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Asar Imhotep African Origins of the Word Nike

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Page 1 of 18 African Origin of the word “ NikeBy Asar Imhotep (October 23, 2013) The MOCHA-Versity Institute of Philosophy and Research luntu/lumtu/muntu This paper is an examination of the Greek word nike, which has become famous, in modern times, as a result of the sports apparel company by the same name (created by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight). Practically all of the dictionaries that have examined this word suggest that the word nike is Greek. In this brief essay, we suggest that the term is not of Greek derivation, but is indeed African and that this term is a borrowing into the Greek language: possibly from Egypt. Before we can get into the heart of our discussion, we must first properly define this term in Greek. The Online Etymological Dictionary (OED) has the following examination: Nike: Greek goddess of victory (identified by the Romans with their Victoria), literally "victory," probably connected with neikos "quarrel, strife," neikein "to quarrel with." As a type of U.S. defensive surface-to-air missiles, attested from 1952. Wikipedia has the following: In Greek mythology , Nike (Greek : Νίκη, "Victory", pronounced [nǐːkɛː] ) was a goddess who personified victory , also known as the Winged Goddess of Victory. The Roman equivalent was Victoria . Depending upon the time of various myths, she was described as the daughter of Pallas (Titan) and Styx (Water), [1][2] and the sister of Kratos (Strength), Bia (Force), and Zelus (Zeal). [1] Nike and her siblings were close companions of Zeus , the dominant deity of the Greek pantheon . According to classical (later) myth, Styx brought them to Zeus when the god was assembling
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  • Page 1 of 18

    African Origin of the word Nike

    By Asar Imhotep (October 23, 2013)

    The MOCHA-Versity Institute of Philosophy and Research

    luntu/lumtu/muntu

    This paper is an examination of the Greek word nike, which has become famous, in modern times, as a

    result of the sports apparel company by the same name (created by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight).

    Practically all of the dictionaries that have examined this word suggest that the word nike is Greek. In this

    brief essay, we suggest that the term is not of Greek derivation, but is indeed African and that this term is

    a borrowing into the Greek language: possibly from Egypt.

    Before we can get into the heart of our discussion, we must first properly define this term in

    Greek. The Online Etymological Dictionary (OED) has the following examination:

    Nike: Greek goddess of victory (identified by the Romans with their Victoria), literally "victory,"

    probably connected with neikos "quarrel, strife," neikein "to quarrel with." As a type of U.S.

    defensive surface-to-air missiles, attested from 1952.

    Wikipedia has the following:

    In Greek mythology, Nike (Greek: , "Victory", pronounced [nk]) was a goddess who personified victory, also known as the Winged Goddess of Victory. The Roman equivalent was

    Victoria. Depending upon the time of various myths, she was described as the daughter of Pallas

    (Titan) and Styx (Water),[1][2]

    and the sister of Kratos (Strength), Bia (Force), and Zelus (Zeal).[1]

    Nike and her siblings were close companions of Zeus, the dominant deity of the Greek pantheon.

    According to classical (later) myth, Styx brought them to Zeus when the god was assembling

  • Page 2 of 18

    allies for the Titan War against the older deities. Nike assumed the role of the divine charioteer, a

    role in which she often is portrayed in Classical Greek art. Nike flew around battlefields rewarding

    the victors with glory and fame. Nike is seen with wings in most statues and paintings. Most other

    winged deities in the Greek pantheon had shed their wings by Classical times. Nike is the goddess

    of strength, speed, and victory. Nike was a very close acquaintance of Athena, and is thought to

    have stood in Athena's outstretched hand in the statue of Athena located in the Parthenon.[3]

    Nike

    is one of the most commonly portrayed figures on Greek coins.[4]

    Names stemming from Nike include among others: Nikolaos, Nicholas, Nicola, Nick, Nicolai,

    Nikolai, Nicolae, Nils, Klaas, Nicole, Ike, Niki, Nikita, Nika, Niketas, and Nico.

    Statuette of goddess Nike found in Vani, Georgia.

    1

    Some of Nikes attributes can be summarized as follows:

    Symbol: wings; often depicted with a wreath of victory or a staff; the chariot

    Strengths: very fast runner, swift flyer, able charioteer

    Weaknesses: can be capricious (inconsistent) in dolling out victory

    Parents: daughter of Styx, called a nymph but actually the presiding spirit over the major river of

    the Underworld, and Pallas, a Titan. He has three brothers: Zelos rivalry, Kratos strength, and Bia force.

