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Presented by K.J.Karthika1st year PG , Dept of R&B,GAVC,TPRA

SAMSKARA IN AYURVEDAParadi gunaAshta aahara vidi vishesha ayathanaA synonym of karana (samskara: karanam mattam|| ch.su.26/34), etc.The Shodasha samskara.A pharmaceutical procedureDeha samskarana by vamanadi karma.Pratisamskarana or the redaction of book.Parada samskara

DEFINITION OF SAMSKARA

It is the pharmaceutical procedures that bring about qualitative alteration done for improvement ,enhancement, modification, lowering bad effects.

In Rasashastra paarada samskara is of prime importance

SHODANA AND SAMSKARA

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Shodana concentrates in the removal of doshas while samskara aims in potentiating drug along with the same.

Shodana can be considered as a part of samskara but all samskaras are not shodana.

NUMBER OF PAARADA SAMSKARA : : :(../)

TextNumber of samskaras mentionedBhagavan shankara2Rasachintamani.11Rasapadhati,Rasopanishat, Rasatarangani16Rasaratnasamuchayam, Rasarnavam, Rasendrachoodamani, Rasaprakashasudhakara, Rasadhyaya,Rasakamadhenu,Brihath yoga tarangini,18Rasaratnakara, Aanandakandam,Rasasara,Ayurvedaprakasha19

: : (R.R.S.11/15-16)

18 Paarada SamskaraSwedanaMardanaMurchanaUthapanamPatanamRodanaNiyaamanaDipanaGaganabhakshana

ChaaranaGarbhadruthiBahyadruthiJaaranaRaga/ranjanaSaaranaSamkraamanaVedhaShareerayoga

TextAdditional SamskaraDeleted samskaraDifference in nomenclatureRasarnavamDravana for garbhadruthiRanjana for ragaRasaratnakaraanuvasanaVedhashareerayogaRanjana for ragaRasaprakashasudhakaraRanjana for ragaSevana for shareerayoga

DIFFERENT OPINIONS REGARDING SAMSKARAS

AanandakandaPaatasaaranaUtghatanasavidaSankramanaShareerayogaRasapathatiAnuvasanaBandhakritMaaranaGaganabhakshanaGarbhadrutiBahyadrutiRanjanasamkraamanaRasasaaraAnuvasanaMukhakaariUtghatana Gaganabhakshanacharana

Ayurveda prakashaAnuvasanaPatasaranaRasakamadhenuPatasarana shareerayogaBrihat rasayoga taranginiPaatsaaranasavidagaganabhakshanaveda shareerayogaRasachintamaniUthapanaChaaranaGarbhadruthiBahyadruthisaaranaVedashareerayoga

RasaadhyayaPaatasaaranaMukhakaariBandhakritMaranaPratisaaranaUtghatanaAnusaarana DipanaGaganabhakshanaChaaranaGarbhadrutiBaahyadrutiragashareerayogaRasatarnginivedashareerayoga

Shodasha parada samskara according to Rasopanishat

ShodanaTejanaPachanaDashanaCharanaPatanaNigrahanaBandhana

VahnyankushaPakshachedaAgnikarmaRasakriyaRanjanaKramanaSaaranaPratisaarana

AMOUNT OF PARADA NEEDED FOR SAMSKARA

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2000/1000/100/28/10/5/at least 1 pala of Paarada should be taken

SWEDANA (FOEMENTATION) || (.../)

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Process:SwedanamYantra :DolayantramMedium for swedana:KanjikaIntensity of heat:Mriduagni(96 C - 98 C )Duration:3 days for dehasidhi21 days for loha sidhi Drugs used as kalkaAasuriPatu(saindhava)TrikatuChirakaAardrakaMulaka

Each drug 1/16th part of parada (kalamsham)

METHODThe drugs are made into fine powder and kalka is prepared with it.One angula of kalka is coated in vatapatra/betel leaf/kadali patra which is made into a receptacle and allowed to dry.Parada is put into this and sealed with kalka and leaf.Cover it with four folded cloth and make into a potali.Suspend the potali in dolayantra and perform swedana.Recover mercury after process by washing kalka in hotwater.The recovered mercury id strained 3-4 time through four folded cloth before carrying out mardana.

