&7 TTL TRI-STATE *,9*,8.

I, &48 55 89&&7= 55 +*4+= //+3 ,&/9&4+,*4& 7&9&7&&= &&33&,3-,&4/ +*4+ +7 4&9&+,+@3,= +7 8*/&8 //+3 9>&4. T5&8& 1&+,*4&8

/+)& ,58 7&;& 7&+33 8*,&7 , +993+,8 14/ 94&88 +7 /+5& ,43 ,

8*/&4 +7 +*,/,;& +993+,8.

ADC0809

IN3

IN4

IN5

IN6

IN7STRT

EOC

P8

OE

CLK

Vcc

REF+

GND

P14 P15

REF-

LSB

P18

P19

P20

MSB

ALE

A2A1

A0

IN0

IN1

IN2

F #: 9 *, 8,4*,*4& 1 ADC0$0

F'%(&$

• E+8 ,&41+& , +33 /494&8848• O9&4+,&8 4+,/&,4+33 4 >,5 " VDC 4 ++3 89+• A7*8,&7 ;3,+& 4&1&4&&



• N &4 4 1*33-8+3& +7*8, 4&?*4&7• $-5+&3 /*3,93&&4 >,5 +774&88 3• 0V , "V 9*, 4+& >,5 83& "V 9>&4 8*993• O*,9*,8 /&&, TTL ;3,+& 3&;&3 89&<+,8

!? S4c+5c'%+),$

R&83*,: $ B,8

T,+3 U+7*8,&7 E444: #2 LSB +7 # LSB

S3& S*993: " VDC

L> P>&4: #" /

C;&48 T/&: #00 8

T5&4& +4& 1*4 9*, ,43 3&8 +7 & *,9*, 8,+,*8 3&

• ALE (+774&88 3+,5 &+@3&!. 5& ,58 9 8 74;& 55= ,5& +774&88 3&8 +4&

4&+7 , 7&,&4/& >55 1 ,5& $-++3 9*,8 , 4*,& , ,5& ADC.

• START. >5& ,5& 9 8 74;& 55 =,5& ;&48 3& 8,+4,8

• EOC (&7 1 ;&48!. 5& ,58 9 &8 55= ,5& ;&48 3& 5+8

&7&7 +7 ,5& $-@, 4&8*3, + @& 4&+7 .T5& ,9+3 ;&48 ,/& 8 #008.

• OE (*,9*, &+@3&!.,58 9 &+@3& ,5& ,4-8,+,& *,9*, @*&48. I, 85*37 @&

74;& 55 , 4&+7 ,5& *,9*, 7+,+.

• CLOCK. A TTL-3&;&3 3) 8+3 @&,>&& #0 )H +7 #.2$ MH 8 &&7&7 ,

94;7& + 3) 8+3 , ,5& ADC.

N4/+33 +8 ,5& ;&48 8,+4,8= EOC 8+3 &8 55. A, &, 3) 9*38& EOC*,9*, ++ &8 3>= +7 5&& STRT 8 &+@3&7 , 8,+4, ,5& &, ;&48.

T5*8= , 94;7&8 ,**8 $-@, 7,+3 *,9*, 44&897 , 8,+,+&*8

;+3*& 1 ++3*& 9*,. T5& /+/*/ 3&;&3 1 ++3*& 9*, ;3,+& 85*37 @&

+99494+,&3 8+3&7 7> @&3> 98,;& 4&1&4&& ("V! 3&;&3.



T5& ADC 0$0 IC 4&?*4&8 3) 8+3 1 ,9+33 ""0 )H= >55 + @& &+83

7&4;&7 14/ + +8,+@3& /*3,;@4+,4= 8,4*,&7 *8 %0% ;&4,&4 +,&8.

DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATIONParallel communication

P+4+33&3 //*+, 4&?*4&8 +8 /*5 >4&8 +8 ,5& */@&4 1 @,8 + >47 14,8 ,4+8/88. 47 /+ @& + /@+, 1 %= $= #6= W2 4 6% @,8 &,.

Serial communication

S&4+3 //*+, *8*+33 4&?*4&8 + //*/ 1 2 >4&8 14 7+,+ ,4+8/88 & 74&,. O& >4& 8 14 7+,+ +7 ,5&4 8 14 4*7.