    Other: Some sources give her father as Ares, the God of War. The most famous statue of Nike is

    the Nike of Samothrace, a Greek island in the northern Aegean. This statue is now in the Louvre

    Museum in Paris.2

    In other words, the word nike is a Greek term that means victory and it has been personified as a winged goddess with the same name. Research has uncovered that many of the Greek gods, in fact, derive

    from ancient Egypt (Obenga 1992, Bernal 1987, Diop 1991). This is definitely the opinion of Herodotus

    1 Retrieved from Wikipedia October 22, 2013.

    2 See Fast Facts: Nike by deTraci Regula. http://gogreece.about.com/od/greekmythology/a/mythnike.htm

    (retrieved October 23, 2013)

  • Page 3 of 18

    who took great advantage of the opportunity, in his Book II, to hammer down this belief of the adoption

    of Egyptian gods by the Greeks. As Herodotus suggests:

    The names of nearly all the gods came to Greece from Egypt. I know from the inquiries I have

    made that they came from abroad, and it seems most likely that it was from Egypt, for the names

    of all the gods have been known in Egypt from the beginning of time, with the exception (as I

    have already said) of Poseidon and Dioscuriand also of Hera, Hestia, Themis, the Graces, and the Nereids. I have the authority of the Egyptians themselves for this. (Herodotus, Book II 50.2)

    We suggest here that the goddess Nike, meaning victory, derives her name from an Egyptian word, and that Herodotus is correct in his assessmentat least with this goddessas it regards the origin of the name of Greek gods.

    An African Examination

    Other sources accessible to the author for the word nike victory, in Indo-European, do not posit a derivation of the term beyond the Greek language. Therefore, it is assumed that this word is a Greek

    innovation. It is my contention that the word nike is a loan from Egyptian and is rendered nxt strong, victory, victorious, mighty, stiff, hard, stiffen, become hard, successful; Coptic nchot "victory, become hard and strong."

    The Egyptian form provides us with a wider range of meanings and a central theme can be

    ascertained from an examination of variant forms provided in the following table.

    Hieroglyphs Lexeme Meaning

    nxt victory, strong, victorious, stiff, hard, obdurate [ adjective ]

    nxt

    hack up, cut up [ verb ]

    nxt

    powerful [ adjective ]

    nxt

    strong, victorious, mighty, stiff, hard, stiffen, become hard,

    successful [ adjective + verb ]

    nxt / nxtw

    strength, force, power, victory [ noun ]

    nxt

    strong man, champion, bully [ noun ]

    nxt

    a strong of arm, adult, a champion [ adjective + noun ]

    nxt

    to be stiff

    nxt

    a heroic [ adjective ]

  • Page 4 of 18

    nxtw ib

    courage, valour, bravery [ noun ]

    nxtw

    strength, victory, hostages [ noun ]

    nxtw

    stronghold, fortress [ noun - arch. ]

    nxtt

    power, strength, triumph, stiffness, rigidity (of organs etc) [ noun -

    bod. ]

    nxt

    to protect [ verb ]

    As we can see here, the variety of associations ranges from courage, bravery, strength, power and protection. The concept of victory, as seen here, is associated with having the necessary strength and courage to overcome a seemingly insurmountable obstacle.

    Although the Indo-European (IE) languages have another word for victory, the range of meaning for such terms mirrors that which we find in the Egyptian variations of nxt. For example, Mallory & Adams, in their book The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-

    European World (2006: 281), provides the following commentary on a conceptually relatable word to nxt.

    To conquer ones enemy is indicated by *seh- and its derivatives which mean conquer, victory (e.g. OIr seg strong, NHG Sieg victory, Grk ekhurs Wrm, strong, Hit sakkuriya- overcome, Skt shas- victory, shuri- victorious), and hold fast (it supplies the basic Greek verb kh hold). The word was also a popular element in personal names among the Celts (e.g. Gaulish Sego-marus) and Germans (ON Sigurr). Probably originally a nominal root, *g

    wyeha-

    which means physical force in both Greek and Indic can also mean overcome (e.g. ON kveita make an end to, kill, Grk b physical force, violence, Skt jy force, violence, jinti overpowers, suppresses).3

    We see here that victory is connected to strong, conquer, physical force and violence. As demonstrated above, fundamentally, these meanings for *seh- are inherent in the word nxt. The cognate term for Egyptian nxt or Greek nike in ciLuba-Bantu is nke "solid, hard, fixed" (syn. ndendende "tenacity, toughness, persistence").

