MASYARAKAT ASEAN 2015: Opsi, Implikasi dan Refleksi bagi Kebijakan

Bahasa Nasional/Asing di Indonesia*

Chairil Anwar KorompotUniversitas Negeri Makassar

Disampaikan dalamSosialisasi ASEAN Community

Teater Pinisi UNMRabu, 15 Oktober 2014

*Pendapat pribadi, bukan sikap institusi

Sejarah ASEAN

• The Association of Southeast Asian Nations

• Didirikan 8 Agustus 1967 di Bangkok, Thailand

• Penandatanganan ASEAN Declaration (Deklarasi Bangkok) oleh Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura & Thailand.

• Brunei Darussalam bergabung 7 Jan. ‘84, Viet Nam 28 Juli ‘95, Laos & Myanmar 23 Juli ‘97, & Kambodia 30 April ’99.

• Sekretariat Jenderal ASEAN berkedudukan di Jakarta, Indonesia.

Lambang & Bendera ASEAN

Motto ASEAN

One Vision, One Identity,

One Community

Maksud & Tujuan ASEAN• Economic growth, social progress & cultural development; equality &

partnership; prosperous & peaceful community;

• Regional peace & stability; respect for justice & the rule of law; adherence to the united nations charter;

• Collaboration & mutual assistance: economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific & administrative fields;

• Assistance: training & research: educational, professional, technical & administrative spheres;

• Utilisation of agriculture & industries, expansion of trade, incl. Study of problems of international commodity trade, improvement of transportation & communications facilities, & raising the living standards;

• Promote southeast asian studies;

• Cooperation with int’l & reg’l orgs. With similar aims & purposes,

& explore avenues for cooperation.

Prinsip Dasar ASEAN• Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial

integrity, and national identity of all nations;

• The right of every state to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion;\

• Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;

• Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;

• Renunciation of the threat or use of force;

• Effective cooperation among themselves.

Masyarakat ASEAN

• ASEAN Vision 2020 (on ASEAN’S 30th Anniversary, 8 Aug. 1997):

“A concert of Southeast Asian nations, outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies.”

• At the 12th Summit in Jan. 2007, ASEAN leaders affirmed strong commitment to accelerate ASEAN Community by 2015 and signed the Cebu Declaration.

• Three pillars: ASEAN Political-Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community & ASEAN Socio-cultural Community.

Why ASEAN?Why ASEAN Community?

Keniscayaan (1)

ASEAN Political-Security Community:

• Shared values & norms

• Cooperation

• Free flow of information

• Human rights

• Participation of entities in ASEAN

• Democracy, peace & stability

• Community building

• Enhanced ties with external parties

Keniscayaan (2)ASEAN Economic Community:

1. Single market & production base:

Free flow of goods, services, investment, capital, skilled labour, integration, food, agriculture & forestry.

2. Competitive Economic Region

3. Equitable Economic Development

4. Integration into the Global Economy

Keniscayaan (3)

ASEAN Socio-cultural Community:

• Advancing & prioritizing education

• Social welfare & protection

• Social justice & rights

• Ensuring environmental stability.

ImplikasiMencakup, tapi tidak terbatas pada:

• Narrowed development gap

• Common identity

• People to people relationships

• Mobility

• Connectivity

• Migration

COMMUNICATION

= COMMON LANGUAGE?

Bahasa di ASEAN (1)

Brunei Darussalam: Melayu, Inggris

Kambodia: Khmer

Indonesia: Indonesia

Laos: Lao

Malaysia: Melayu, Inggris, Cina, Tamil

Myanmar: Myanmar

Filipina: Filipino (Tagalog), Inggris, Spanyol

Singapura: Inggris, Melayu, Mandarin, Tamil

Thailand: Thai

Viet Nam: Viet Nam

Bahasa di ASEAN (2)

The working language of ASEAN shall be English.

Pasal 34, ASEAN Charter (Piagam ASEAN), 2007

Fenomena baru karena…

“… the use of languages was not stipulated in the Bangkok Declaration [1967]. English has always been the sole official and working language of the group.” (Kirkpatrick, 2008: 27)

Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Global

Inner Circle: L1

Outer Circle:

ESL

Expanding Circle:

EFL, EIL

Braj Kachru (1985)

Di mana Indonesia?Dunia:Inggris Raya, AS, Kanada, Australia, NZ

ASEAN:Brunei, Filipina Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapura

ASEAN:Indonesia, Kambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam

Sink or swim?Contoh-contoh kasus:

Abuses and Languages in Malaysia (1)

Unfortunately, many IMDWs cannot speak English well, thus it leads to some misunderstanding between the employers and IMDWs. This situation has irritated the employers and it often ends up with scolding and verbal abuse even physical abuses against IMDWs (interview with respondents).