Parallel port versus serial port

P+4+33&3 94,8 +4& &+8 , 944+/ +7 1+8,&4 /9+4&7 , ,5& 8&4+3 94,8. B*, ,8/+ 78+7;+,+& 8 ,5+, , &&78 /4& */@&4 1 ,4+8/88 3&8. B&+*8& 1,58 4&+8 9+4+33&3 94,8 +4& , *8&7 3 78,+& //*+,8. I 8&4+394,8= ,5&4& >33 @& ,> 7+,+ 3&8: O& ,4+8/88 +7 & 4&&;& 3&. T 8&7 +7+,+ 8&4+3 94,= , 5+8 , @& 8&, & @, +1,&4 +,5&4 >,5 8/& &,4+ @,8 3)&8,+4, @,= 8,9 @, +7 9+4, @, , 7&,&, &4448. B*, 9+4+33&3 94,= +33 ,5& $ @,8 1+ @,& >33 @& 8&, , ,5& 94, +, + ,/& +7 + 7+, >33 @& 8&, +,5&43&. T5&4& >33 @& 8/& 7+,+ 3&8= 8/& ,43 +7 8/& 5+785+) 3&8 9+4+33&3 94,.

T P'&' P)&%

P&48+3 C/9*,&48 (PC! 9+4+33&3 94, + @& ;&4 *8&1*3 IO 5+&3 14 &,

4*,8 , PC. T5& PC8 9+4+33&3 94, + @& *8&7 , 9&414/ 8/& ;&4 +/*8

5+47>+4& ,&41+ &9&4/&,8. T58& 7+,+ 98 +4& TTL 3&;&3 *,9*, 98. T58

/&+8 ,5+, ,5& 9*, *, 7&+33 0V >5& ,5& +4& 3> 3 3&;&3 (0! +7 "V

>5& ,5& +4& 55 3 3&;&3 (#!. I 4&+3 >437 ,5& ;3,+&8 + @& 8/&,5

7&4&, 14/ 7&+3 >5& ,5& 4*, 8 3+7&7. T5& *,9*, *44&, +9+, 1 ,5&

9+4+33&3 94, 8 3/,&7 , 3 1&> /33 +/9&4&8. T5& @74&,+3 9+4+33&3 94, 8

//3 1*7 ,5& @+) 1 PC8 +8 + D-T9& 2" P 1&/+3& &,4. O1 ,5&8&

2" 98= 3 # +4& *8+@3& 3&8. % +4& ,43 3&8= " +4& 8,+,*8 3&8 +7 $ +4&

7+,+ 3&8.



H'&>'& C),5(&'%+), )9 % P'&' 4)&%

I 9+4+33&3 ,4+8/88= +33 @,8 +4& ,4+8/,,&7 8/*3,+&*83 + // 7+,+

@*8. D+,+ ,4+8/88 8 *8*+33 1+8,&4 9+4+33&3 ,4+8/88 +8 /9+4&7 ,

8&4+3 ,4+8/88. T5& D ,9& 2" 98 1&/+3& &,4 8 /98&7 1 % ,433&8= " 8,+,*8 3&8 +7 $ 7+,+ 3&8. I, +33>8 ,5& 9*, 1 @,8 4 *,9*, 1 #2 @,8

+, + & ;& ,/&.

T5& 9 *,8 1 DB2" 9+4+33&3 &,4 8 85> ,5& <*4& W.# @&3>:

Figure 2: pin out structure of the standard parallel port.

A 8*//+4 1 ,5& 9 *, 1*,8 8 8*//+4&7 ,5& ,+@3& @&3>

N) @D-

T?4

2

P+, N)

@C,%&),+c$

SPP

S+,'

D+&c%+),

I,/)(%

R+$%

&

H'&>'&

I,&%

# # S,4@& IO*, C,43 Y&82 2 D+,+ 0 O*, D+,+W W D+,+ # O*, D+,+% % D+,+ 2 O*, D+,+" " D+,+ W O*, D+,+6 6 D+,+ % O*, D+,+ D+,+ " O*, D+,+$ $ D+,+ 6 O*, D+,+



D+,+ O*, D+,+#0 #0 A) I S,+,*8## ## B*8 I S,+,*8 Y&8#2 #2 P+9&4-

O*,

P+9&4-E7

I S,+,*8

#W #W S&3&, I S,+,*8#% #% A*,-

L&1&&7

IO*, C,43 Y&8

#" W2 E444

F+*3,

I S,+,*8

#6 W# I,+3& IO*, C,43# W6 S&3&,-

P4,&4

S&3&,-I

IO*, C,43 Y&8

#$ 2" #-W0 G4*7 G7able !: Pin "ssignments of the D#$pe 2% pin Parallel Port &onnector

T5& ,+@3& +@;& *8&8 + *7&484& 14, 1 ,5& 8+3 +/& , 7&,& ,5+, ,5&

8+3 8 +,;& 3>.

T5& *,9*, 1 ,5& 9+4+33&3 94, 8 4/+33 TTL 3 3&;&38 >53& ,5& *44&, 8

+994/+,&3 #2/A

T5& 3&8 DB2" &,4 +4& 7;7&7 , ,54&& 4*98= ,5& +4&:

#! D+,+ 3&8 (7+,+ @*8!