    The -t in the C3 position of nxt is a suffix. This is often mistaken as a feminine affix, but this is not the case. This suffix brings about a secondary meaning on a noun or adjective that does not have the

    suffix.4 It also serves as a nominalizing affix on verbs (i.e., turns verbs into nouns). Moreover, the suffix

    can also act as a definite or indefinite article like in Kalenjiin: e.g., chii man, chiito a man; ko house, koot a/the house. A few examples are in order:

    3 If we are to assume that the s- in *seh- conquer is a causative prefix, then * seh- and nxt might share the

    same historical root: i.e., -g- and -x- respectively. Compare the PIE -gh- segment to Egyptian kh-A strong blow (storm), kh-b name of Set; encounter (the bull), damage, kh-sw malevolence, kh-s haughty, rough. More investigation is needed here. The root of nxt will be discussed further below. 4 Dr. Taaita araap-Toweett, in his Kalenjin Nouns and Their Classifications masters thesis (1975) introduced the

    terms inclusive singular nouns (i.s.n) to refer to all Kalenjiin singular nouns that are in their primary form and do

    not, therefore, have the grammatical /-t/ suffix. The Kalenjiin are modern descendents of the ancient Egyptians who

    speak a Nilo-Saharan language (see Sambu 2007, 2011).

  • Page 5 of 18

    Egyptian: sr sheep; sr(j).t a particular sheep Kalenjiin: kechiir sheep; kechiiryet a sheep

    Egyptian: aw large; aw.t largeness Kalenjiin: oo/woo large; oo-into/oo-indo largeness (t>d)

    Egyptian: bjn bad, evil (adjective); bjn.t evil (noun) Kalenjiin: bunyoon enemy (adjective); bunyoot an/the enemy (noun) Kalenjiin: boon witching; bondit an/the evil or the witchcraft

    Egyptian: am eat; am.t food Kalenjiin: am eat (verb); amiit food or amdit the food (noun)

    Egyptian: msyt evening meal Kalenjiin: amisyeet any meal (both terms deriving from the verb root am eat)

    Egyptian: mn be ill; mn.t sickness, disease, wound Kalenjiin: mian be ill; mian-eet the state of being sick, mion-to/mion-do sickness, disease, illness

    Egyptian: mtw to speak, talk; mt.t speech, decree, word Kalenjiin: mwa speak; mwaeet speech or mwaitaaet announcement. (see also, amda (amta) preach, inform, which becomes amdaaet (amtaaet) sermons, lessons and information) (Sambu, 2011: 145-146)

    With this being said, we suggest that the form nxt is a secondary derivation on a primary form; one by way of the suffixal /-t/. Forms without the -t suffix can be seen below:

    Hieroglyphs Lexeme Meaning

    nx

    succor, protect, protection [ verb + noun ]

    nxw

    protector, defender [ noun ]

    nxw

    Helper [ noun - title ]

    The /x/ and /S/ sounds in Egyptian often interchange (see Imhotep 2013, Bilolo 2011). With that said, the following terms may be relevant: nS expel (from), disown (a woman); nS to drive out. The n- in nxt is another morpheme. This leaves -x- as the root and can be seen in the word xw

    protection; xwj protect, exclude, exempt, set aside, avoid, prevent, equip with. Because this root means valor, strength, victory, courageous, protection, etc., these

    characteristics are often associated with battle and war. The -x- root can be seen in such related terms

    as r a xt war, combat, battle5; xrw battle, war. The /x/ sound also corresponds to

    /H/ in Egyptian (dialectical?). Therefore, we have reflexes of aHA war, combat, battle, fight;

    aHAwty warrior, male, man (x>H). Notice how the -ty suffix provides a secondary meaning on the primary root in the later example.

    The x-r variations of the root in Egyptian are given as k-l in Bantu. The following is from the Bantu Lexical Reconstruction 3 (BLR3) online database. Note that Proto-Bantu (PB) /l/ is realized as /d/.

    5 The word xt can mean stick, staff, cane; wood, timber, tree, woodland, mast, stick, pole, rod and is used in

    battles or fights. We also have the word xt a a weapon. So r a xt, basically, means to use a weapon (go to war).