PRECAUTION

Refill kanjika in dolayantra time to time.The potali should not touch the bottom of the yantra.There are suggestions to replace the kalka every day but it is not very necessary for 3 day swedana but in 21 day swedana for lohasidhi, reinforcement of kalka is necessary.

OUTCOME OF SAMSKARA Both acidic and alkaline substances used in this samskara.Impurities lose adhesiveness.Impurities dissolve in the liquid medium used and Hg become relatively free from impurities.

DISCUSSIONKanjika is an alliance of weak acid and crude vinegar .In this combined interaction of alcohol and weak acid the blemishes of paarada get somewhat separated from its surface.When mild heat is provided in the above medium the impurities of paarada gets losen due to ksharana, dalana,and bhedana of kshara and ushna, tikshna guna of amla dravya.

: :Kanjika might help in stimulating the therapeutic properties of paarada.

2.MARDANA (HOT -TRITURATION)

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Process:MardanamYantra :Tapta khalva yantra made of loha Medium for mardana:KanjikaIntensity of heat:(45 C -50 C )Duration:3 days for dehasidhi(24hrs*3day/12hrs*3day)21 days for loha sidhi Drugs used as kalkaGrihadhumaIshtika churnaDadhi Guda Saindhava lavana Aasuri

Each drug 1/16th part of parada (kalamsham)

METHOD

Mercury and drugs are placed in tapta khalvayantra & triturated well using kanjika for three days.Recover mercury after the samskara by washing kalka with hot water.If more mercury is retained in klaka conduct patana and recover : : (./) The recovered parada is filtered 3-4 times through a four folded cloth

Some aacharyas recommend addition of abraka stwa and swarna to parada after the 3 day grinding with drugs by which a distinct color (yellowish tinge) is imparted to mercury. (For dehasidhi this need to be done only after the 8th samskara.)

PRECAUTION

Kanjika should be added time to time while grinding.Filtre suta through a four folded cloth is necessary as the ishtika choorna tend to settle down with mercury

OUTCOME OF SAMSKARA

: | (.../) (.../-)The Hg becomes free of bahirmala.Will get characteristic colourThe qualities increase.

DISCUSSIONParada completely gets divided to minute particles and get mixed up with the kalka.Maximum surface area exposed to kalka,Dravyas predominant of kshara amla rasa thus removal of maximum impurities.Heat given during trituration act as stimulating agent for paarada.While triturating with carbonic drugs like gruhadhooma, dagdoorna and guda and with silica(ishtika choorna) the carbon act as reducing agent and silica act as adsorbent for impurities.

3. MURCHANA (FAINTING)

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Process:MardanamYantra :Tapta khalva yantra made of loha /special hot platesMedium for mardana:KanjikaIntensity of heat:(45 C -50 C )Duration:3 days for dehasidhi7days for loha sidhi(Ayu.pra) Drugs used as kalkaGritakumari swarasaTriphala /ankolam(rasarnava)Chitraka/Aragvadha(rasarnava)

Each drug 1/16th part of parada (kalamsham)

METHOD

Mardita paarada is triturted for three days in a tapta khalwayantra with the above said medicines and kumari swarasa till Hg loses cohisiveness and break into globules/nashtapishtatva.

OUTCOME OF THE SAMSKARAHg loses its natural physico chemical properties i.e,attain . ( /)The parada attain naaga varna & also loses its chapalata and dravata. (.../) the Hg will be free of all blemishes.

DISCUSSION

WHAT IS NASHTAPISHTI(swooning)?

The condition achieved in which the parada loses its natural properties after it is ground with various drugs.

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The conversion of Hg into very fine indivisible particle .Practically 36 hrs was needed for its formation.Easily attained if kumari swarasa is the medium of trituration.

