Asia Minor Mellink

Archaeology in Asia MinorAuthor(s): Machteld J. MellinkSource: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 79, No. 3 (Jul., 1975), pp. 201-222Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/503480Accessed: 20/05/2010 07:41

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Archaeology in Asia Minor

MACHTELD J. MELLINK

The year 1974 was one of great losses in the ranks of Anatolian archaeologists. Pieter Lam- brechts, excavator of Pessinus, died on June 21, 1974. Kilil

Kokten, excavator of Karain and explorer of prehistoric Anatolian caves, died on July 25, 1974. Rodney S. Young, excavator of Gordion, died on October 25, 1974. Before this year's archaeological reports had been completed, Arid Miifid Mansel, excavator of Perge and Side and the Dean of Clas- sical Archaeology in Turkey, died on Janu- ary 18, 1975. The losses are stunning. This newsletter had the privilege of personal guid- ance by the men now lost. A dedication of this report to their memory is but a token of friendship and lasting respect for achievement.

The excavation season of 1974 was affected by suspensions during the Cyprus crisis at least in the maritime regions, but in spite of this a good amount of work was achieved. At many sites the emphasis was on study, restoration, the preparation of final reports for publication, as well as the preparation of the excavated sites for future survival and study. The next decades will see much progress in the planning of conservation of excavated sites, even if reconstruction is not envisaged. The problem is an old one. Archaeologists have known since the days of Schliemann that parts of their sites have to be left intact for future examination; the question of reconstruction and anastylosis has been considered and debated ever since Evans resuscitated the palace at Knossos. In Anatolia, as elsewhere, the increase in road building and the expansion of modern construction in city centers and suburbs exposes or approaches ancient monuments and sites; rescue archaeology is practiced on a large scale by the staffs of local museums.

Among the large scale rescue operations the work in the Keban area stands out by its achievements. Many of the sites are being flooded now by the waters rising behind the Keban dam. In seven years of excavations the archaeological prehistory and history of the area has been systematically in-

PLATES 38-46

vestigated. The regional manifestations of Neo- lithic, Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, and second millennium cultures have become known both in their original traits and as crucial links between the hitherto better known ancient peoples of Mesopo- tamia and central Anatolia. Some of the results are sketched below in the brief summaries of the work at Tepecik, Norsuntepe and Korucutepe. The im- plications will extend to the West of Anatolia as well as to its neighbors in Southeastern Europe.

Analytical techniques are being experimentally re- fined in the expansion of archaeological approaches. It should be noted that apart from the technical apparatus introduced by the modern "total" archaeologists, patient old-fashioned digging now also yields more evidence for such building techniques as wattle-and-daub in the Keban area sites, as it does in the Pontic region at Ikiztepe and in North- ern Lycia at Karatas. The attention of Anatolian archaeologists and architectural historians is also increasingly directed towards the recording of the surviving age-old traditions of regional village architecture before the use of concrete, tile and bricks destroys this tangible record of the past.

A remarkable concentration of efforts is taking place in the realm of Luvian and Lycian studies. Linguists are clarifying the relationships of second and first millennium idioms and writing systems with sound and remarkable results. One recent collaborative paper is Hittite Hieroglyphs and Lu- wian: New evidence for the connection by J.D. Hawkins, Anna Morpurgo-Davies and Giinter Neumann (NAKG 1973, 6). E. Laroche has just published his comments on the funeral inscriptions from Xanthos in Xanthos V (Paris 1974). Giinter Neumann continues his studies of Lycian in Die Sprache 20 (1974) 109-14. The outstanding new discovery was the trilingual stela found in the Le- toon in 1973 and now published in CRAI 1974, with its confirmation of much that had been tentatively accepted as interpretation of Lycian. The new volume of Xanthos V by P. Demargne is a tribute to Lycian architectural tradition. Several teams of archaeologists and architects are at work to study

202 MACHTELD J. MELLINK [AJA 79

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the forms of Lycian sites and buildings, sculptures and inscriptions are recorded in the process. The excavations at Limyra have drawn attention to the presence of heroa in the Lycian mountains. The extensive publication of the necropolis of Myra is approaching completion.

The sites singled out last year for particular promise continue to attract special attention. Masat in the Pontic zone is a site where the correlation of Hittite Empire levels and Mycenaean trade is feasible and where excavation will yield history. The West Anatolian sites with Mycenaean and Minoan contacts were inactive last year.

Progress reports on Anatolian excavations have appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:1-2 (1973) and 21:I

(1974); AnatSt 23 (1973) 13-68 and 24 (1974) 17- 29; Anatolica 4 (1971-1972) I-81. For the continuing harvest of Greek epigraphy in Asia Minor see a new installment of the Bulletin epigraphique by Jeanne et Louis Robert in REG 86 (1973) 133-84.

The following two publications will be quoted by abbreviated titles:

Melanges Mansel is the extensive scholarly tribute to Arif Miifid Mansel on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday: Mansel'e Armagan I-III (Tiirk Tarih Kurumu

Yayinlarl VII: 6o, Ankara 1974) Festschrift Giiterbock - Anatolian Studies pre-

sented to Hans Gustav Giiterbock on the occasion of his 65th birthday (Publications de l'Institut historique et archeologique nierlan- dais de Stamboul, 35, Istanbul 1974)

As in every installment of these reports, the information and illustrations have been generously made available by the excavators, museum directors and curators, the Directors of the Department of Antiquities and Museums in Ankara, authors and explorers, to all of whom I express my sincere thanks.

PALAEOLITHIC, NEOLITHIC, CHALCOLITHIC SITES

Karain. The last excavation season completed by Kilih K6kten was that of 1973, reported upon by him in AJA 78 (1974) 107. The photograph pl. 38, fig. I was sent by him to illustrate the smaller entrances to the West of the main cave; it is published here as a final tribute to the pioneer work at the Palaeolithic cave at Karain.

Beysehir-Erbaba. Prof. Jacques Bordaz continued his excavations at Erbaba in 1974. The upper level was cleared over a large area to allow the analysis of the layout of the settlement. In 1975 the better preserved lower levels will be studied. In a deep sounding a large number of well preserved reed matting impressions came to light.

qatal Hiiyiik. In 1973 a team of conservators under the direction of Pamela Pratt worked on the conservation of the wall paintings in the Ankara Museum. Several paintings have been consolidated by the removal of all mud plaster for which a re- versible synthetic resin was substituted. The hunt- ing friezes from room F V, I are now safely on display in the Museum (AnatSt 24 [1974] 13-15)-

Malatya-Arslantepe. The excavations under the direction of Dr. Alba Palmieri have now reached

1975] ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINOR 203

Chalcolithic levels. A preliminary notice appeared in TiirArkDerg 21:i (1974) 138. Level VII cor- responds to Amuq F, a period evidently well represented from Cilicia (Tarsus) to the Keban area (Norsuntepe and Tepecik). Burials of this period at Arslantepe are accompanied by chaff-faced pottery and bevelled rim bowls.

Keban. Tepecik, Tiilintepe. Neolithic and Chal- colithic material from these mounds is discussed in

preliminary reports by Dr. Ufuk Esin and Gilven

Arsebiik in TiirkArkDerg 20:2 (i973) 39-62 and in Keban Project i97i (i974) 109-59. As a result of the recent campaigns, Dr. Ufuk Esin kindly reports, it has become evident that Tepecik was first settled in the late Neolithic period, in the course of the sixth millennium B.C. The material culture is related to that of Syro-Cilicia and the Anatolian lake district. In the Chalcolithic period stronger Meso- potamian ties are evident. There are many indica- tions of metallurgy in the Chalcolithic levels. At Tiilintepe, the 1974 campaign revealed the building level of the Halaf period. The houses are rectangular; there are large open areas in the settlement. Ovens exist in the courtyards, those inside the houses probably served heating purposes. Small finds of stone, obsidian, bone, horn, pottery, and terracotta were extensive.

Keban. Asvan Project. Chalcolithic material from two sites is discussed in AnatSt 23 (1973): Kurupi- nar (93-95) and 9ayboyu (97-o18).

Keban. Norsuntepe. In the 1974 season at Nor- suntepe, Chalcolithic levels were again reached in the deep soundings on the West slope, see below under Bronze Age sites.

gayonii. In Belleten 151 (1974) 361-77 Halet

gambel discusses the

gay6nii excavations in the context of the prehistoric project of the Universities of Istanbul and Chicago. Other publications re- ferring to this project are to be found in JNES 32 (I973) 37-39, ProcPhilSoc 116 (i972) 319-20 and ProcNatAcadSciUSA 71 (i974) 568-71.