  • Page 6 of 18

    MAIN H (V) be strong; be hard; be difficult

    1874 tre fort; tre dur; tre difficile

    Total Distribution: Regions: 5: NW SW Ce NE SE Zones: 12: B D F G H K L M N P R S

    MAIN 1874

    H V be strong; be hard; be

    difficult

    D G H L M N R S

    DER 1877

    H V intoxicate G H L M P

    DER 1878

    H V become intoxicated B D F G H K L M N R

    DER 7002

    H_ N strength R

    DER 7026

    N 7 drunkard H L M

    See also:

    MAIN 1872

    HL N 9/10 lion B C H L R

    MAIN 1875

    H V work D F J

    MAIN 1876

    H V choke E N

    MAIN 1883

    HL N (5/6),

    (7/8),

    9/10,

    11/10,

    (12/13),

    (19/13)

    bird of prey spp., hawk

    spp.

    A B C D G J K L M N R S

    MAIN 6999

    H V take; touch C G J M N

    MAIN 7008

    HL N 9 crocodile C

    We should take some time to note how this root in Bantu is applied to and becomes the word for certain

    animals that are known to be ferocious and skilled hunters: *kci lion, *kd crocodile, *kd bird of prey (hawk). As stated earlier, the /x/ and /H/ interchange or are variants of each other. We should also note that the /A/ sound was historically a /r/ or /l/ (Imhotep, 2013).

    With that said, Proto-Bantu *kd bird of prey (hawk) is a dialectical variant of the Egyptian

    word Hr or Hrw The god Horus, which is personified as a hawk/falcon. He is known for revenging the death of his father and engaging in a long drawn-out battle with his uncle Set. The linguistic

    phenomenon of paronymy is at play in this story. Paronymy involves a perceived relationship between

    words that sound alike or are similarly pronounced. Egyptologists call this punning. Thus, Hr hawk,

    Horus (< PB *kd be strong) is associated with aHA war, combat, battle, fight and xrw

    battle, war. In Egyptian, the /r/, /A/ and /n/ sounds interchange (Lorpieno, 1995: 33). Often these interchanges

    in sound provide slight shades of meaning on the root. It is also my contention that the Egyptian sounds

    /q/, /x/, /k/, /H/ and /h/, are in reality variants of each other. With that said, I argue that Egyptian nxt victory is just a variant of the word qnt victory by way of metathesis on the velar and nasal consonants in the C1 and C2 positions, respectively. The following table provides the following reflexes of

    qnt.

  • Page 7 of 18

    Hieroglyphs Lexeme Meaning

    qnt

    victory, might [ noun ]

    qn

    Brave man, Elite Soldier, Hero [ noun - title ]

    qni

    powerful (of speech), stout (of heart), active [ adjective + verb ]

    qni

    be strong, valiant, mighty, capable, active [ verb ]

    qn

    to weaken [ verb ]

    qni

    eager, strong [ adjective ]

    qnw

    feats [ noun ]

    qnw

    brave deeds [ noun ]

    qn

    offence, audacity [ noun ]

    qn

    complete, accomplish, cease, bring to an end, to finish off [ verb ]

    qnt

    brutality, violence [ noun ]

    qnqn

    castigation, beating, blows [ noun ]

    qnqn

    to assault [ verb ]

    qnqn

    to bruise [ verb ]

    qnqn

    flatten (metal), deal wrongly (with), to be beaten [ verb ]

    qnqn crush, beat (people), kill, pound up (medicines), beat out, to assault [ verb ]

    qni

    conquer, amount (to), be profuse [ adjective + verb ]

  • Page 8 of 18

    As we can see here, qn(t), and its variations, have the same meanings as nxt mentioned earlier. We will now explore parallels of the linguistic term and of the goddess Nike with the Yorb god of iron gn

    (

  • Page 9 of 18

    gn (g-n) is not only known among the Yorb, but also among the Sanskrit speakers of India

    as Agni (g-n): The Indian god of fire. Sanskrit has a host of terms with this root that relates to fire:

    agni/agniH fire, agniparvataH volcano, volcanic cone, agnishalaakaa matchstick, agnishhu in the fires, agnau in the fire consummation. Also the Slavic god of fire is named Ogoni (Patricia and Coulter, 2001: 360). There is also Agnar (Norse; Teutonic) hero who is the God of Light.

    Turner and Coulter, in their book Dictionary of Ancient Deities (2001: 25), also note that Agni is

    spread across many countries with attributes and associations that will become familiar to us throughout

    this text, which we can cross compare with gn amongst the Yorb of Nigeria.

