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ASAS STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI
PPL
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Unit IV
DETAILS OF UNIT IV
Group Comm Strategies
Ch 10: Fundamental aspects
Ch 11: Meetings: Forums for Problem Solving
Ch 12: Negotiation & Conflict Management
GROUP COMM STRATEGIES: Chapter 10
Ch 10:Fundamental Aspects
“A person is a member to
a vast number of groups”.
Fundamental Aspects
Group’s functioning when each member…
…knows another by name/ role
…have a considerable amount of interactions
…have some degree of influence
…share some common goal, interest, etc.
…recognized a leadership of a leader
Fundamental Aspects
Factors influencing groups
Cohesiveness (the degree to which a group hangs together in a challenging environ’mt)
Norms (respects, formalities, routines)
Roles (Isolate/ Facilitator/ Dominator/ Harmonizer/ Free-rider)
Conformity&Groupthink)
Fundamental Aspects: Norms
Consider the following norms:
Negative criticism of another person is unacceptable.
Meetings are “strictly business.”
First names are not to be used during meetings.
The discussion of a single topic cannot exceed ten minutes.
Fundamental Aspects: RolesRoles often played by members:
Isolate: Sits & fails to participate
Facilitator: Makes sure that everyone talks
Dominator: Speaks too often & too long
Harmoniser: Keeps tensions low
Free-rider: Doesn’t do the share of the work
Fundamental Aspects: Groupthink
Symptoms of Groupthink
Close-mindedness
Pressure toward uniformity of action & decisions
Tendency to view itself as powerful & omnipotent
Minimizing Groupthink (a leader’s initiative)
Form an aggressive min provoking group
Injecting diversity into a group
Group Leadership A LEADER MUST…
…POSSESS TRAITS (i.e. higher in…intelligence; scholarship; dependability; responsibility; activity; visions; exhibiting power; taking risks; transformation; etc.)
…POSSESS STYLES (i.e. in handling task; communication; pressure; action; decision; etc.)
…AVOID extreme rigidity; offensive behavior; offensive verbalization; uninformativeness; extreme practice of authoritative bahvior, etc.
Group leadership: Charac/s of a successful leader
Yakin / Optimism -positive thinking.
Tabah / Persistence -never give up.
Azam tinggi / Passion -undivided interest.
Akauntabal / Accountable -accepting blames on failure.
Perkongsian / Sharing the Credits -success is everybody’s contribution -not oneself alone
GROUP COMM STRATEGIES:
Ch 11: Meetings: Forums for
Problem Solving
“An agenda is like a road map; it gets you to a
destination.”
Meetings: Forums for Problem Solving
Goals to consider:
Organizational goals
Group goals
Personal goals
Options for Decision Making:
Veto / Authoritative
Consensus / Consultation
Vote / Democracy
Meditate (Japanese culture)
(The Table of Aristotle – from 40 manuscripts)
Meetings: Forums for Problem Solving
GROUP COMM STRATEGIES:Ch 12: Negotiation & Conflict
Managem’nt
“Negotiations & conflicts are essential
for the growth of a company.”
Negotiation & Conflict Management
Argumentativeness
Attacking point of views.
Verbal aggressiveness
Attacking people / personal matters.
General Perception on Conflict
Couldn’t be resolved Black magic / hocus pocus! Fate / Born to fail God’s wrath / punishment Conflict is an all-negative
occurrence.
Conflict: The Fact!
Conflict is actually:
Natural facts of life -happens all the time. Everyone has experienced facing it. Empowering individuals in its own way. Empowering group experiences. Makes everyone realizes:
“The glory of life doesn’t stop you from falling!”
Types of Group Conflicts
False Conflicts (due to…) Comm problems – technological / language wise Inadequate infos. & Misunderstandings
Easy Conflict Everyone is clear about the matter of the
conflict Ego Conflict (egocentric being)
The most difficult to resolve Argumentation is upon personal matters –
(Steinberg, 1975)
Negotiation & Conflict Management
APPROACHES AUTHORITATIVE
NEGOTIATION DIVERSION SPIRITUAL
Authoritative
A leader must sit or stand higher than the rest – then only he speaks.
If the leader also panic, someone must take charge (with permission).
Strict directive / order (Disobedience is fatal!)
Informing the higher authority (polis, etc.)
Get an assistance from the third party
Negotiation
Whom to Negotiate with? Group Leader (The Patron / Director) Group of Leaders (Board of Directors) Group Committees (Follow the ranks) Group members (Consensus)
Only for non-emergency matters.
Diversion
Change the members’ thinking orientation:
By injecting humors… (jika berbakat) By exercising… (sekadar perlu) By asking… (jgn keterlaluan) By gossiping… (elakkan yg sensitif) By telling a relevant story… (short
only!)
Spiritual
Reciting… Religious texts
Singing… Patriotic songs Any motivational songs
Shouting.. Group motto Encouraging words: Malaysia Boleh!
Decision Making Processes and Managing Conflicts
Consider All Factors (CAF): Considering every single factors
before making any move.
First Things First (FTF) : Acting in accordance and
systematically. (Eg: The ritual of dressing up... Bathing, drying up, wearing under wears, then the pants and shirt.
Feit-Accompli: Making a personal move before
discussing with the superior. (Normally applied only when deciding on small issues - e.g. buy first and claim later).
Steam-releaser: Letting a person releasing his tension.(as long as he doesn’t bring any harm).
Normally, the person’s anger will cool off.
Decision Making Processes and Managing Conflicts
Others: Dateline pusher Silent treatment See-saw techniques Salami slicing approach Win-Lose / Lose-Lose / Win-Win Six Thinking Hats (Edward de Bono):
Golden hat – Religious, Culture, Customs, Rituals!
Red; Yellow; Blue; Green; Black; White
Decision Making Processes and Managing Conflicts
Wassalamualaikum & Terima kasih