2! C,43 3&8

W! S,+,*8 3&8

D+,+ 8 ,4+81&44&7 ;&4 7+,+ 3&8. C,43 3&8 +4& *8&7 , ,43 ,5& 9&495&4+3

+7 ,5& 9&495&4+3 4&,*48 8,+,*8 8+38 @+) , ,5& /9*,&4 ,54*5 S,+,*8 3&8.

T5&8& 3&8 +4& &,&7 , D+,+= C,43 +7 S,+,*8 4&8,&48 ,&4+33. T5&

7&,+38 1 9+4+33&3 94, 8+3 3&8 +4& ;& @&3>

P'&' 4)&% &+$%&$

T5& D+,+= C,43 +7 S,+,*8 3&8 +4& &,&7 , ,5&4& 44&897 4&8,&4887& ,5& /9*,&4. S @ /+9*3+, ,5&8& 4&8,&48 *8 + 944+/= & +&+83 4&+7 4 >4,& , 9+4+33&3 94, >,5 944+// 3+*+&8 3)& C= BASIC PASCAL.



T5& 4&8,&48 1*7 8,+7+47 9+4+33&3 94, +4& =

D'%' &+$%&

T5& D+,+ P4, 4 D+,+ R&8,&4 (@+8& +774&88! /948&8 1 98 2-. T5&8& 98 +

@& *8&7 14 *,9*,.

S%'%($ &+$%&

T5& S,+,*8 P4, (@+8& +774&88 #! 8 + 4&+7 3 94,. A 7+,+ >4,,& , ,58 94,>33 @& 4&7. T5& S,+,*8 P4, 8 /+7& *9 1 " 9*, 3&8 (P8 #0=##=#2=#W #"!.

T5&8& 98 +4& ,5*8 *8&7 14 9*, 3. P ## 8 5+47>+4& ;&4,&7.

C),%&) &+$%&

T5& C,43 P4, (@+8& +774&88 2! /948&8 98 #= #%= #6 +7 #. T5&8& 98 +

@& *8&7 @,5 14 9*, +7 *,9*,. P8 #= #% +7 # +4& 5+47>+4& ;&4,&7. T58/&+8 1 ,5& 9 5+8 + LO= .& 0 V= ,5& 44&897 @, ,5& 4&8,&4 >33 5+;& +;+3*& # +7 ;& ;&48+.

D+,+ 4&8,&4 8 &,&7 , D+,+ 3&8= C,43 4&8,&4 8 &,&7 , ,43

3&8 +7 S,+,*8 4&8,&4 8 &,&7 , S,+,*8 3&8. S >5+,&;&4 8 >4,,& ,

,5&8& 4&8,&48= >33 +99&+4 44&897 3&8 +8 ;3,+&8. A7 >5+,&;&4 *

;& , 9+4+33&3 94, +8 ;3,+&8 + @& 4&+7 14/ ,5&8& 4&8,&48 F4 &+/93& = 1 >&

>4,& # , D+,+ 4&8,&4 = ,5& 3& >33 @& 74;& , ";. I ,58 /+&4= >& + ,*4

+7 + 1 ,5& 7+,+ 3&8 +7 ,43 3&8.

BUFFERING

5& >4) >,5 7+,+ @*8&8= 3 & 7&;& (/&/4= 9&495&4+38!= ,5+, +4&&,&7 , @*8 + >4) +, & //&,. S 3 & *, + 5+;& 74&,&, , @*8 @&87&8 CPU >55 *8*+33 8 + 58,. S + 7&7 4*,7&,&4/&8 ,5& 7&84&7 *, +7 &,8 , , @*8. O,5&4 7&;&8 +4& &&,;&3

78&,&7 8 ,5+, ,5& >*37, 5+;& + +&, , @*8 9&4+,8. T5& +4&+44&7 *, @ ,4-8,+,& @*&48.

A T48,+,& @*&4 +33>8 83+, 1 + 4*, 14/ 7+,+ @*8. T58 /&+8 ,5+, 4*, 88>,5&7 , 55 /9&7+& 8,+,&.

T48,+,& 3 + 8/93 @& /+7& @ ,> ,4+88,48:



U8 8*5 4*, >& + 5+;& 133> *,9*, 4&8*3,8 +47 , 9*,

;+4+,8:

1 2 O(%4(%OFF OFF H5 I/9&7+&ON OFF "VON ON 0V

I HIGH *,9*, 3&;&3 ,5& 94, 9 4 + TTL 4*, + 94;7& + &4,+ /+/*/+/*, 1 *,9*, *44&, >53& /+,+ 3 55 3&;&3. T58 *44&, 8 +33&7

$)(&c c(&&,%.

* F4 9+4+33&3 94, ,58 /+ @& *9 , + //*/ 1 #/A +/ ;+4*84+,8.

* B&7 ,58 *44&,= ,5& ;3,+& 3&;&3 7&4&+8&8. T58 /*8, @& +;7&7.