The drugs involved are katu kashaya rasa pradhana. It excert the functions such as bhedana, shoshana, kshalana and lekhana by which the blemishes are removed.

4. UTHAPANAM(REVIVAL OF NATURAL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES)

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Process:1. svedanam2. Prakshalanam3. Mardanam4. Aatapam 5. Paatanam Yantra :DolayantramTapta khalva yantra made of loha Urdhvapatana yantram/vidhyadharayantra

Medium for swedana:KanjikaMedium for prakshalana:kanjika,ushnajalamMedium for mardana:kanjika,ushnajalaBest time for aatapa: vaishakha jyeshta masaIntensity of heat:--------Duration:--------

METHOD

Moorchita paarada is subjected to swedana with kanjika in dolayantra. By this the paradawhich are separated as globules will combine together.

Then it is subjected to prakshalana with ushna kanji or ushnajala by which rest of the paarada trapped in kalka can be recovered.

This kalka is again subjected to mardana in tapta khalva yantra with ushnajala . Kalka which is light will flow away with water and the heavy particles of mercury will settle down.

The paarada is subjected to aatapa after mardana preferably during vaishakha and jyeshta months.

According to paarada vijnaneeyam mardana should be conducted in aatapa with nimbuka swarasa.

The mercury which is not recovered by the above steps is regained by paatana.

OUTCOME FROM UTHAPANA

Parada regain the swabhavika avastha. (.,./)

Note: Maximum chance of loss of parada during this samskara. Some scholars just consider it as the continuaton of murchana samskara.

5. PATANA(SUBLIMATION)

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Type of PatanaAuthorOnly urdhva patanaRasahrudaya tantraBoth urdhva and adha patanaRasarnava, RasasaaraUrdhva,adha and tiryak patanaRasendra choodamani, Rasaratna samuchayam, Rasendra chintamani, Rasaprakasha sudhakara, Rasaratnakara, Rasapadhati, aanandakanda, Ayurveda prakasha, rasakamadhenu.

Opinion regarding the type of patana to be performed.

URDHVAPATANAM , : :, ( .../)

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Process:Mardana, UrdhvapatanamYantra :Vidyadharayantra, Damaru yantra , Taptakhalva yantraDuration for mardana:3 days with tamraIntensity of heat:378 C -438 C Duration:once /thrice for dehasidhi7 times for lohasidhi

DRUGS Parada1 part Tamram part.AcharyaDrugs ShalinathHaridra and kumariswarasaMadhavaTutha and swarnamaksika (here nashta pishti is formed with and it is subjected to patana in Damaruyantra)

METHOD

Parada is mixed with amount of tamra and subjected to mardana (according to Aanandakanda tapta khalvayantra is used )for 3 days so a shulbha pishti is formed.The shulbapishti is kept in the urdhvapatana yantra and subjected to patana.The sublimed paarada is collected from the upper pot.

Sl NO:TEXTRatio of paradaRatio of tamraNO: of times for patana1Rasarnavam1 partPishtayoga12Rasaratnasamuchayam part33Rasaratnakara7 times4Anandakanda5Rasendra chintamani1/3-6Ayurvedaprakasha1 part tutha/tapya-7RasakamadhenuI part -

OUTCOME OF SAMSKARA

:(R.R.S11/63)All the doshas from yogika,spatakanjuka, and oupadhika is relieved by this samskara.

DISCUSSION

In a practical documentation Parada and tamra were taken in the ratio 3:1 ratio and triturated with nimbu swarasa. It was observed that the amalgamisation was accelerated with the use of nimbu swarasaAfter urdhvapaatana when the parada was washed using kanjika the colour of parada turned golden which was considered as the ranjana guna of tamra by Dr.V.M. Dvivedi.

ADHAPATANA

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Same procedure as that of Urdhvapatana but Adhapatana is conducted.