    Agni/Ogni (Agne, Agnis [Brahamanic, Hindu, tantric, Vedic; India) is also known as Ag, Agni

    Yavishta, Agoni (Slavic), Anala, Asani (Lightining), Bhava (Existence), Brhaspati (Lord of

    Devotion), Dhumakety, Grahapati, Grhapati (Lord of the House), Hotar (the Invoker), Isana

    (Ruler), Jatavedas (All-Knowing), Mahadeva (Great god), Moloch, Narasamsa (Praise of Men),

    Ogoni (Slavic), Pasupati (Lord of Cattle), Pav, Pavaka (The Purifier), Pramati, Tudra (Roarer),

    Sarva (All), Skambha (Support), Slayer of Rokshasas (Slayer of Evil Spirits), Surya tanunapat

    (Son of Self), Trita, Tryambaka, (Three-Mothered or Three-Eyed), Ugra (dead), Vaishwanara

    (Universal Man), Yavishta.

    The myth of gn is a record of the varied philosophizing of the Yorb on the natural phenomenon of

    wild fire put to use by manfor heating, lighting, cooking, hunting, war, metallurgical work and metal crafts (Oduyoye, 1996: 80-81). The above renderings in Indo-European helps to further demonstrate that

    gns origin is in fire and not in hunting (specifically) as proposed by Robert G. Armstrong in his essay The Etymology of the Word gn in Barnes (1997: 29-38). The association of hunting with gn is probably the result of an old African method of hunting, which scorched the forests in an effort to drive

    out the wild-life. This made the animals easy targets for hunting as they would get caught running out of

    the forest from the fires. It may also be a rendering of the word for kill, from the Niger-Congo root k, k kill (Sumerian hul destroy) (Campbell-Dunn 2009a: 168). The concept of paronymy is not only characteristic of ancient Egyptian, but is characteristic of African languages and myth-making in general

    (see Imhotep, 2011). Thus, they may have seen a commonality in the pronunciation of words for fire, volcano and killing.

    It should be noted that the ancient Irish goddess by the name of Morrigan is associated with

    volcanoes, death, creation, violence, sex and war. The popular consensus argues that the word Morrigan is

    comprised of the words Mor (great) + rgan queen. I think this is folk etymology. We have a similar issue with the origins of the word gun (pistol, cannon, rifle, etc.) in English. The current literature

    speculates that the word gun derives from Gunnhildr, which consists of gunnr + hildr, both meaning

    war, battle. Are we seeing a pattern here? Both Morrigan and Gunnhidr are associated with war and battles, and the word Morrigan is associated with practically all of the known attributes of gn:

    volcanoes, death, creation, violence, sex and war. It is my contention that both the -gan in Morrigan and

    the word gun derive from the g-n root for charcoal/fire, which later became associated with iron weapons.

    Because fire and the creation of weaponry became associated with violence, power and war, this

    later was associated with army generals of war and can be seen in the Japanese word Shogun. The word

    Shogun is a contraction of seii taishogun (), which literally means a commander of a force. It is a military rank and historical title for a hereditary military dictator of Japan. Seii could mean correct location, correct position, sincere, true heart, correct meaning, good faith. The word taisyo means

    general, admiral, boss, or leader. The word gun means army, force, troops (Egyptian qnyt the Braves (a military corps d'elite); qn 'Brave man, Elite Soldier, Hero"). Remember that gn is a warrior and the Japanese word Shogun sounds a lot like Yorb Agun conqueror, vanquisher, victor. Compare Yorb Agun with PIE *seh- conquer, victory.

    There are many terms attached to the Yorb term gn that bring about shades of meaning

    associated with warfare: ounogun (weapons), ologun (brave warrior), olori ogun (general of the army),

    egbe omo ogun (army), ohun elo ogun (arms), opa ogun (war staff), ija ogun (fight or battle), agun (a

  • Page 10 of 18

    rebel, a revolter) and balogun (war chief). It is apparent that gn is a very ancient deity; traceable

    possibly to when man first left the continent of Africa to populate the rest of the earth.

    It will be later demonstrated (Imhotep forthcoming) that the Egyptian title km wr, an epithet for Wsir, is equated with Ologun (wr km) a warrior chief of the Yorb. The word km is an epithet of the god of Athribis. Athribis (in lower Egypt) was one of the military nomes assigned to the Calasirian militia under the Pharaohs. The Egyptian word km is a dialectical variant of Yorb gn, where n>m.