Prehistoric Celts. In IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) 49- 52 M. Korfmann points out that prehistoric celts found at Didyma may have been used as amulets or cult objects although the manufacture of polished stone tools lasted into the second millennium B.C. as attested at many Anatolian sites.

BRONZE AGE SITES

Kiiltepe. In the 1974 season at Kiiltepe, Prof. Tah- sin Ozgiip kindly reports, more rooms of the palace

complex were excavated in the East part of the inner citadel. As elsewhere, two main levels came to light, the lower corresponding to Karum II, the upper to Karum Ib. An Old Assyrian tablet was found in the lower level. The upper level had good specimens of Karum Ib pottery; it also yielded several bullae. There is little left of the South side of the inner citadel which was opened up by Hroz- ny. The West side measures 130 m. in length, the North side 120 m.

In the West area of the mound orivate houses of the Karum Ib and II periods were investigated. Characteristic pottery was found in situ on the floors. One house of the Karum II period had large bronze cauldrons of shapes similar to those of pottery jars. The upper levels in this area of the mound have houses and pottery of the Phrygian period.

Soundings in the Karum allowed the completion of the plan of a Ib house; tablets and seals belonged to the inventory. A tomb of the Ib period produced an imported Syrian jar with bichrome design in the shoulder zone. The plan of the Karum with its street system and subdivisions is being studied (see Belleten 151 [19741 543-44)-

Bo',azk6y. In 1974, Dr. Peter Neve kindly reports,

work in Bogazk6y was mostly in the nature of a study and building season. "Supplementary investigations were made in the area NW of Temple I, viz. in subsectors of J/2o where in 1973 we had found the head of a statue and fragments of a special kind of relief vase (AJA 78 [1974] io09). More pieces of the vase were found. It was at least i m. high; the body is an elongated oval with a slender neck; the main handle was set opposite the relief design (ibexes, deer, a vessel); two other handles are set at right angles. The vase belonged to the inventory of a building which antedates the construction of the magazines in front of the Northern enclosure wall and the adjoining terracing; this makes it early in the Hittite Empire period, level 2 in the lower city, or IVb in the Biiyiikkale sequence. The statue head is earlier as it was found in sec- ondary context in the wall filling of the same building. Some restoration took place to repair the Northern enclosure wall so far as exposed between the city gates in I/19 and J/2I; more restoration will follow future clearance in this area. A new excavation house is being built in the garden of the new local museum at Bogazk6y.

An illustrated report on the 1971 campaign appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:I (i973) 129-54. K.


Bittel comments on the lion basin near Temple I in Festschrift Giiterbock 65-68; on the 1972 season in MDOG io6 (i974) 99-102. H.G. Giiterbock discussed two inscribed and decorated blocks belonging to the Hittite spring chamber discovered in 1968-1969 in Melanges Mansel I, 421-24. Among philological investigations of special archaeological interest are Yasar Coskun's study of libation vessels mentioned in Hittite texts (Dil ve Tarih-Co'rafya Fakiiltesi Dergisi 27 [1969] 1-61) and E. Neu, Der Anitta Text (Studien zu den Bogazk6y Texten 18, Wiesbaden 1974).

Alaca Hiiyiik. The clearing of the North area of the citadel was continued under the supervision of architect Mahmut Akok. The passage in the postern was excavated to a deeper level. To the South of the sphinx gate an area has been expropriated in preparation for the building of a new museum. For an interim report see Belleten 151 (I974) 540- 41. A new volume appeared in the publication series of Alaca, Hamit Z. Kosay and Mahmut Akok, Alaca Hayfik Excavations 1963-1967 (Ankara 1973, Tuirk Tarih Kurumu series 5, No. 28).

Eskiyapar. Director Raci Temizer kindly reports the following details concerning the continuing excavations of this mound W of the town of Alaca. "Two trenches are in progress. In the recently ex-

propriated village area the upper levels (Roman- Hellenistic/Galatian-Phrygian) are telescoped. A Roman building with stone pavement and a Ro- man kiln (perhaps a pottery kiln) were excavated. The second trench is in the area to the W of the Old Hittite building cleared in 1968. Here the ma-

sonry base of the fortification wall of the Hittite Empire was traced. Part of it had been demolished by villagers; among the debris lay a well-worked but plain orthostat of andesite measuring I.50 x 1.05 x 0.35 m. The fortification wall overlay the W side of a cult room belonging to the Old Hittite building. This is a room with plaster-coated mudbrick walls and an inventory of characteristic Old Hittite pottery."

Zile-Masat Hiiyiik. This site ca. 20 km. to the SW of Zile (see AJA 78 [1974] io9-io) had a second season in the new excavation program under the direction of Prof. Tahsin Ozgiip who kindly reports the following. The site, which lies in a strategic position in a rich valley, has three upper habitation levels of the Phrygian period. The houses are comparable to those of Alisar and Alaca and last into the late sixth-early fifth century B.C.

Among the richly decorated pottery are large kra- ters of buff and red ware. Some elaborate four- handled vessels have panels with bichrome designs of animals (bull, lion, griffins, birds) or geometric patterns.

The upper of two Hittite Empire levels yielded houses, the lower, a large burnt building. The walls of the latter are of mudbrick and timber on good stone foundations. The building contains much pottery in situ; the variety of shapes and sizes represents a corpus of Hittite Empire wares: plates, bowls, some of very fine fabric, flasks, pitchers, bot- tles, pilgrim flasks, spouted cups, very large pithoi. The accompanying bullae promise dating evidence. Together with the Hittite pottery fragments more Mycenaean flasks and stirrup jars came to light (see below under Mycenaean sites). This building with its rich contents promises to add basic evidence for the history of central Anatolia and its contacts. The lower levels contain extensive Early Bronze Age and even Chalcolithic material, the latter of the Biiyiik Giilliicek variety. For an interim report see Belleten 151 (i974) 28-29.

Pontic Sites. Ikiztepe. The mound of Ikiztepe, 7 km. to the NW of Bafra and 1.5 km. W of the lower Halys-Kizilirmak is now the main objective of the expedition led by Prof. U. Bahadir Alkim of Istanbul University. He kindly reports that in the 1974 campaign excavations started on two of the four hills which actually make up the site. In all trenches evidence of wattle-and-daub architecture came to light in the form of fragments of walling and large postholes. On the highest mound (ca. 30 m. above the plain) Early Bronze II levels were excavated; the pottery is handmade, some of thin dark fabric. Among the small finds were figurines, bone and stone hammers, flint and obsidian blades, clay sling missiles, loomweights. Early Bronze.III levels were found in another trench. Old Hittite material came from the second mound. The pottery is characteristic in shapes: beaked pitchers, large bowls, also fine wheelmade buff cups with stems, a local variant. The presence of Old Hittite material and the location of Ikiztepe (which in ancient times was near the coast although it now is 7 km. inland) make the identification with Zal- puwa-Zalpa a good possibility. See Prof. Alklm's reports in TiirArkDerg 20:2 (i'973) 8-9 and Bel- leten 151 (1974) 553-56.

Topaklh. Prof. Luigi Polacco kindly reports the following on the 1974 season: "After the digging


in the great stratigraphic trench had been concluded in 1973, we returned in 1974 (our ninth season) to the central portion of the mound where we exposed two remarkable buildings, one of them belonging to the third-second centuries B.C., the other to the second-first centuries B.C. Although these buildings are clearly Hellenistic in date, both in architecture and in finds they display a strong dependence on the local Anatolian tradition." Re- cent reports on the Topakli excavations have appeared in Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Let- tere ed Arti 131 (1972-1973) 87-oo00 and 169-82; 132

(I973-I974) 125-39 with extensive plans, sections and photographs of the trenches and pottery, some of it illustrated in color. See also AnatSt 23 (1973) 66-67 and 24 (1974) 56-57; TiirkArkDerg 20:1

(1973) I69-83; 21:1 (i1974) 147-76. Kirsehir. In M'langes Mansel II, 963-65 Tahsin

Ozgii? publishes a Hittite cup (rhyton) with bull protome from the region of Kirsehir.

Hacibektas. The excavations are continuing annually under the direction of Prof. Kemal Balkan.

Acemhiiyiik. Prof. Nimet Ozgii kindly provides the following information on her continuing excavations at the site of Acemhiiyiik.