I +8& 1 + 9 @& 3 LO 8,+,& ,5&4& 8 + //*/ +/*, 1 *44&, ,5+,,5& 9 + +@84@ +33&7 $+, c(&&,%.

* A *44&, 3+4&4 ,5+ 8) *44&, + 4&8*3, 8&;&4& 7+/+& , ,5&3 7&;&.

* T5& +/*, 1 ,5& 8) *44&, 8 *8*+33 55&4 ,5+ 44&8978*4& *44&, 14 ,5& 8+/& 7&;&.

* T5& *8*+3 4+& 8 +@*, #0/A 14 9+4+33&3 94,.

7LS2 TRI-STATE BUFFER

T5& %LS2%% 8 + 55-89&&7 S-+,& CMOS 7&;&. I, 8 + ,+3 -;&4,@*&43& 74;&4 >,5 W-8,+,& *,9*,8.



T5& W-8,+,& *,9*,8 +4& ,433&7 @ ,5& *,9*,8 &+@3& 9*,8 #OE +7 2OE. AHIGH OE +*8&8 ,5& *,9*,8 , +88*/& + 55-/9&7+& OFF 8,+,&.

I,8 9 *, 8 +8 ,5& <*4& @&3>:

TRUTH TABLE

H Z HIGH V3,+& L&;&3

L Z LO V3,+& L&;&3

X Z I//+,&4+3

[ Z HIGH I/9&7+&

F4 ,5& IC , @& *8&7 14 @*&4 9*498& 3= ,5& &+@3& 9*,8 #G +7 2G +4&8,+,3 <&7 +, 3 & @ &, ,5&/ , ,5& 4*7.



A7;+,+& 1 @*&48:

* B*&48 5+;& @&,,&4 4+,8 1 ,5& 8*4& +7 8) *44&,8.

* T5& 94;7& 94,&, 8,3 4*,8 ,5& &;&, + 9 8 ;&4 3+7&7@ &&88;& 8*4&8) C*44&, 4 + ;&4 ;3,+& +993&7.

THE TIMER

DESCRIPTION

T5& """ /3,5 ,/ 4*, 8 + 553 8,+@3& ,433&4 +9+@3& 1 947*

+*4+,& ,/& 7&3+8= 4 833+,. I ,5& ,/& 7&3+ /7& 1 9&4+,= ,5& ,/& 8

94&8&3 ,433&7 @ & &,&4+3 4&88,4 +7 +9+,4. F4 + 8,+@3& 9&4+, +8

+ 833+,4= ,5& 14&& 4* 14&?*& +7 ,5& 7*, 3& +4& @,5 +*4+,&3

,433&7 >,5 ,> &,&4+3 4&88,48 +7 & +9+,4. T5& 4*, /+ @&

,4&4&7 +7 4&8&, 1+33 >+;&14/8= +7 ,5& *,9*, 8,4*,*4& + 8*4& 4

8) *9 , 200/A.

T5& """ 5+8 ,54&& 9&4+, /7&8:

• M),)$%'# /7&: ,58 /7&= ,5& """ 1*,8 +8 + \&-85,\.

A993+,8 3*7& ,/&48= /88 9*38& 7&,&,= @*& 14&& 8>,5&8=

,*5 8>,5&8= F4&?*& D;7&4= C+9+,+& M&+8*4&/&,= P*38& 7,5M7*3+, (PM! &,

• A$%'# - F4&& R* /7&: ,5& """ + 9&4+,& +8 + 833+,4. U8&8

3*7& LED +7 3+/9 +85&48= 9*38& &&4+,= 3 3)8= ,&

&&4+,= 8&*4, +3+4/8= 9*38& 98, /7*3+,= &,.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monostable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monostable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED



L S,$)&

C)*4(%&

P'&' P)&%A,') %) D++%' C),&%&

A'&* Sc%+),

• B+$%'# /7&: ,5& """ + 9&4+,& +8 + 9-9= 1 ,5& DIS 9 8 ,

&,&7 +7 +9+,4 8 *8&7. U8&8 3*7& @*& 14&& 3+,5&7

8>,5&8= &,.

I,8 9 *, 7+4+/ 8 +8 85> @&3>:

F W: P *, 7+4+/ 1 """-,/&4FEATURES] T*4- ,/& 3&88 ,5+ 2/8

] M+. 9&4+, 14&?*& 4&+,&4 ,5+ "00)H] T/ 14/ /48&78 , 5*48] O9&4+,&8 @,5 +8,+@3& +7 /8,+@3& /7&8] H5 *,9*, *44&,] A7*8,+@3& 7*, 3&] TTL /9+,@3&] T&/9&4+,*4& 8,+@3, 1 0.00" 9&4 C

APPLICATIONS] P4&8 ,/] P*38& &&4+,] S&?*&,+3 ,/] T/& 7&3+ &&4+,] P*38& >7,5 /7*3+,

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

B)c +'&'*

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistable

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)



F %: B3) 7+4+/ 1 ,5& 94&,

T5& 94&, 4&?*4&8 @,5 5+47>+4& +7 81,>+4& 14 ,8 /93&/&,+,.