    We also have in Kalenjiin (Nilo-Saharan) kiim strong, hard; kiimnoteet strength, power; kimkim

    strong, stiff, firm, fundamental; ciLuba nkama force, might, power, strength; Egyptian gm strength, power, might. We note also in Egyptian jkm shield (protection weapon) [Wb 139 I]. We suggest that km wr Great Black is not the proper translation, but something more along the lines of Great strength or Great warrior. We are supported with a variant, with slight change in meaning, gn

    wr the great ruler. Wr can also mean lord. Compare also to kmA wr

    God [Wb V 37].

    gn: God of War

    Fire and weaponry are instruments of power, and the g-n root can be seen in the following Egyptian

    terms: gn powerful, respected, gm strength, power, might. It is my contention that the Egyptian words gn and gm are variants of the word qnj be strong, valiant, mighty, capable, active. Strength and valor are characteristics of a warrior/hunter. Iron, steel and other metals, all forged in the

    smithy, are also symbols of strength given the hard texture of the metals. gn, as previously stated, is

    the patron of iron and war.

    Warriors saw the advantages of going to war under the sign of such a patron: gn could ensure

    an inexhaustible supply of iron implements of war. Therefore, since gn is the spirit behind fire and

    weapons, he becomes the God of war among warriors. The volcanic origins of the myth are still invoked to imbue a warrior with the violent temper of a volcano. The Egyptian name for their elite

    military unite was qnyt the Braves (a military corps d'elite). The word is a reflex of the name of the ancient Middle East clan of smith, the Kenites. The name means, belonging to the copper smith.

    This word for copper is reflected in Egyptian as gn copper objects, gnw metal pots or vases.

    As noted previously, gn is the patron of both warriors and hunters. The difference between war

    and hunting is that in war violence is directed at human beings, whereas in hunting the violence is

    directed towards animals. In each endeavor the same weapons are used: spear, arrow, javelin, sword, and

    now-a-days, the gun (gn). In Yorbland, the hunters predominate in the worship of gn.

    gn = Cain of the Bible

    As noted by Oduyoye (1996), the name Qayin (Cain) of the Bible is linguistically cognate with gn of

    Yorbland. Cain, for the Hebrews, is the patron of violence and was depicted as the being that executed

    the first murder. While the Africans venerated gn the patron spirit of iron and war, the Hebrews vilified him and cursed him to forever be a vegabond.

    The word Cain (Qayin) is simply a word designating a craftsman, a metal worker or farmer. It is

    seen in the name Tubal-Cain, who in Genesis 4:22 was the one who first forged various implements of

    copper and iron. The connection between gn and Qayin is beyond simple parallelism, but is a matter of

    themes built off of cognate terms.

    Comparative linguistics demands that this type of assertion be backed by evidence that will show

    a phonological correspondence between the corresponding sounds in the two words. They must both

  • Page 11 of 18

    stand on both legs: in both form and meaning. We need to show, therefore, that Yorb g-n corresponds

    with Semitic q-n/q-m. This can be seen in the following table.

    Qayin = Cain = gn Hebrew Yorb Arabic

    qum rise up, stand up

    qomah height standing place

    gn/gun (k) climb (hill) gn/gun (akaba) climb (a ladder) gn/gun (esin) ride (a horse) O gn he is tall i.e. it is long gn it is erect gn yn she is protruding at the breasts. Her breasts have become

    erect.

    qaama he rose

    ogn war

    maqama combat

    gn l to settle a-d-gun-od stagnant waters

    aqama to settle, to stay in place

    qemah flour

    gn to pound (pulverize) gn yn to pound iyn gnmu medicinal herbs (pound into a powder)

    gn barren (woman) aqama sterile

    qaneh stalk gn to prick

    gn thorns (sharp point) igun edge (sharp corner)

    qamh stalk

    Qayin Cain gn god of iron Qayn smith

    qanah he acquired miqneh acquisition qinyah property

    ogn property, inheritance

    As we can see, the sound correspondences are regular. Further data exemplifying the correspondence

    between Semitic /q/ and Yorb /g/ can be seen below.