Hatipler Tepesi: The monumental storage building was further excavated. It has about fifty rooms, some of which served as pithos magazines. In 1974 its SE facade was exposed; this faces the previously excavated palace. In front of the facade is a line of mudbrick bases positioned opposite the crosswalls of the storage building. Stone ledges run along the outer base of the facade between the crosswalls. These details of construction again point to a special treatment of the front of the building, perhaps comparable to that of the palace which had a portico with bases at 2.50 m. intervals. Among the finds from the storage building were bullae with old and new seal impressions, e.g. a seal with addorsed, winged, bearded sphinxes wearing caps. To the NE of the storage building, further exploration yielded upper level finds of highly polished red pottery and a tiny fragment of a rock crystal bull's head.

Trench on the slope: In the lower trench started in 1972, the sequence of four levels running parallel with those on the mound was confirmed. See Bel- leten

i5i (1974) 550-5'. Emirgazi. In Festschrift Heinrich Otten (Wies-

baden 1973) I1-13 Sedat Alp publishes a fragment of a Hittite Hieroglyphic inscription from Emir- gazi found previously but hitherto unpublished.

The inscriptions of Emirgazi, E of Konya, belong to Tuthaliya IV, as do the newly discovered inscriptions of Ilgln W of Konya.

Karahiiyiik-Konya. In 1974, Prof. Sedat Alp kindly reports, a new trench was opened on the S side of the mound in squares D-F/Io-II. Here the series of levels 1-7 was investigated in the profile of the mound. Levels 5-6 were especially well represented; they yielded good examples of "intermedi- ate" and other styles of painted pottery, e.g. two- handled jars with chevron decoration in zones, also rhyta in animal shape. The trench on the NW side of the mound, squares C-D/4-5, contains a rather large, burnt building, partly damaged by villagers. One of the rectangular rooms had a horseshoe- shaped hearth with platform. The building belongs to the upper level (i). Among the inventory were several stamp seals (one of quatrefoil shape with a design of lion and eagle), a cylinder seal, and cres- cent-shaped weights with impressions of stamp and cylinder seals. The most important pottery find was a red-brown polished ring-vase with attachment for handle and spout, related to an example from Bogazk6y. See Belleten 151 (i974) 545-46.

In Melanges Mansel II, 703-707 Prof. Alp published a lead figurine from the large pit (trench O) in the upper level at Karahiiyiik. The figurine is modelled in front and back and represents a winged Ishtar, similar to figurines on contemporary stone moulds and seal impressions (later Colony Pe- riod).

Iflatun Pinar. New observations and suggestions concerning the original form of the Hittite monument are presented by R. Naumann in Melanges Mansel I, 467-74.

Meydancik Kalesi. The work at Meydanclk was suspended due to the Cyprus events in 1974. We owe the following illustrations to the kindness of Prof. E. Laroche to supplement the account given in AJA 78 (1974) IIi: pl. 38, fig. 3 gives a general view of the site from the N after the construction of an entrance road; pl. 38, fig. 4 shows a stretch of masonry of the S wall of the fortress, now cleared over its entire length.

Karatas-Semayiik. In 1974 no new excavation took place at the Early Bronze Age site. The pottery from Bagbasl, a probably Late Chalcolithic group of material antedating the Karatas sequence, was studied and partly mended for publication. A report on the 1973 season appeared in AJA 78 (1974)

351-59?


Sardis. Ahlathl Tepecik. The prehistoric site and

cemetery on the S shore of the Gygaean lake are discussed by D.G. Mitten and Giildem Yii riim in Archaeology 27 (1974) 22-29.

Burial Customs West Anatolia. In AJA 78 (1974) 415-25 Tamara S. Wheeler discussed Early Bronze

Age burial customs of Western Anatolia. Troad. Notes on Bronze Age sites by J.M. Cook

appeared in Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean edited by R.A. Crossland and Ann Birchall (Lon- don 1974) 37-40.

Malatya-Arslantepe. The excavations of I971-

1972 are reported upon by Dr. Alba Palmieri in

TiirkArkDerg 21:1 (1974) 137-46. Level VI on the NE part of the mound is of the Early Bronze

Age. Architecture and pottery discovered at Ars-

lantepe parallel discoveries at Norsuntepe and elsewhere in the Keban district. Middle Bronze Age levels were excavated on the SW part of Arslantepe, including a burnt building with elaborate hearth

(double horsehoe shape with round platform). A bronze figurine probably from the vicinity of

Malatya was published by Tahsin Ozgiiu in Fest- schrift Giiterbock 253-55.

Keban Area. Norsuntepe. Dr. Harald Haupt- mann concluded the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute with his seventh campaign in the summer of 1974. He kindly reports as follows:

"Early Bronze Age. In the SE and S part of the citadel the buildings of level VIII were added to the general plan. The L-shaped complex in squares Q-T/21-23 is made of two parallel rows of rooms. The N wing, 30 m. long, in two of its N rooms has benches and hearth slabs; the central room on the S side has a domed oven on a platform against the E wall. Two of the rooms in the E wing served as domestic units; one of the larger rooms has a domed oven; it is connected via a doorway with another similar room. Investigations W of the court yielded three rooms in N-O/I8-20, the central one with a platform-oven; a larger room with hearth adjoins to the S, and a double unit completes the W side. The pottery of this level is typical E.B. III A ware; black polished, partly fluted ware and the dark-on-light painted ware. A bivalve mould for a shaft-hole axe also came from this level (pl. 39, fig. 8). On the SE part of the plateau E.B. II buildings were reached; these have a different orienta- tion. On the W slope, in the deep sounding, the stratigraphic connection was made between the

E.B. levels and the Chalcolithic levels (M/I9, K-

L/Ig). The E.B. levels total some 18 m. in depth with 29 building stages, roughly datable to 3000- 2000 B.C. Level XIII is the lowest E.B. II stratum, in level XIV the E.B. I painted ware appears with red-on-buff designs of triangles and animal motifs (pl. 39, fig. 6). Level XVI showed a break in architecture with the appearance of houses built with posts. An example from level XVII is shown in pl. 38, fig. 2. The posts stand at 20-30 cm. intervals; they supported a wattle-and-daub superstructure. A terracotta idol from level XVI, pl. 39, fig. 5 is remarkable for its extensive jewelry. In the lower E.B. I levels mudbrick architecture also appears. The burnt level XIX had a 4 x 4 m. wattle-and- daub house with rounded corners and two wooden supports in the interior; next to it stood a mudbrick house. A house across the street was 6.50 m. wide and had walls built of saplings and the usual wattle- and-daub. The roof was supported on stronger posts along the exterior of the walls. Inside was a metal workshop; on benches and around three fireplaces lay numerous vessels, crucibles, stone and clay tools, and moulds for shaft-hole axes. There was also a smelting oven and slag. In level XX the houses were again of mudbrick, with hearths of Karaz I type. Level XXI had a contracted burial of an adult male with two vases, the earliest E.B. burial found at the site. A round building of 6 m. diameter, comparable to those in Yarik Tepe or Judeideh (Amuq G) belonged to level XXII. The lowest reached level XXIV is burnt. A four-room house and a two-room unit stood on either side of a street; in the smaller house a large number of jars was found to contain charred barley, sesame and lentils. The ceramic sequence is as follows: levels XX-XXI have the most elaborate relief decoration (ladder patterns) on black polished ware; trumpet handles or Nahcevan lugs are fairly common; wheelmade wares increase. In XXI-XXIV plain simple ware and Amuq G variants (reserve slip) dominate. Black polished ware decreases and painted ware disappears in XXIII. The earliest E.B. levels also produced cylinder seals and a seal impression on clay with Jemdet Nasr designs.

"Chalcolithic. The deep sounding on the W slope was taken down to two more Chalcolithic levels. The upper one had four single-room houses with round hearths (pl. 39, fig. 7). The lower level (early Uruk period) has a more complex architecture con- sisting of two large rooms, smaller rooms, corridors,


and a court. Copper working is attested by slag. The main pottery shape is a flowerpot-like vessel. Fine tools are of obsidian (arrow heads), larger tools of flint. In J-K/I7 the sounding was taken down to groundwater level. Ubaid and Halaf levels were reached here at a level 35 m. below the top of the mound.

"Cemetery. Two soundings on a lower mound to the SE yielded evidence for a cemetery, probably of the Bronze Age, below the present groundwater level. On a mound to the W a pithos burial with a contracted skeleton came to light."

For Iron Age levels, see below under East Ana- tolian Iron Age sites. A report on the 1972 season appeared in TiirkArkDerg 21:I (I974) 59-73.