H'&>'& &(+&*,%$

L $,$)&$

T5& 3&;&3 8&848 >33 @& *8&7 , @,+ + ++3 8+3 (;3,+&! ,5+,

44&8978 , ,5& 1*&3 3&;&3. T5& 7&8 1 ,5& ,+)8 3/,8 ,5& ;+4*8 3&;&38 8&848 ,5+, + @& *8&7

,58 9+4,*3+4 +993+,. T5& 9&8 3&1, ,5& *44&, ,+)8 +4& ;&4

8/+33 +7 ,5&4&14& 8&84 8& 8 + 87&4+, >5& 8&3&, ,5& ,9& 1

8&84. O,5&4 87&4+, +89&,8 +4& ,5& &+8& >,5 >55 ,5& 8&84 +

@& 4&/;&7 +8& 1 1+3*4&. T5& 8, 1 ,5& 8&848 *37 5>&;&4 , @& /&, +7 /93&/&,+, >+8

7& *8 ;+4+@3& 4&88,48. T5& ;+4+@3& 4&88,48 >&4& *8&7 , &&4+,&

7&4&, ++3 ;3,+&8 ,5+, 94;7& 9*,8 , ,5& ADC.

A,') %) ++%' c),&%&

T58 ;&4,8 ,5& ++3 8+3 , 7,+3 14/ 14 *8& ,5& /9*,&4. ADC

0$0 >+8 *8&7 7*& , ,8 1&+,*4&8 >55 3*7& E+8 ,&41+& , +33 /494&8848 O9&4+,&8 4+, /&,4+33 4 >,5 " VDC 4 ++3 89+ $-5+&3 /*3,93&&4 >,5 +774&88 3 0V , "V 9*, 4+& >,5 83& "V 9>&4 8*993 L> P>&4: #"/ L> C;&48 T/&: #008

P'&' 4)&% T58 94;7&8 ,&41+ , ,5& /9*,&4. P+4+33&3 94, >+8 58& 7*& ,

,8 55 7+,+ ,4+8/88 89&&7 +7 &+8& 1 944+//.



T&+$%'% #(&

A T48,+,& @*&4 +33>8 83+, 1 + 4*, 14/ 7+,+ @*8

T5& %LS2%% 8 + 55-89&&7 S-+,& CMOS 7&;&. I, 8 + ,+3 -;&4,@*&43& 74;&4 >,5 W-8,+,& *,9*,8.

* B*&48 5+;& @&,,&4 4+,8 1 ,5& 8*4& +7 8) *44&,8.

* T5& 94;7& 94,&, 8,3 4*,8 ,5& &;&, + 9 8 ;&4 3+7&7@ &&88;& 8*4&8) C*44&, 4 + ;&4 ;3,+& +993&7

P&$),' c)*4(%&F4 7+,+ 94&88 +7 8,4+&

A&% $c%+),

T58 >+8 /93&/&,&7 *8 @*&48 +7 LED8. T5& @*&48 +4& 14 3> 1*&3

3&;&3 7+, >53& ,5& LED8 +4& 14 55 1*&3 3&;&3. B*&48 +7 LEDS >&4&

58& 7*& , ,5&4 3> 8,8 +7 &+8& 1 /93&/&,+,.

O,5&48 +4& """-,/&4= ,4-8,+,& @*&4= 4&88,48= +9+,48= @4&+7@+47 +7

&,4 +@3&8

C)c+, c+&c(+%

T5& 3) 4*, >+8 /93&/&,&7 *8 """-,/&4 +8 85> @&3>



V

V15V

C001!

C122"F

G # $

T % &

O ! '

R ( '

C ' )

T * %

D (

V c c

,1555

R251-

R11R1

1-

T58 4*, &&4+,&8 ,5& 3) 8+3 4&?*4&7 @ ,5& ADC0$0. I, &&4+,&8

4&,+*3+4 9*38&8 >,5 + 14&?*& 1 6%0K5. I, 8 85> @&3>

T5& +8,+@3& /*3,;@4+,4 &&4+,&8 + ,**8 8,4&+/ 1 4&,+*3+4 -

9*38&8 ,5+, 8>,5 @&,>&& ,> ;3,+& 3&;&38. T5& 14&?*& 1 ,5& 9*38&8 +7

,5&4 7*, 3& +4& 7&9&7&, *9 ,5& RC &,>4) ;+3*&8.