    Arabic Hebrew Yorb

    foolish hamuq mg fool wall qiyr giri fetters qe:d gdgodo padlock villages qura egur village, countryside ape qird lgd monkey (metathesis)

    gn/Akin God of war/bold, valiant man

    While the phonological correspondence of Hebrew /q/ with Yorb /g/ seems to have no complications, it

    should be noted that the voiced velar /g/ alternates with its voiceless counterpart /k/ in Yorb: in much

    the same way as with the /l/ and /r/ liquids in Yorb. For example, in Hausa we have the word gama to

  • Page 12 of 18

    be complete. Yorb not only has ogn twenty and gn finished product, highest quality, but also kn it is full (Egyptian qm total up to, amount to, complete; qn complete).

    In utterances, such as found in the structure of Yorb gin, the /g/ tends to be devoiced to /k/.

    Hence, Agin- does not occur in Yorb; it is Akin. The gn/akin situation is reflected in Ol-gnn/ekn

    cat/tiger. This alternation between /g/ and /k/ has been utilized within Yorb to achieve semantic shading. We posit that this same process is present in the Egyptian language (e.g., nkt/qnt victory; qnj/gm powerful; gm power).

    Yorb /g/ Yorb /k/ Egyptian ciLuba Ogn God of iron, war, hunting

    akinbravery, brave, valor Okun strength akoni brave person, hero okn (lion) heart heart

    qn/qni be brave, be strong qn.t brutality, violence, valor

    xrw battle, war xrw.yt war xrw.yt war xrwyw war, rebellion, revolt

    Hrw terror, dread, fright

    qny(t) elite corps qn brave man, hero, soldier, mighty, capable,

    active

    di-kima, bu-kitu, mu-kale brave lu-kana brutality Cye-nge war bu-kole force, energy, strength

    Kanda "to refuse permission,

    forbid, prohibit, restrain,

    command or order not to do,

    disapprove" [n+l>nd]

    kala strength, power

    nkama force, might, power, strength

    gn to pound kn to hammer kn to be powder smooth

    qma to hammer out, to create

    Mu-kanda to pound ka-koono(u) powder (

  • Page 13 of 18

    stiffened, stiff, strong, solid"; -kol -shil() "a great strength." This corresponds to Egyptian xrw war,

    battle, which has a reflex: kAhA difficult, strong, wild. We also have in Egyptian Drj firm, hard, efficient [Wb V 599], where /D/ historically derives from /g/. See also nTrt fixed [Wb II 366]. The /T/ sound in Egyptian derives from Afro-Asiatic /k/.

    Conclusion

    The Greek word nike means victory and was personified as a goddess that was associated with war, politics, sport, courting, love and childbirth.

    8 We posited that this term is actually African and derives

    from the Egyptian term nxt victory, mighty, obdurate, stiff, hard, support, stiffen, become hard, successful, strength, force, strong man, champion, bully, strong of arm, adult, a hero, to protect." This is

    reflected in ciLuba-Bantu as nke "solid, hard, fixed" (syn. ndendende "tenacity, toughness, persistence").

    Some semantic shading occurs with an alternation of phonemes, and by way of metathesis, which

    can be seen in the word qnt victory, might, brutality, violence"; qn 'Brave man, Elite Soldier, Hero"; qnj "be strong, valiant, mighty, capable, active, conquer, amount (to), be profuse." This form of the word is

    cognate with the patron of war and violence in Yorb: gn, which has by-forms of the word rendered

    akin bravery, brave, valor; okun strength; akoni brave person, hero; okn (lion) heart heart. gn, like the goddess Nike, was also associated with war, politics, sport, courting, love and childbirth

    (as a god of fertility).

    Another association with gn is his role as a fertilizing agent of the earth. In Imhotep

    (forthcoming), I have demonstrated the linguistic correspondence between Yorb gn and Igbo ogwu.9

    His role as a spirit of fertility corresponds with the Igbo goddess of fertility Ogwugwu.10 Ogwugwu

    literally means well or hole or pit (Umeh 1997). In the town of Ekwulumi, the spirit of fertility is named Uku, and helps barren women to bare children. gn, in his positive creative aspect, symbolizes

    order. gn is also involved in procreation (as farming is an act of creation). gn presides over the

    beginning of life and the cutting of the umbilical cord, and he is there at the end of life as well. gn, it is

    said, is the hoe that opens the earth to bury you (gn okoko yeri ogu). Praise poems associated with gn are often sexual in nature. The themes are aimed at

    illuminating the generative aspects of gn. For example:

    O epn janna bim sil Ijanna. A gb sok luku oko r oj!

    He made his penis lengthen to father a child in the house of Ijanna.

    We heard how the penis struck those in the market!