Keban Area. Tepecik. Progress reports on the Bronze Age and Chalcolithic excavations at Tepe- cik appeared in TuirkArkDerg 20:2 (I973) 39-62 and in Keban Project 1971 (I974) 109-35. For Neo- lithic and Chalcolithic levels, see above. Concern- ing the 1974 season Dr. Ufuk Esin kindly reports the following: "The site of Tepecik now has yielded building levels from Neolithic to the Iron Age. A building corresponding to the Uruk VI-IV period was further excavated. Its walls stood on heavy foundations. The plan is symmetrical. The small finds for the first time allow a correlation between the Late Chalcolithic levels of central Ana- tolia (Alisar, Alaca Hiiyiik) and those of Meso- potamia. The mound of Tepecik was fortified at the end of the E.B. I period. Houses of the E.B. II and III periods were excavated in 1974. The transi- tion to the M.B. Age was investigated on the NW side of the mound. It is a gradual development, but towards the end of M.B. great terracing and new building operations took place introducing the period with Hittite contacts. The study of the cor- relations within the Keban area and with Anatolia and Mesopotamia are in full progress."

Keban Area. Korucutepe. Further reports on the

1968-I970 excavations appeared in JNES 33 ('974) 44-115.

The excavations were resumed under the direction of Dr. Hayri Ertem of Ankara University in 1973 and 1974. Dr. Ertem kindly reports the following (for references to the plan, see Keban Work 1969, pl. 42, or JNES 33 [19741 P. 377):

"On the mound, a large trench was opened in P-Q-R/I8-2I down to Hittite levels. There are two main building periods (2 and 3) of Hittite date. In 1973, three Hittite Hieroglyphic bullae were found

in a building of level 3; two more bullae came to light in 1974, as well as a hieroglyphic stamp seal of haematite with hammer-head handle and a con- vex button seal. Other trenches on the mound were excavated to post-Hittite and Hittite levels; among the finds are three fragments of a red-polished arm-shaped libation vessel resembling the Bo'azk6y specimens of this type. Architectural investigations were made in squares T-U/II-I2 and in I/19; in the latter trench the previously noted postern-like construction measures 1.25 m. in height and 0.75 m. in maximum width, rather like a channel than a true postern. Soundings in the vicinity of the mound so far have failed to produce evidence for a Hittite cemetery."

For the 1973 season, see AnatSt 24 (I974) 38-40. Keban Area. Asvan Project. Interim reports on

the Early Bronze Age levels at Taskun Mevkii and Asvankale appeared in AnatSt 23 (1973) 109-20 and 153-58.

Tilmen Hiiyiik. A report on the 1971 season appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:2 (I973) 5-13-

Kzriskal Hiiyiik. U. Bahadir Alkim describes the descending built tunnel on the SE edge of the mound in Melanges Mansel II, 821-30. The date of this construction is ca. 2000 B.C.; similar tunnels are known from nearby Gedikli and also from Ma- latya.

BRONZE AGE METALLURGY

The projects referred to last year in AJA 78 (i974) 113-14 are continuing, see P. de Jesus, Archaeology 27 (I974) 20I and notes by Robert Maddin and James D. Muhly in Journal of Metals 26 (I974) I-7 suggesting that the Cape Gelidonya ingots may be of Anatolian rather than Cypriote origin. See also the recently published monograph by James D. Muhly, Copper and Tin (New Haven 1973)-

MYCENAEAN AND MINOAN SITES

Miletus. Dr. Peter Hommel kindly provided two illustrations of pottery fragments from the excavations he conducted on stadium hill in 1973 (see AJA 78 [19741 114): pl. 39, fig. io, a fragment of a large Mycenaean bowl and pl. 39, fig. 9, the rim and body fragment of a large lentoid flask of Hittite type, height as preserved 0.25 m. No excavation took place in 1974.

Western Anatolia. For a new discussion of Myce- naean finds in W. Anatolia, see R. Hope Simpson and J.F. Lazenby, BSA 68 (i'973) i74-79.


Masat. In 1974, more Mycenaean pottery came to

light in the burnt Hittite Empire building at Masat near Zile, see above under Bronze Age sites. There were fragments of banded flasks, rather tall-necked, and of a small stirrup jar, also banded. The number of Mycenaean vessels from this building, Prof. Tahsin Ozgii kindly reports, is by now at least half a dozen, and the context is well attested.

URARTIAN AND EAST ANATOLIAN IRON AGE SITES

avu-stepe. Prof. Afif Erzen continued his work in 1973 with a number of architectural investigations. The 7.60 m. wide causeway which leads from the North flank of the citadel with its twin ramps to the upper East citadel was cleared over a length of 62 m. It is supported by retaining walls of quar- ried stone with mud mortar. In the area between the E and W citadels, a 52 m. stretch of the N fortification wall was exposed. The wall was plas- tered and whitewashed; it protected the building with piers excavated in 1972. A postern to the NE of the palace was partly cleared and traced. Near the lower exit lay much debris of the first destruc- tion level, including stacks of skeletons, one of which had an Urartian bronze belt of fine work-

manship with engravings of animals and deities standing on animals in panels with floral borders. The S wall was traced over a distance of 87 m. in the palace and temple area. Fragments of wall paintings and timber lay in the debris. From further E along the wall came an inscription relating to storage, unbaked clay tablets and an Urartian stone seal. A storage building with pithos magazines is being excavated between the temple and the entrance fortress. Much progress was made in the recording of the plan of the fortifications (see Belleten 151 [I9741 547-49; TiirkArkDerg 21:1

[1974] 21-24).

Van. In 1972-1973 Prof. Afif Erzen also did some work in the area of the citadel of Van. He cleared away the debris in front of the so-called tomb of Menua and exposed a series of rockcut steps. In front of the tomb of the "founders" a level platform was found. The so-called bastion of Sarduri to the NW of the citadel was exposed along the E, N, and NW sides. Six copies of an identical inscription were found. The bastion consists of two parts; only the S part (37.oo00 x 10.30 m.) is of Urartian date; the N part was built in medieval times with the aid of re-used Urartian blocks (Bel- leten 151 [i974] 549; see AnatSt 24 [19741 57).

Giyimli. In 1972 Prof. Afif Erzen undertook excavations at the site of Giyimli high up in the mountains 68 km. SE of Van, in the district of

Giirpinar. A mound to the SW of the village had been ransacked by the villagers who had found pieces of Urartian bronze relief in great numbers. The site seems to have been a mountain refuge or

yayla in Urartian times. Some of the building plans were checked and tell-tale fragments of bronze

horsetrappings, frontlets, pectorals and belts were found (TiirkArkDerg 21:1 [19741 13-20; Belleten 151 [I9741 I91-213).

Adilcevaz. Reports on the 1972 excavations at Kefkalesi appeared in TiirkArkDerg 21:2 (1974) 31-35 and AnatSt 23 (i973) 13-14.

Patnos. Prof. Baki Ogiin kindly reports the fol-

lowing concerning the salvage program undertaken

by the Adilcevaz staff in 1973 to rescue a plundered Urartian cemetery in the Patnos area:

"Near the village of Liv, 15 km. SE of Patnos, six built chamber tombs were opened. They were part of a cemetery on a rocky hill 250 m. to the NW of the village. The sizes vary; the largest tomb measures 2.80 x 1.62 m. in plan and 2 m. in

height; it had walls of sizable blocks set below surface level; it was roofed with large slabs of 2.50-3.00 m. in length. One tomb had two niches in the rear wall. A built dromos gives access to the door of the tomb; the dromos of the large tomb measures 1.83 x 1.30 m.; it was filled with rubble and earth. All six of these tombs had been plundered. Among remnants of the tomb gifts were a bronze bull's hoof, part of furniture; two fragments of gold foil with embossed diamond patterns; in a niche, an urn and a plate. Isolated burials were also found in the cemetery; among them a buried urn and beddings for urns with stone settings.

"An Urartian citadel was noticed near Dedeli, 22 km. NE of Patnos on the road to Ercis. On a slope between Dedeli and the citadel we noticed more plundered Urartian tombs. These are chamber tombs cut in soft sandstone bedrock ca. 1-1.20 m. below the surface. Here too a dromos gives access to the door. Two tombs remained unplundered. One had contracted burials of a man and woman facing each other; a small girl was buried in a corner. A niche contained an urn with remnants of a cremation. Among the tomb gifts were various agricultural tools of iron, bronze bowls, a bronze situla, weapons for the man, jewelry for the woman among which were a wooden cosmetic box with the


design of a bull, a bronze belt, and various fragments of textile."

Altintepe. Two studies have appeared concern-

ing the hieroglyphic graffiti on the storage jars found at Altintepe. The notations in hieroglyphic are those written in cuneiform on the jars at To-

prakkale and Karmir Blur. E. Laroche, Anadolu

15 (1971) 55-61; J.J. Klein, AnatSt 24 (I974) 77-94; for Urartian hieroglyphs, see also R.D. Barnett, Festschrift Giiterbock 43-55.