T5& 14&?*& 1 ,5& *,9*, 9*38&8 8 7&,&4/&7 @ ,5& ;+3*&8 1 ,5& ,>

4&88,48= R# +7 R2 +7 @ ,5& ,/ +9+,4= C2

T5& 7&8 14/*3+ 14 ,5& 14&?*& 1 ,5& 9*38&8 8:

f = 1 .44

(( R1+2 R2)×C )

S& ,5& 9&47 1 ,5& >+;&14/ 8 T Z ( ( R1+2 R2 )∗C 1 )

B&14& +3*3+, + 14&?*&= , 8 *8*+3 , /+)& R#Z# K^ @&+*8& ,58 5&398

, ;& ,5& *,9*, 9*38&8 + 7*, 38& , "0= ,5+, 8= ,5& HIGH +7 LO ,/&8

1 ,5& 9*38&8 +4& +994/+,&3 &?*+3



T 7&8 + 4*, , 947*& + 14&?*& 1 +994/+,&3 6%0 )H 14 ,5&

,&/9&4+,*4& /&+8*4&/&, 4*, +993+,= ,5& ;+3*& 1 R#= R2 +7 C# *8&7

+4& @,+&7 +8 133>8.R# 85*37 @& #)5/= +8 +34&+7 &93+&7. T5& ;+3*& 14

R2 +7 C# +4& +3*3+,&7 *8 ,5& 7&8 14/*3+. C58 R# , @& #K +7

+9+,4 C# , @& 229F= ,5& 14/*3+ ;&8:

R2 Z1.44−fC 1 R1

2 fC 1

S*@8,,*, ;+3*&8 >& &,:

R2Z1.44−640 x10

3 x 22 x10

−12 x1 x10

3

2 x 640 x103 x22 x10

−12

Z "0 x103

^

C+&c(+% D+'&'*



2 -1MSB 21

ADD B 24 ADD A

25

ADD C 23

VREF(+)12

VREF(-)16

IN31

IN42

IN53

IN64

IN75

START6

2 -5 8

EOC7

OUTPUT ENABLE9

CLOC1!

VCC11

2 -2 2!

"ND 13

2 -7 14

2 -6 15

2 -8LSB 17

2 -4 18

2 -3 19

IN228

IN127 IN!

26

ALE 22

U1

ADC!8!9

A!2

A14

A26

A38

OE1

#! 18

#1 16

#2 14

#3 12

U2$A

74ALS244

A!11

A113

A215

A317

OE19

#! 9

#1 7

#2 5

#3 3

U2$B74ALS244

INPUT 1

INPUT 2

+V%%

CL

"RD

BU&1

BU&&ER

BU&3

BU&&ER1

14

215

3

164

175

186

19

7

2!

8219

221!

23

1124

1225

13

'1

CONN-D25M

D1

LED-RED

D2

LED-RED

T5& ADC 0$0 5+8 $ 9*, 98. A ,&4+3 /*3,93&&4 8 *8&7 , 8&3&, & 9*, +,+ ,/& +7 ,5&4&14& , 5+8 W 8&3&, 98. O3 2 9*, 98 +4& &&7&7 ,58+993+, +7 ,5&4&14& ,5& 4&8, 1 ,5& 98 +4& 4*7&7. O3 & 8&3&, 9 84&?*4&7 +7 ,5& 4&8, +4& 4*7&7.

T5& 8&3&, 9 8&3&,8 ,5& <48, 9*, >5& , 8 ,4&4&7 L> +7 ,5& 8&7 9*,>5& ,4&4&7 H5. T58 8&3&, 9 8 &,&7 , 7+,+ 9 */@&4 2 1 ,5&9+4+33&3 94,

T &8*4& ,**8 ;&48= ,5& 8,+4, 9 8 &,&7 , ,5& E7 O1C;&48 (EOC! 9.

A 3) 8+3 14 ,5& ADC 8 1&7 ,54*5 9 */@&4 #0 (CLK 9!.

O*,9*, + 3 @& @,+&7 >5& ,5& O*,9*, E+@3& (OE! 9 8 74;& 55. T589 8 &,&7 , 7+,+ 9 */@&4 " 1 ,5& 9+4+33&3 94,

T5& ADC *,9*,8 $ @,8 @+4 *,9*,8 +7 ,5&4&14& 5+8 $ *,9*, 98. T5& *,9*,814/ ,5& ADC +4& 1&7 , ,5& ,4-8,+,& @*&4.



R&+7 1 ,5& 7,+3 ;+3*&8 8 7& ,54*5 ,5& 8,+,*8 98. S& ,5&4& +4& "8,+,*8 98= ,5& $ @, @+4 ;+3*& + 3 @& 4&+7 @@3&8 .&. % @,8 +, + ,/&*8 8,+,*8 98 #0= ##= #2 +7 #W. T> 98 +4& 94;7&7 14 8&3&, @&,>&& ,5&*99&4 +7 3>&4 @@3&. S&3&, 8 7& @ ,4&4 &,5&4 1 ,5& 98 L)>. T5&,> 98 +4& ,433&7 ,54*5 7+,+ 98 */@&4 W +7 % >,5 9 W 14 ,5& *99&4

@@3& +7 9 % 14 ,5& 3>&4 @@3&.