PROCEDURE ACCORDING TO RASA RATNA SAMUCHAYA

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Process:Mardana, AdhapatanamYantra :Vidyadharayantra, Damaru yantra , Taptakhalva yantra, dipikayantra

Duration for mardana:3 days with tamra/till nashtapishti is obtained.Duration:7 timesDrugs Parada1 part Tamram part.

(Or drugs as indicated in various treatises)

METHOD The paarada subjected to urdhvapaatana is subjected to mardana with various drugs till nashta pishtatva is obtained.The paarada is then kept in adhapaatana yantra subjected to the adhapaatana.The sublimed paarada is collected from the bottom pot after the process.

Sl No:Heat intensityReference1:Rasaarnavam2 Rasendra choodamani3: Rasaratnasamuchayam4 Rasaratnakara5 :Aananda kanda6Rasendrachintamani

Mercury vapourises by 360 degree Celsius thus on an average we need to provide only a maximum of 400 degree Celsius for an average duration of 2-3 hrs for the entire parade to sublime.The intensity of heat given during adhapatana

OUTCOME OF ADHAPATANA

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Parada obtained after subjecting to the process of urdhvapatana and adhapatana can be used for preparing the rasayana yoga by adding various other drugs into it.

Patana process conducted in dipika yantra is free from all kinds of blemishes.

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: : : (.../)TIRYAK PAATANA

Process:Mardana,Tiryakpatanam,SwedanaYantra :tiryak patanna tantraDuration for mardana:till nashatapishti is obtained/1yaama(Aa.ka.amr)Duration:Till paarad become Drugs Parada1 part Slakshna Abhraka dalam /dhanyabhram part.Aaranaalaqs(Or drugs as indicated in various treatise)

METHOD The paarada after urdhva and adha patana is subjected to mardana with slakshna abhraka dalam with aaranala as medium for one yaama / nashtapishtatva formation.This is kept in tiryak paatana yantra and subjected to tiryak paatana.The paarada is then subjected to swedana in dolayantra.The swedita paarada again subjected to tiryak paatana till it become .

Sl No:DescriptionReference1 Aanandakandam2 Rasaratnakara3 Rasaratnasamuchayam4 :Rasaprakashasudhakara5 Rasendra chintamani6 Ayurveda prakasha

The intensity of heat given during Tiryak Paatana

OUTCOME OF THE SAMSKARA

: (.../)Paarada become capable of sustaining intense heat.

**Though nashtapishti formation is the characteristic feature of murchana samskara we can see that similar condition arises during adhapatana and tiryak paatana also.

** Acc to some scholars swedana is conducted after all 3 patana tritutating paarada with triphala, trikatu, chitraka, lashuna & kumari as kalka and tushambu as medium in dolayantra.

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Effects of samskaras till paatana

: : :(.../): (..)The parada becomes sluggish and calm.

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6. Rodhana/Bhodana samskara (awakening)

Rodana is carried out as a measure to restore the potecy of paarada which has become napumsaka , mrita praaya and mandaveerya from the first 5 samskara.

The parada at this state will be unable to take into it the swarnadi lohas as grasa thus to impart bubhksha to Parada bhodana is conducted.

The bhodana samskara can be conducted in two different methodsSwedana in dolayantra.Keeping parade intact in an earthen pot containing prescribed media.

Method 1 (../)

Process:SwedanaYantra :DolayantraDuration for Swedana:3 days.Medium for swedana:srishtyambu/saindhava jalaThe intensity of heat given:madhyamagni( ayu.pra)

Drugs Parada1 partSanindhavam qsJalamqs (Or drugs as indicated in various treatises)

Method

The paarada processed till the paatana samskara is suspended inside a pot containing saindhava jala/ srishtimbu and subjected to swedana for three days.

The swedita paarada is collected washed and filtered.