Decorated bronze strips or belts from the tombs at Altintepe are discussed by Nimet O*zgiig in Melanges Mansel II, 847-60.

Urartian Helmet. A decorated bronze helmet in the Gaziantep Museum is published by Dr. O.

Aytu, Tasyiirek in TiirkArkDerg 21:1 (i974) 179-

81.

Norsuntepe. Dr. Harald Hauptmann kindly adds the following concerning the Iron Age levels of the large site (for the main report, see above under Bronze Age sites):

"The excavation of the large Middle Iron Age pit cutting in P-Q/2I-23 was completed. Below the layers of reeds the lowest layers are horizontal strata of silt; these contain fragmentary pottery, human skeletal and skull fragments. The lowest part of the pit is a cutting of 8 x 6 m. with rounded corners. A staircase runs along the walls of the pit to the 14 m. deep bottom. Webbed stakes formed the roof of the lowest section. A square stone foundation of 2 x 2 m. existed in the lower pit. On its South side rested a base made of several blocks, with scattered animal bones (sheep, goat, cattle). This points to some kind of ritual use of the pit but there is no evidence for a tomb. Middle Iron Age habitation was found on a mound to the West of Nor-

suntepe; this period is that of the greatest expansion of the site."

NEO-HITTITE AND PHRYGIAN SITES

Bogazk6y. Peter Neve discusses the post-Hittite levels of Biiyiikkale in Melanges Mansel II, 873-91-

Zile-Masat. For the Phrygian period of this pro- ductive site see above under Bronze Age sites. The site is listed as No. 137 in Gail E.S. Durbin's article AnatSt 21 (197I) 99-124.

Nide-Tepebalart. In June 1974, Prof. Nimet

Ozgiig continued her excavations on this mound near Nigde. She kindly reports that the trench of 1972-1973 was widened in order to prepare an area of sufficient size for the excavation of Iron Age

levels. Again the upper level was of the Byzantine era. The architecture is not well preserved but there are many small finds of iron, bronze, stone, ivory, glass, pottery, and coins. The second level is Ro- man-Late Hellenistic. A coin hoard of 26 silver coins found in 1973 will be published by Saadet Taner in Anadolu; the coins belong to the Cappa- docian kings Ariobarzanes II (63-52 B.C.) and Ariarathes X (42-26 B.C.). The pottery of this level is partly of a local Hellenistic variety with painted floral designs (petals, vines in white on red). Level III is earlier Hellenistic; level IV probably goes back to the fifth century. This level produced another stone alabastron, this one with a flat base. The excavation now has gone down about 4 m. and is approaching the Iron Age levels which were sam- pled on the N slope of the mound in 1973. See for the 1973 season, Belleten 151 (I974) 551-53-

Porsuk-Ulukltla. A report on the 1971 campaign appeared in TuirkArkDerg 20:2 (1973) 167-70. The excavations are to be resumed in 1975-

Kizzldag-Karadag. In Festschrift Giiterbock 17- 27 Sedat Alp publishes a newly discovered Hittite Hieroglyphic inscription found at Burunkaya near Mamasin, 14 km. NE of Aksaray. This inscription belongs to the series of rockcut inscriptions of Kizildag-Karadag (N of Karaman) first discovered by W.M. Ramsay and Gertrude Bell. Prof. Alp publishes a complete set of new photographs and drawings of the five Kizilda4 and two Karadag inscriptions which belong to a king Hartapus, son of Murshili. This king must have ruled in the Kizildag area.

Karatepe. Further studies of the Hittite Hiero- glyphic text by F. Steinherr appeared in Miinchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 32 (0974) 103-48, see Die Welt des Orients 7 (0973) 153-

Carchemish. Progress in the history and chronology of Carchemish is made by J.D. Hawkins in Iraq 39 (0974) 67-83.

Gordion. Gordion lost its excavator on October 25, 1974. Rodney Stuart Young, who started his campaigns at Gordion in 195o, had completed most of the first volume of the final Gordion publications. This will contain the reports on Tumuli MMT (the largest burial mound), P and W.

For a brief report on the 1973 season by Keith de Vries, see AJA 78 (i974) 164. In 1974, Prof. de Vries inspected remnants of stone structures recently exposed in the streambed of the Sakarya- Sangarios. Future investigations will be needed to


study the preservation of a bridge serving the main E-W road passing through Gordion.

G.K. Sams discusses animal designs on painted Phrygian pottery in AnatSt 24 (1974) 169-96.

Yenidog'an-Hacitu'rul. Excavations at this large mound 15 km. to the NE of Polath were continued

by Director Burhan Tezcan who kindly provided the following details concerning the 1974 campaign. The work on the fortifications along the NNE side of the mound exposed more of the stone circuit wall which is over 3 m. thick. The well preserved mudbrick walls in this area also have been traced over a large distance. A topographic survey of these walls was made by architect Mahmut Akok. On the mound, some houses of the Persian period have been excavated. They are of rectangular plans and have stone foundations. There is as yet no evidence that this very large Phrygian site was occupied in the Hellenistic or Roman period.

Phrygian Language. In Melanges Mansel I, 239- 50 Claude Brixhe discusses the old Phrygian ele- ment iman.

DENDROCHRONOLOGY

Peter I. Kuniholm of the American Research Institute in Turkey writes the following concern-

ing his current project: "Using the 8o6-year sequence of tree-rings pro-

vided by the logs in the Midas Tumulus at Gordion as a starting point, I have been trying to build a relative (and eventually, perhaps, an absolute) mas- ter tree-ring chronology for the Anatolian plateau. With the cooperation of the Turkish Department of Antiquities and Museums, the Museum of Ana- tolian Cultures at Ankara, the Turkish Depart- ment of Forestry, and MASCA at the University Museum, equipment has been set up at the Ankara Museum, and over i io wood and charcoal samples have been collected. Some are modern long-lived trees; there also are Ottoman and Selcuk examples of timber from mosques; samples have come from the following excavations: Gordion, Bogazk6y and

Eskiyapar (Phrygian), Adilcevaz (Urartian), Ma-

sat (Hittite Empire), AcemhiiyVik (Karum Ib period); specimens from other sites are arriving. This is necessarily a long project. We will need many Byzantine and Roman samples to achieve an absolute chronology. As the 'wood library' builds up and the ring readings are filed (some 16,ooo so far), local and regional patterns are becoming rec-

ognizable. Evidence for cross-dating between sites is expected to become available soon."

LYCIAN, CARIAN, LYDIAN? GREEK, HELLENISTIC,

ROMAN SITES

Perge. The report which follows was the last received from Prof. Arif Miifid Mansel who died on January 18, 1975. The energy, scholarship, and enthusiasm with which he resurrected Perge and Side as major ancient sites will continue to be ad- mired by scholars and visitors alike.

"Agora. The work here was finished in 1973- New details came to light concerning the construction of the central tholos. Its podium had a revetment of limestone slabs; 16 columns stood on its solid upper part; these had shafts of coarse-grained yellowish marble; the entablature was decorated on the exterior and interior. The drainage system was also studied; covered conduits run in front of the stoas; the main drain runs to the South; a latrine was built under one of the South shops.

"Intersection of the colonnaded streets: a single arch stood in the line of the E-W street; its piers measuring 1.75 x 1.47 m. Through it passed a

4.90 m. wide paved road; the entire monument measures 9.22 m. in width; its height is not yet certain. The superstructure had Ionic half-columns and a monumental inscription of four lines on each side, with letters 10-13 cm. high and a length of 7.50 m. The texts are approximately identical; the monument was dedicated to Apollo Epekoos and Artemis Pergaia; the founders were Demetrios and Apollonions, sons of Apollonios. Demetrios was priest of Artemis, demiourgos and gymnasiarchos. The date is probably the first half or middle of the second century A.D.

"A tetrapylon (?) stands on four piers over the water channel of the street South of the Nymphae- um, 4.05 m. wide. Its superstructure is not yet known. Shortly before the main intersection a large ashlar podium (7.27 m. long) was built over the canal which passes under it through a vaulted channel. Four steps gave access to the podium from the W. Perhaps an altar or shrine stood on it originally, but a Byzantine chapel replaced this. A small church was built to the S of the podium. By this time the channel was no longer functional. In By- zantine times large water pipes carried the water from the aqueduct behind the Nymphaeum."