T5& +3&4, 8&, 8 ,433&7 ,54*5 7+,+ 98 6= = $ +7 . T ,4&4 + 1 ,5&+3&4,8 .&. +3+4/ 4 LED= ,5& 9 4&89&,;& 9 8 ,4&4&7 H+.

C+&c(+% )4&'%+),

5& 7+,+ 9 2 8 8&, L)> ,4&4 L)> ,5& ADC 8&3&, 9= ,5& 5&$% 9*, , ,5&ADC 8 8&3&,&7. C;&48 1 ,5& ++3 9*, , 7,+3 *,9*, ,+)&8 93+&.

T5& ADC 9 OE 8 ,4&4&7 H+ +7 ,5& 7,+3 *,9*, 7+,+ 8 9+88&7 , ,5&@*&4.

D+,+ 9 W ,4&48 9 OE 1 1 ,5& @*&4 +7 ,5& U44& ,+## 8 4&+7 ,54*5,5& 8,+,*8 98 , ,5& /9*,&4.

D+,+ 9 % ,4&48 9 OE 1 1 ,5& @*&4 +7 ,5& L)>& ,+## 8 4&+7 ,54*5 ,5&8,+,*8 98 , ,5& /9*,&4. T5& ,> @@3& +4& +77&7 , 14/ + $ @, 7+,+.

I1 ,5& 4&+7 ;+3*& 8 3&88 ,5+ ,5& //*/ 8&, ;+3*&= 7+,+ 9 8 8&, H+ +7 ,5&''&* 48.

I1 ,5& 4&+7 ;+3*& 8 4&+,&4 ,5+ ,5& /+/*/ 8&, ;+3*&= 7+,+ 9 $ 8 8&, H+ +7,5& LED )&48.

5& D+,+ 9 2 8 8&, H+ ,4&4 H+ ,5& ADC 8&3&, 9= ,5& $c), 9*,, ,5& ADC 8 8&3&,&7. C;&48 1 ,5& ++3 9*, , 7,+3 *,9*, ,+)&8 93+&.

T5& ADC 9 OE 8 ,4&4&7 H+ +7 ,5& 7,+3 *,9*, 7+,+ 8 9+88&7 , ,5&@*&4.

D+,+ 9 W ,4&48 9 OE 1 1 ,5& @*&4 +7 ,5& U44& ,+## 8 4&+7 ,54*5,5& 8,+,*8 98 , ,5& /9*,&4.

D+,+ 9 % ,4&48 9 OE 1 1 ,5& @*&4 +7 ,5& L)>& ,+## 8 4&+7 ,54*5 ,5&8,+,*8 98 , ,5& /9*,&4. T5& ,> @@3& +4& +77&7 , 14/ + $ @, 7+,+.

I1 ,5& 4&+7 ;+3*& 8 3&88 ,5+ ,5& //*/ 8&, ;+3*&= 7+,+ 9 8 8&, H+ +7 ,5&''&* 48.

I1 ,5& 4&+7 ;+3*& 8 4&+,&4 ,5+ ,5& /+/*/ 8&, ;+3*&= 7+,+ 9 6 8 8&, H+ +7,5& LED )&48.



T5& >53& 94&88 8 4&9&+,&4 ;&4 +7 ;&4.

S)9%>'& &(+&*,%$

D'%'#'$

T58 >33 @& *8&7 , 8,4& ,5& 7+,+ 1 ,5& 1*&3 3&;&38. M481, +&88 >+8

*8&7 ,58 +993+,.

U$& +,%&9'c. T58 >33 @& *8&7 , ,&41+& , ,5& 5+47>+4& +7 +38 94;7& 4+95+3 *8&4

,&41+&. T58 >+8 +5&;&7 *8 M481, V8*+3 B+8 944+//

3+*+&.

SYSTEM DESIGN

A)&+%*

• S,+4, 1 ,5& 944+/

• S&3&, 1 K&48&& +8 ,5& 9*, , ,5& ADC• R&+7 1 )&48&& 3&;&3

• I1 ,5& ;+3*& @,+&7 8 3&88 ,5+ ,5& //*/ 8&, ;+3*&= 8&, +3+4/ .• I1 ,5& ;+3*& @,+&7 8 4&+,&4 ,5+ ,5& /+/*/ 8&, ;+3*&= R&7 LED

)&48• C/9+48 1 ,5& 4&+7 ;+3*& 1 )&48&& 3&;&3 +7 8&, ;+3*&8• S&3&, 1 7&8&3 +8 ,5& 9*,



• R&+7 1 7&8&3 3&;&3.• I1 ,5& ;+3*& @,+&7 8 3&88 ,5+ ,5& //*/ 8&, ;+3*&= 8&, +3+4/ .• I1 ,5& ;+3*& @,+&7 8 4&+,&4 ,5+ ,5& /+/*/ 8&, ;+3*&= R&7 LED