Proportion of saindhavaProportion of jalareference10 pala3 prasthaRasaprakashasudhakaraDanwanthari samhitha1 part5 times(Bhagawan Dash)500g4 litre(sidhinandan Mishra)

PREPARATION OF SAINDHAVA JALA

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OPINION REGARDING SRISHTYAMBU

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Generally it is considered to be samudrajala. Some scholars have mentioned it to be the menstrual blood of healthy 16 yr old girl.There is another opinion of sristhyambu being muthra, sukra and shonitha of go, avi, nara and nari. Practiclly the process is now carried out using saindhava jala. We may to a great extend conclude that samudra jala should be ideally taken for this process and in its absence we may utilize lavana yukta jala.

Method 2

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The paarada is kept undisturbed in a pot filled with saindhava jala for three days and on the fourth day it is taken out, washed and filtered. As per Ayurveda prakasha the process can be carried out in vishvamitra kapala/kachakupi and the container is buried in earth at a depth of one Rajahastha.

Sl noOutcomeReference1 Rasahruhayatantram2 : :Aanandakandam3Rasendra chintamani4 5 Rasendra choodamani6 Rasaratna smuchayam7 :Rasasaara

Outcome of the samskara

7.NIYAMANA(CONTROLLING) : :(. .)

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Process:SwedanaYantra :DolayantraDuration for Swedana:1 day (Rasendra. Chi)3 days.(R.R.S)Medium for swedana:kanjika The intensity of heat given:madhyamagni ( general)Drugs used as kalkaTambulaLashunaSaindhavaBringarajaVandyakarkotichincha(Or drugs as indicated in NIYAMANA GANA (rasendra saara sangraham) /various treatises)Each drug 1/16th part of parada (kalamsham)

METHOD

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The rodhita paarada is suspended in dola yantra and is subjected to swedana using kanjika as medium for 1-3 days.

The kanjika is charged with the above dravyas during swedana.

The paarada is recovered after swedana and filtered well.

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According to Rasa Hrudaya Tantra niyamana is considered synonymous to paksha chedana/ paksha kartana. And this process can be carried out only with abhraka satva jaarana/chaarana in paarada.

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According to rasarnava, after niyamana ,the thermal stability of paarada is greately increased

Sl no:PropertyReference1Rasendra mangala2 Rasaratnasamuchayam 3 Rasahrudayatantram 4 Rasendrachintamani5 Rasaprakashasudhakaram6 Rasasaaram7 Rasaraaja shankaram 8Rasaarnavam 9 Yoga tarangini

OUTCOMES OF NIYAMANA SAMSKARA.

8. DIPANA SAMSKARA

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Process:SwedanaYantra :DolayantraDuration for Swedana:3 days.Medium for swedana:kanjika The intensity of heat given:madhyamagni ( general)Drugs used as kalkaDrug 1/16th portion of paaradaSphatika(phitkari) Kasisa Saindhava Tankana Maricha Raajika Shigrutwak(Or drugs as indicated in various treatises)

METHOD The niyamitha paarada is suspended in dola yantra and is subjected to swedana using kanjika as medium for 3 days.The kanjika is charged with the above dravyas during swedana.The paarada is recovered after swedana and filtered well.

( )** if one is unable to perform deepana samskara for three days then atlleast perform it for one complete day(24 hrs)

Sl no:PropertyReference1Rasarnavam, Rasahrudayatantram, Rasaratnakaram, Aanandakandam.2Rasendrachoodamani, Rasapathati3- R.R.S4 Rasasaaram

OUTCOME OF THE SAMSKARA

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THE BENEFIT OF ASHTASAMSKARA

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For therapeutic administration/dehasidhi with parada only ashta samskara is necessary. By the end of 8 samskara the paarada becomes free from all blemishes.

Only 1/8 th of paarada will remain after Ashtasamskara.

CONCLUSIONThe 8 process actually includes only 3 main procedure swedana, mardana and paatana.The first 5 is targeted to remove impurities and the last 3 to enhance therapeutic action.Now days much loss of mercury is not found practically as with the advancement of techniques 99.9% pure merrcury is available in the market.It was noted that practicaly 67 days were taken to complete 8 samskaras.

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