Reports on the 1971 and 1972 excavations at Perge appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:2 (i973) 143-


53 and 21:i (i974) 109-23. Adnan Pekman pub-

lished a monograph History of Perge (Ankara 1973, Tuirk Tarih Kurumu Series VII, 64). Jale Inan discussed portrait statues found in Perge in the years 1967-1973 in Melanges Mansel II, 643-61.

Sarcophagus from Perge. In the spring of 1973, clandestine diggers excavated parts of a mid-second century A.D. sarcophagus with reliefs of Herakles. These fragments were sold piecemeal by art dealers; some were confiscated in Istanbul and taken to the Istanbul Museum. Other pieces wandered to art dealers in the United States and Germany. Prof. Jale Inan and Dr. Nusin Asgari noticed that the stray fragments belonged together and directed their attention to Perge. Director Tanju Ozoral of the Antalya Museum made an investigation on the spot in the Western necropolis of Perge and found the lower part of the sarcophagus with its base mouldings and the lower edge of the reliefs in situ, he also recovered the lid. Most of the sarcophagus has thus been rescued and identified. The pieces still astray will, it is expected, be returned by their il- legitimate owners once the evidence is published.

Pamphylia. The problem of the earliest settle- ments in the Pamphylian plain is discussed by Afif Erzen in AA 1973, 388-401.

Anamur. Prof. James Russell kindly reports the following on the one-week campaign of 1974, interrupted by the Cyprus events:

"The campaign aimed at restoring the structure of four tombs in the necropolis and cleaning and conserving the painted decoration. At the end of one week, the vaults of two tombs had been prepared for pointing and a suitable mix devised for the mortar rendering. In the third tomb salt in- crustations and mould were removed from con- siderable areas of the painted wall surface. The colors emerged far fresher than was anticipated. This was especially true of the inscribed male bust of Winter (XELU;v) enclosed in a wreath medallion in the NW corner of the vault of the anteroom (pl. 42, fig. 20). For a description before cleaning, see E. Alf6ldi-Rosenbaum, The Necropolis of Ane- murium (Ankara 1971) 112-16, 179-80.

"Two mosaic pavements were discovered in the course of clearing the two tombs and their environs. Both had polychrome geometric designs and may be dated to the third century A.D. A further discovery is a seven-line grave inscription found partly in situ on the lintel of the side chamber of a tomb. Four lines record various members of the

family while the remainder constitutes a brief epi- taph in verse." For reports, see TiirkArkDerg 20:I

(I973) 201-19; AnatSt 24 (I974) 18-20; Phoenix 27 (1973) 319-37; AnatSt 24 (I974) 95-102 for the mosaic inscriptions of the palaestra.

Sagalassos. Dr. R. Fleischer kindly reports the following about the work of the Austrian Archaeo- logical Institute at Sagalassos in 1974 (this work started in 1972, see AJA 77 [1973] i8i and JOAI 50 [1972-1973] I17-24):

"When a road was built for the transportation of the seven known frieze slabs we found parts of the relevant monument, perhaps a heroon, measuring 8.37 x 7.52 m. It has a socle of at least four courses of ashlar with a crowning moulding; on top of this, three steps lead to a large base moulding. The frieze slabs probably belonged on this; three sides of the frieze were carved; the fourth, NE side faced the mountain and was left plain. The building was partly covered by a later fortification wall; near this, frieze slab No. 8 appeared (pl. 40, fig. 13), again with the design of a dancing girl. She belonged to the N corner, followed to the right by slab 2 (JOAI 50 [1972-1973] 120, fig. 2). Three additional female heads from the frieze were recovered (pl. 40, fig. 14), one belonging to frieze slab 5. The total recovered frieze length so far is 9.88 m. A large marble lion, its right front paw resting on a bull's head, lay in three pieces W of the monument (pl. 41, fig. 15). The sculptures will be taken to Burdur or A'lasun."

Burdur Museum. Painted pottery of a local sixth century style has been found at Uylupinar k6yui near G61lhisar in the Cibyratis. This is related to pottery from Diiver SW of Burdur, see C.H. Greenewalt, California Studies in Classical An- tiquity I (1968) 139-54. The pottery from Uylupi- nar will be published by Selguk Baser of the Bur- dur Museum.

Elmali. In 1974, the Bryn Mawr College campaign was concerned with the construction of an entrance building for the archaic painted tomb at Kizilbel in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities. The Graeco-Persian tumulus at Kara- burun was further excavated. A monumental base was found on its SE slope as part of the funeral architecture. A report will appear in this journal, for the 1973 season see AJA 78 (1974) 351-59.

Arycanda. Clearance and restoration work in this Lycian site on the slope of the mountain E of the


Arycandus valley is continued annually by Dr. Cev- det Bayburtluoglu of Ankara University.

Limyra. Dr. Jiirgen Borchhardt kindly reports the following about his 1974 (and, for the time be-

ing, final) campaign: "Lycian studies: NE of the theater we found to

our surprise a fragment of the E frieze of the heroon, showing the companions of the ruler who looks back heading the cavalry. On the citadel, between heroon and S bastion, remnants of a tomb

possibly of a Carian garrison commander came to

light, viz. a krepis of a tumulus ca. 5 m. in diameter, a small rockcut terrace, an altar block, and fragments of a stela of I.20o m. height with the Carian double axe on all four sides. This would confirm the new evidence from the trilingual stela of the Letoon concerning Carian rule in Lycia after the revolt of the Satraps. From the Byzantine wall of

Limyra a corner block with reliefs was recovered; it shows a heavily armed warrior on one side, and a view of a citadel in linear perspective on the other. Two of the five terraces W of the theater must have served for a cult; the date is fourth to second cen-

tury B.C. The recording of all the necropoleis was

completed. "Roman Studies: the deep sounding along the S

side of the cenotaph of Gaius Caesar was achieved with the aid of divers and a dredger. The foundation course is 0.54 m. high; it stands on an artificial stratum of gravel, sand, broken pottery and marble chips. This foundation supported the 4.11 m. high base of the tower-shaped monument. New fragments of the frieze and of the architectural decoration came to light. The frieze was ca. i.8o m. high and probably stood just above the base. The frieze with garlands and weapons probably belonged to the superstructure. A second fragment of the original building inscription shows the lettering to be Latin. Re-used blocks from the wall of the lower city prove the existence of a large round structure of imperial date, ca. io m. in diameter. This building probably stood in the E part of the city. Mea- sures were taken to protect the skene of the theater because of new road construction; the architectural ornament on newly found blocks dates the theater to the time of Antoninus Pius. Storerooms have now been installed in both entrance rooms of the theater. A guide to the site is in preparation."

Interim reports appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:I (i973) 37-62 and 21:I (1974) 5-12.

Xanthos. P. Demargne has published Fouilles de

Xanthos, V. Tombes-Maisons, Tombes Rupestres et Sarcophages (Paris 1974). In this volume the Ly- cian series of tomb forms (with the exception of the pillars, discussed in Xanthos I) is analyzed and given due prominence as a local phenomenon only gradually affected by Hellenization. The house forms are considered the earliest in the series. The problems of absolute chronology remain difficult because of the thorough ancient looting of the tombs. The new volume presents a wealth of new observa tions to the many participants in modern Lycian studies. Especially welcome are the sarcophagi with reliefs including the one at Xanthos with the lions- and-bull relief and the reconstruction of its lid (chapter IV), the sarcophagus of Payava, that of Merehi, and other pieces. The second part of the volume is a study of the fourteen funeral inscriptions in Lycian by E. Laroche. New fragments of the inscribed pillar are discussed in this context.

For other studies of Lycian sculpture see P. De- margne, Melanges Mansel I, 527-36; H. Metzger, Melanges Mansel I ,I27-37; W.P. Childs, OpuscRom 9:12 (1(973) 105-I6.

Xanthos-Letoon. The texts of the trilingual stela discovered in 1973 have now been presented in preliminary reports in CRAI January-March 1973, the Greek text by Henri Metzger (82-93), the Lycian by E. Laroche (115-25), the Aramaic by A. Dupont- Sommer (131-49). The mid-fourth century stela has 41 lines of Lycian on the obverse, 35 lines of Greek on the reverse, and 27 of Aramaic on one of the narrow sides; the other narrow side would have been set against a wall. The date is given by the satrapy of Pixodaros in Lycia and year I of Artaxerxes III Ochus (358). The historical problems of the Carian connection are pointed out in the preliminary reports as well as the rich gains for the study of Ly- cian language and culture, e.g. the names and cults of the local gods and their Greek equivalents.