)&48• S,4+& 1 ,5& 1*&3 3&;&38 + 7+,+@+8&• C/9+48 1 ,5& 4&+7 ;+3*& 1 7&8&3 3&;&3 +7 8&, ;+3*&8• E7 1 ,5& 944+/

P$()c)

S,+4,

4&9&+,

S&3&, K&48& 9*,

R&+7 )&48&& 3&;&3I1 3&;&3/ ;+3*& ,5& 8&, +3+4/

I1 3&;&3_/+ 3&;&3 ,5& )&4 LED

S&3&, 7&8&3 9*,

R&+7 7&8&3 9*,

I1 3&;&3/ ;+3*& ,5& 8&, +3+4/

I1 3&;&3_/+ 3&;&3 ,5& )&4 LED

S,4& 1*&3 3&;&3 ;+3*&8

E7



FLO"CHART

YES

NO

YES

#

LEVEL MINSET VALUE

LEVEL_ MAXSET VALUE

STORELEVELS

2

LIGHT LED

READ LEVEL

SELECTDIESEL

SET ALARMON

READ LEVEL

SELECTKEROSEN

START



NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

YES

2 #

LEVELMIN

SET VALUE SET ALARMON

LEVEL _ MAXSET VALUE

LIGHT LED

EXIT

STOP



U$& +,%&9'c

T5& /+ >7> 8 85> ,5& ,&41+& @&3>. I, ,+8 /&*8 14 +;+,,54*5*, ,5& 944+/. T5&8& /&*8 3*7&

F+ M+ /&* >55 ,+8 ,5& F( L 8*@ /&* >55 &+@3&8 &

, ;&> ,5& 4&+3 ,/& 1*&3 3&;&38 +7 ,5& E;+% 8*@ /&* 14 ?*,, 14/ ,5&944+/

S'&c /+ /&* >55 5+8 ,5& S'&c Rc)& 8*@ /&* 14 +&88 +

9+4,*3+4 4&47.

R4)&%$ /+ /&* >55 &+@3&8 7893+ +7 94, 1 7+3 +7 /,53

1*&3 3&;&3 4&94,8.



F( L D+$4'?

T ;&> ,5& 4&+3 ,/& 1*&3 3&;&38= 8&3&, ,5& F( L 8*@ /&* 14/ ,5& F+ /+/&*. T5& ,&41+& @&3> +99&+48 85> ,5& 4&+3 ,/& 1*&3 3&;&38.

S'&c+, ' &c)&.



T 8&+45 + &4,+ 4&47 14/ ,5& 7+,+@+8&= 3) ,5& S'&c Rc)& 8*@ /&*

*7&4 ,5& S'&c /+ /&*. T5& ,&41+& @&3> +99&+48. S&3&, ,5& 7+,& +7,/& 1 ,5& 4&47 , 8&+45 +7 3) ,5& D+$4'? @*,,.

R4)&%$:



T5& > 1 1*&3 + @&8, @& 85> @ &&4+, 4&94,8 >55 +4& 94,+@3&. T5&4&94,8 +4& +,&4&7 , 7+3 +7 /,53 4&94,8.

T ;&> ,5& 4&94,= 8&3&, ,5& R4)&%$ /+ /&*. T5& 7+3 @ @&3> +99&+48>5&4& & + 8&, ,5& 7+,& 4 /,5 14 >55 ,5& 4&94, 8 4&?*4&7.

T5& 4&94, 8 ,5& &&4+,&7 @ 3) ,5& D'+? R4)&% 4 M),%? R4)&% @*,,.

S'*4 D'+? R4)&%



S'*4 M),%? &4)&%

C'4%& :



B(% E$%+*'%$

T+@3& 2: B*7&,

CHAPTER : PROECT TIME SHEDULE

PART NO DESCRIPTION UANTITY AMOUNTADC 0$0 A+3 , D,+3

;&4,&4

# #"00

%LS2%% T4-8,+,& @*&4 # %"0NE""" """-,/&4 # W00

B4&+7@+47 2 $00P+4+33&3 94, +@3& # %"0IO 94, # #"00R&88,48 #0 #00C+9+,48 2 "0V+4+@3& R&88,48 (#K! 2 200+onnecting wires m -./

I,&4&,= 94,= @7 #200T)%' 730



ACTIVITY MONTH SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR

RESEARCH

PROPOSAL AND MINIPRESENTATION

PROJECT DESIGN

DEVELOPINGSOFTARE

ASSEMBLING THECIRCUIT AND

TESTING

FINAL REPORTRITING

FINALPRESENTATION



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