(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 341)

Abuses and Languages in Malaysia (2)

Therefore, the non-Malay employers (Indian, Chinese, Bangladeshi and others) prefer Filipino DWs because they have been provided with adequate training process and they can speak English and Chinese better than Indonesian DWs. Therefore, Filipino DWs has higher salary than Indonesian DWs.

(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 341)

Abuses and Languages in Malaysia (3)

Non-Malay employers use English for their daily activities, thus if IMDWs cannot follow their instruction, they would get irritated and it might end up with physical abuses. In addition, IMDWs are often called “pig” because they cannot understand the instruction stated by the employers.”

(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 341)

Language and abuses in Singapore (1)

There is only small number of Singaporean who are Malays, therefore 95% of employers use English or Chinese....Singaporean uses English or Chinese in their daily activities and public communication as the most bus drivers use Chinese and several of them use English. It is clear that the use English and Chinese in this country is more crucial than in Malaysia.

(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 342)

Language and abuses in Singapore (1)

According to the investigation by the NGOs, IMDWs cannot communicate in English while the employers are using English. The employers get irritated due to the misunderstanding and it ends up with scolding and beating. The employers are angry because the IMDWs do not have good skill in doing domestic work and speak English well.

(Gunawan dalam Korompot et al., 2013: 342)

Sink or swim? Swim! (1)Kebijakan Bahasa Nasional

Opsi #1: Bahasa Indonesia bahasa nasional, Bahasa Inggris bahasa asing pertama.

Plus Minus

Integritas Bahasa Indonesia (Pasal 25, UU No. 24 Tahun 2009): a.l. “jati diri bangsa, kebanggaan nasional, sarana pemersatu berbagai suku bangsa, sarana komunikasi antardaerah dan antarbudaya daerah.”

• Status quo; • “Bahasa Inggris hanya ‘alat’ untuk memenuhi kebutuhan

pembangunan (Lauder, 2008: 13); • Bertentangan dengan fakta bahwa “situasi sosiolinguistik

yang sesungguhnya memiliki dinamikanya sendiri dan sering berlawanan dengan arah yang dikehendaki pembuat kebijakan” (Lauder, 2008: 13)

• “Sekalipun berhasil mengukuhkan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional, Indonesia belum mampu memajukan [penggunaan] bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa untuk komunikasi internasional” (Lauder, 2008: 17)

Sink or swim? Swim! (2)Kebijakan Bahasa Nasional

Opsi #2: Bahasa Indonesia bahasa nasional; bahasa Inggris bahasa kedua nasional.

Plus Minus

• Integritas Bahasa Indonesia (Pasal 25, UU No. 24 Tahun 2009); • Indonesia menjadi bagian dari “outer circle” bukan lagi

“expanding circle” (Kachru, 1985) bangsa pengguna bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa global;

• mempercepat dan memperkuat posisi Indonesia dalam “integrasi ekonomi ASEAN”;

• Mengakui penggunaan bahasa Inggris berpotensi besar mencapai tujuan penting: komunikasi internasional, medium akses IPTEK, sumber kosakata pembangunan & modernisasi Indonesia, memahami penutur asli untuk perluasan cakrawala (Lauder, 2008: 12-13)

Memberi “amnunisi” bagi sikap/pendapat tentang:• “language schizophrenia”

atau “exolinguaphobia” (Kartono, 1976: 124 dalam Lauder, 2008: 14).

• “linguistic triumphalism, linguistic power, linguistic complacency, linguistic death” (Crystal, 1997: 12-20)

Sink or swim? Swim! (3)Perlu direnungkan bersama:

1. Sebagai bangsa, kita berani mengadopsi lingua franca Nusantara (bahasa Melayu) menjadi bahasa nasional. Beranikah kita mengadopsi lingua franca dunia (bahasa Inggris) menjadi bahasa kedua nasional kita?

2. Pendekatan sistemik melalui penetapan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua nasional di negara-negara “outer circle” berhasil memicu dan memacu kompetensi penggunanya, yang kemudian berdampak pada kemajuan dan daya saing negara-negara itu. Akankah itu terjadi di Indonesia?

3. Dapatkah ASEAN Community 2015 (tanpa politik bahasa nasional tentang status bahasa Inggris) “memaksa” terciptanya kondisi yang kondusif bagi peningkatan kemampuan bangsa Indonesia dalam berbahasa Inggris?

4. Dalam Konferensi TEFLIN 2014 di Solo baru-baru ini, Presiden TEFLIN Prof Fuad Abdul Hamied bergurau tentang peluang munculnya istilah “TESLIN,” “TEILIN,” “TEGLIN,” atau “TELFIN” di masa depan, menggantikan “TEFLIN.” Seberapa besar kemungkinan ini akan terjadi?

Wallahu a’lam bishawwab.