No campaign took place in 1974 due to the Cy- prus events. A report on the 1971 season appeared in

TiirkArkDerg 20:I (973) 117-27; a summary of the work in the 1970-1973 campaigns in RA 1974, 313-40 with a plan of the Letoon as it appeared at the end of the 1973 season and a view of the trilingual stela in situ (339). See also Kadmos 13

(1974) 82-84.

Patara. In the summer of 1974 a preliminary survey was made of the site of Patara by a team from the Middle East Technical University at Ankara under the direction of Dr. Sevim Bulug and with

19751 ARCHAEOLOGY IN ASIA MINOR 213

the cooperation of Dr. Kenneth G. Sams of the University of North Carolina.

Lycian Tombs. Jan Zahle of the University of Copenhagen and architect Kjeld Kjeldsen traveled in Lycia in the fall of 1973 to prepare their study of the architectural and structural prototypes of Ly- clan rockcut tombs and fagades. In the fall of 1974 they recorded and measured selected important evidence. Mr. Zahle and Mr. Kjeldsen kindly report the following:

"During the two surveys about ten new places with Lycian tombs were found, the total of sites recorded now numbering about 70. All over Lycia we found evidence in the tombs as well as in present-day storage units and dwellings that the tomb

fagades imitated two different construction prin- ciples. The first is a pure wooden construction (the storage house), the second consists of stone and adobe walls reinforced and stabilized with timber (the dwelling house).

"Among the new discoveries is a sarcophagus lid in Phellos (9ukurbag) which on the normally smooth curved sides, extraordinarily reproduces the original clinker-built construction (pl. 45, fig. 31). In Apollonia (Silak) we recorded a podium (11.40 m. long, 3 m. high) probably belonging to a heroon. On the facade the entrance is still preserved opening into a small tomb chamber. In Antiphel- los (Kas), Bayindir Liman, Tehnelli (pl. 40, figs. 11-12) and Muskar unknown tombs with reliefs were recorded as well as a relief fragment from a tomb house or sarcophagus in Trysa (Davazlar). Unrecorded Lycian inscriptions were found in several places. In Pinara, Sidyma (Dudurga Bogaz), Phellos, Isinda (Belenli) and Tiize unknown pillar tombs were discovered; the number of these characteristic Lycian monuments now amounting to 31. A preliminary report will appear in AA 1975, 3."

Lycian Citadels and Towns. In the fall of 1974, Dr. Wolfgang Wurster and Dr. Michael W6rrle undertook a survey of Lycian citadels and habitation sites to supplement their investigations of the citadel of Limyra. The sites explored were in the upper Xanthos valley and in the central coastal area of Lycia, Dr. Wurster kindly reports. General plans were made of the layout of the sites (large buildings, houses, tombs, roads of access, fortifications). Tlos and Apollonia were singled out for detailed work. A characteristic type of Lycian house set on a rockcut terrace was recognized in many places,

although precise dating remains difficult. Dr. W6rr- le took part in the survey as epigrapher. A continua- tion of the survey is planned.

Dereazz. Dr. James Morganstern kindly reports that in the course of his investigations at Dereagzi in 1974 (see below under Byzantine sites) he found the fort to have been of Lycian or Persian origin. A plan is being made of the enclosure system. "A rockcut tomb was found within the inner ring and four pieces of relief sculpture in the wall of the outer ring all date from the first period of occupation."

Oinoanda. In the summer of 1974 the British In- titute of Archaeology at Ankara began a survey of this mountain city in Northern Lycia under the direction of Alan S. Hall. The site is best known for the long Greek philosophical inscription set up by the Epicurian Diogenes ca. 200 A.D. Fragments of this inscription are scattered over the site. The history of their finding and recent additional discoveries were discussed by Martin F. Smith in AJA 74 (I970) 51-62 and 75 (1971) 357-89. The new expedition aims to make a systematic search for the missing pieces and also to determine the original location of the inscription and the nature of the building in which they were carved. The site is on a mountain overlooking the plain of Seki; its plan was made by Lieutenant Spratt in 1842 but ar- chaeologically no work had been done at the site since then. The 1974 expedition, although interrupted by the Cypriote events, managed to make part of a new survey plan of the site while recording and numbering the scattered pieces of the inscription. I am much obliged to Mr. Hall and Mr. Smith for their kind explanations.

Lycian Coinage. Beiheft ii of IstMitt is a monograph by Hans von Aulock, Die Miinzprdgung des Gordian III und der Tranquillina in Lykien (Tii- bingen 1974). In addition to numismatic discussions of the sudden appearance of coinage under Gor- dian III (238-44) the monograph has valuable information on the history and topography of indi- vidual Lycian sites.

Fethiye-Telmessos. For the series of small guides published by the Turkish Touring and Automobile Club, Jane Laroche wrote an informative guide Fethiye (text in French and German) with details about history and excursions to the Xanthos valley.

Kaunos. In 1973, Prof. Baki Ogiin kindly reports, preparations were made for publication and restoration. A local museum may be installed in the


Roman Baths, the large S hall of which was cleared. To the N, heating installations came to light. New excavation also took place in the area of the stoa where additional inscriptions were found; among the small objects were Hellenistic lamps and eight coins. Interim reports appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:1 (1973) 163-67 and 21:1 (I974) 133-36.

Knidos. The progress of excavations at Knidos will be reported upon by Prof. Iris C. Love in a later issue of AJA. An interim report for 1974 is kindly provided by Margot Marshall:

"Although the emphasis was on registration, conservation, draughting, and photography, we pro- ceeded with excavation on four sites and with the contour survey. In the sanctuary of Aphrodite Eu- ploia we resumed investigation of the packing SE of the monopteros. Two terraces below this sanctuary we extended our examination of the relation- ship between building A (the Roman building) and the pit to the S which contained votaries. To the S we began uncovering the foundations of a fourth major structure in this area. Architect Sheila Gibson has completed a tentative reconstruction of the marble monumental altar located on this terrace and a preliminary reconstruction of the harbor building N of the Trireme harbor. Harbor East again produced a series of unstratified sherds of the subgeometric period. Another terracotta bull fragment was unearthed W of the harbor. At the houses SE of street junction A three more rooms were partially exposed, all having mosaic floors. We began the exploration of an extensive cistern opening into the lower vaulted room. Finds at this site include the head of a bearded Herm and part of a souvenir copy of the Knidia." See TiirkArkDerg 20:2 (1973) 91-142 for the 1971 season.

Bodrum-Halicarnassus. A progress report on the Mausoleum excavations 1970-1973 has appeared in AJA 79 (1975) 67-79. Prof. K. Jeppesen and Jan Zahle kindly report the following on the 1974 season of the Danish excavations:

"The so-called 'upper' and 'lower' galleries were investigated and measured. Probing in the area im- mediately to the N of the W staircase proved, be- yond doubt, that the staircase is anterior to the 'lower gallery.' If the supposition that the staircase is contemporary with the Mausoleum holds true (see AIA 79 [I9751 71) the 'lower gallery' must also have been made in connection with the work on the Mausoleum, planned, presumably, in order to prevent the intrusion of rain water or sub-soil water

into the tomb chamber. It became clear, moreover, that the SE section of the 'upper gallery' takes a course differing markedly from that shown in New- ton's plan and that its original direction has been changed, apparently when the Mausoleum was built. It was observed, finally, that the so-called 'short gallery' must have formed a branch of the 'upper gallery.'

"The excavation of the sacrificial area of the W staircase scheduled to take place in this campaign had to be postponed. A large number of architectural fragments on the site were classified and measured." See also observations published by K. Jeppesen in Melanges Mansel II, 734-48-

Bodrum. Underwater Archaeology. The work of the American Institute of Nautical Archaeology was interrupted due to the Cyprus events. Some new observations were made on the fourth century Roman wreck; the further project of excavating the newly discovered archaic wreck had to be postponed. For the survey along the coast between Bodrum and Cape Gelidonya, see John A. Gifford, Journal of Field Archaeology I (1974) 23-25-

lasos. In 1974, Prof. Clelia Laviosa kindly reports, the work was much restricted by the Cyprus events: "As a result, our efforts were largely concentrated on recording and restoration. In the excavations, the further clearance of the pavement in the presumed sanctuary of Zeus Megistos has yielded new votive bases (pl. 41, fig. 16). In the Agora, a new stretch of the S stoa was cleared, including the door which gave access to the area of the sanctuary of Artemis. Along the E stoa more of the stylobate was exposed, along the base of which lay more fallen blocks of the architrave with the imperial dedicatory inscription. The recording of monuments was extended to the area outside of the walls and on the mainland where encroachment by modern village construction is imminent. The buildings visible on the surface, largely of late Roman and Byzantine date, will thus be recorded and selectively preserved. Topo- graphical studies were also devoted to the width of the ancient channel between the island and the mainland (now the isthmus), the later construction of embankments and the course of the Roman aqueduct.