    We therefore equate the goddess Nike with Yorb gn. Both names come from a root cognate with

    Egyptian nkt/qnt. Although the Egyptians did not deify the latter terms, they deified a variant of this root as the god @rw (Horus), where x>H and n>r. As noted in Proto-Bantu, *kd bird of prey (hawk) is a

    dialectical variant of the Egyptian word Hr or Hrw The god Horus, and derives from the same root as PB *kd be strong; be hard; be difficult. In ciLuba we have Nkulu, Nkole, Ngal, nGole, Cyal, Kal; ciKololo hawk, bird, raven. These terms can also refer to a prominent man. We note as well that the goddess Nike is depicted with wings, just like @rw (Horus) among the ancient Egyptians.

    Egyptian H-r is k-l in ciLuba. The k-l root in ciLuba has the following reflexes:

    8 See www.goddessnike.com/goddess_nike_and_her_roles.php (retrieved October 23, 2013)

    9 Linguistically, names that correspond with gn (g-n) in Yoruba will drop the final -n in Igbo (-g-).

    10 Ogwugwu is also the spirit of the dark forests.

  • Page 14 of 18

    kale, kala11

    : to be strong, strong, well, vigorous, arduous, firm, steady, solid, hard, immovable,

    fixed, steadfast, powerful, robust, tough (as meat), violent, severe, serious (matter), fertile, or rich

    or productive (soil), loud (voice); kala (v): to be strong, be full grown, be mature, be firm, be

    steady, be stable, be solid, develop, grow, be mature, to exist, to be.

    Thus, Nike is a variant of gn (Akin; Qayin/Cain), which are both variants of @rw (Horus). They refer to the courage, strength and valor needed in times of war and in the hunt. The inspiration comes from

    witnessing the wonder and damage done by ancient volcanoes. When surmounted by immeasurable

    challenges, it is the spirit of the volcano (an erupting fire; bravery) that allows one to triumph over adversity. These terms also refer to the instruments of war, which are needed to ensure victory or success in any battle. The one who has the most advanced weapon, and can wield the weapon most efficiently, will have the upper hand in a fight.

    It is strength, determination and the willingness to never give up (persistence, be stubborn) that

    will ensure success in life. These are the characteristics needed in all sports and that is the spirit of what is

    captured in the name for the modern sports apparel company: Nike. Although Nike and gn are different

    genders, it should be noted that gn is also a goddess in Yorbland (Barnes 1997). We noted that

    Yorb g-n can also correspond to Egyptian k-m. Therefore, worthy of consideration is kmjt goddess [Wb V 130].

    Another interesting parallel exists between gn and Nike. However, it is not between the deities

    themselves, but between gn and the Nike swoosh symbol on the logo for the apparel company.

    The famous swoosh looks like a check sign. But it also looks like the traditional swords of Yorbland, which can be seen in the image below.

    11

    It should be noted that within ciLuba, the /l/ is often interchangeable with /m/. The /l/ corresponds to Egyptian /m/

    and /n/ as well.

  • Page 15 of 18

    Above is a figure carrying a ceremonial sword called udamalore sword of the well born, from the Yorb people of Owo, Nigeria | Ivory | Late 19th century. The udamalore is a ceremonial sword worn by the Olowo, ruler of

    Owo, and his high-ranking chiefs. It shows the wearer is considered well born, mature, powerful and influential, a

    person who is like the elephant. This fragment is from the tip of the sword blade and portrayed a chiefly figure

    crowned with a coral openwork cap holding a sword. The cap originally had a bird, the emblem of spiritual powers,

    projecting from its side. The shape of the blade may be inspired by the shape of an elephants trunk. The figure above is currently being held in the Smithsonians National African Museum of Art, Washington, DC (Object Number: 2005-6-80).

    As we can see here, the Nike swoosh and the Yorb udamolare sword are very close in shape. I

    do not argue that the Nike Company borrowed this shape and modified it from Africa; just that it is ironic that an instrument of gn would find symmetry in design with a modern sports company that

    bears its name unknowingly. Millions of consumers are walking around with a bit of African religion at

    the soles of their feet. Maybe this is the secret to Michael Jordans success!

    Asar Imhotep

  • Page 16 of 18

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  • Page 18 of 18

    Meeussens Proto-Bantu Reconstructions http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/Docs/Meeussen.html

    Tower of Babel

    http://starling.rinet.ru/

    Yorb Dictionary

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