"Explorations in the vicinity of Iasos led to the identification of a group of 'Lelegian' constructions resembling those excavated in the first campaign (ASAtene 39-40 [1961-I962] 515). One of the newly discovered enclosures had been cut into by a mod-


ern road. It consists of an oval flanked by a smaller, square construction. Recording and at least partial preservation have been undertaken."

Prof. Laviosa kindly supplements her notes on the previous campaign (AJA 78 [1974] 122-23) with illustrations. Pl. 43, fig. 21 shows the Middle Minoan building in the Agora soundings, under two cist-graves and a corner of a geometric tomb precinct. A fragment of the frieze of the Hadrianic stoa is shown in pl. 42, fig. 17.

For interim reports see TuirkArkDerg 20:2 (1973) 91-95

and 21:I (1974) 103-108. Pidasa. W. Radt discusses the plan of the Carian

hill town Pidasa SE of Miletus in IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) 169-74.

Didyma. A guide to Didyma by R. Naumann appeared in the series of the Turkish Touring and Automobile Club, Didyma Fiihrer (s.d., 1974). K. Tuchelt reports on the excavation campaigns of 1972-1973 in IstMitt 23-24 (i973-1974) 139-68.

Miletus. Reports on the 1972 and 1973 campaigns appeared in IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) 63-137. Med- langes Mansel I contains two architectural studies concerning Miletus: Klaus Tuchelt writes about the Thermae of Capito (147-69); Erich Altenhofer about the stoa of the theater (607-18).

Herakleia Under Latmos. Dr. Anneliese Pesch- low of the German Archaeological Institute in Is- tanbul kindly reports the following on her 1974 survey. "The two main objectives were the structure on the lake shore below tower 44 (see the plan by F. Krischen in Milet III, 2) and the Athena Temple. The low level of the lake had exposed several architectural features. Below tower 44, two buildings appeared, enclosed by one temenos wall. One is a N-S temple (15.90 x 9.80 m.), Roman in

masonry style; the other is a rectangular building with several rooms (13 x 16 m.). To the S, foundations of smaller monuments were noticed; many traces of late Roman and Byzantine habitation can also be seen further S and on the shore E of the city. A stone-by-stone plan of the Athena Temple was drawn. Stray architectural members of the temple were found on the S and N slope; of special importance are the anta blocks which have inscriptions promising evidence for the incompletely known history of the city."

Ephesus. In 1973, excavations were continued in the fall season. Prof. Hermann Vetters kindly reports the following:

"Artemis Temple. In the area between the altar

and the temple the oblique paved way and the wide channel were traced farther East (see A. Bammer, IstMitt 23-24 [1973-1974] 53-62). To the NE, a solidly built platform of slate was partly cleared. The stratigraphic analysis remains difficult; among the finds were a bronze griffin attachment of a caul- dron, a polychrome female terracotta head, and a statuette of the same kind; several fragments of ivory, perhaps furniture ornaments, and pieces of a large ivory statuette (ca. 6o cm. high). C14 tests (Vienna laboratory) give a date of ca. 350 B.C.; it looks as if these archaic finds come from the levels of the burning due to Herostratos. The anastylosis of one of the temple columns was stopped at 14 m. height; the remaining 4.30 m. and the capital could not safely be added.

"Work continued to clear the square of Domi- tian; Hanghaus II was cleared further; the recording of mosaics was largely completed; in the Scho- lastikia Thermae the foundations have now been investigated; the first floor of the Celsus library has been rebuilt. In Belevi the recording of the plan continued."

In 1974, excavations did not continue due to the Cyprus problem. Prof. Vetters kindly reports the following progress in the study and publication of Ephesus. Interim reports have appeared in Anz- Wien IIi (1974) fasc. 8, 1-16, and are about to appear in JOAI 50 (1972-1973) Beiblatt (reports on 1960-i969 and inscriptions found in 1970-1973). W. Alzinger, Augusteische Architektur in Ephesos (Sonderschriften des Osterreichischen Archiiologi- schen Instituts 16, 1974) and A. Bammer, R. Flei- scher, D. Knibbe, Fiihrer durch das Archdologische Museum in Selfuk-Ephesos (Vienna 1974) have appeared; the latter presents provenance, description, discussion, and bibliography for each entry. In the series Forschungen in Ephesos the following vol- umes are planned: VI (Belevi, in press); VIII:I (Privathdiuser siidlich der Kuretenstrasse i: Die Wandmalereien, in press); VIII:2 (Mosaics, in preparation). The houses were also discussed by H. Vetters in Melanges Mansel I, 69-92. A. Bammer wrote about the Artemisium altar in Archaeology 27 (I974) 202-205 and about Hellenistic capitals in AthMitt 88 (1973) 219-34. Erol Atalay published a late Hellenistic funeral relief in AA 1973, 231-43.

Erythrai. The investigation of the temple area was continued in 1974 by Dr. Cevdet Bayburtluoplu. The archaic material is rich and diverse but it is not found in original stratification. Most of the ob-


jects come from dumps which were the results of

rebuildings and remodellings of the site. The in-

scriptions of the site appear in a new publication: H. Engelmann and R. Merkelbach, Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai I-II (Bonn, 1972 and

1973 - Inschriften griechischer Staidte aus Klein- asien I-II), see L. and J. Robert, REG 86 (1973) 137-45.

Bayrakl. Prof. Ekrem Akurgal kindly reports that in 1974 the excavations continued with the in-

vestigation of houses of the sixth century B.C. The Attic and Corinthian pottery from Bayrakli are being prepared for publication. The third edition of Ekrem Akurgal, Ancient Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey (1973) gives an up-to-date description and drawings of the Athena Temple (pp. 119-21).

Sardis. Prof. Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., and Prof. George M.A. Hanfmann kindly report the following on the seventeenth campaign of digging at Sardis (August-September 1974):

"Erosion of the East scarp of the Pactolus revealed a marble block bearing an inscription of great interest for worship of local deities during the Persian period and for the concern of the Persians for the purity of their official cult (pl. 42, figs. I8- 19). According to a preliminary note kindly sup- plied by Louis Robert, the inscription is complete in 13 lines and was carved no earlier than the second century A.D. It repeats an original document in Ionian dialect dating to the thirty-ninth year of the reign of Artaxerxes II Memnon (404-359 B.C.) recording the erection of a statue of Zeus Varadates by the governor of Lydia, the Persian Droaphernes, a previously unknown name. It goes on to enjoin the participants of that cult from joining in the mysteries of the local Anatolian gods, Sabazios, Agdistis and Ma. That it was advisable to rein- scribe this document in the Imperial period is of

particular interest. A detailed publication by Louis Robert is planned for spring 1975 in CRAI.

"The inscribed block was reused in the top of the E-W foundation of a building on the E bank of the Pactolus (pl. 42, fig. 18). In the N section of the structure three rooms contain a hypocaust system of which nine rectangular pillars are visible. S of the foundation with the inscribed block is a floor mosaic which seems to extend over more than one architectural unit. The study of the exposed remains adds to our understanding of the direction of the late Roman city and its extension to the S

along the Pactolus, outside the area defined by the fifth-sixth century city walls.

"On the acropolis we excavated near the top of the N side to find out if there were remains of a wall below the previously recorded pre-Hellenistic walls (BASOR 206 [1972] 15-20, fig. 5). A long trench reached bedrock at depths of 0.35 to 0.4 m. An apparently artificial shelf of the conglomerate contained a thick deposit of homogeneous, probably Hellenistic, dumped material. Solidly burnt mudbrick and carbonized particles lay directly on the conglomerate, also roof tiles, marble block fragments, pottery and three catapult balls, one complete (diam. 0.172 m.), inscribed IE (15?). Ten-

tatively it can be said that the trench produced evidence for burning and siege which, through the dating of the pottery, could be associated with the attack by Antiochus III in 215-213 B.C. (Polybius 7.I5.Iff). No sign of wall remains or bedding were found.

"Our understanding of the gymnasium complex has been advanced by a trench dug on the S side of the W area. A door with marble jambs and dentillated cornice was found to be part of a late phase of rebuilding. The row of shops along the S side of the gymnasium and synagogue was originally built in the second-third century A.D.

"Of the chance finds, the most important is a round altar (pl. 43, fig. 22) dedicated to an emper- or, whose name is incomplete (Hadrian?). It has reliefs of an eagle with thunderbolts and two filleted bucrania supporting a garland. Three paterae are above the loops."

Note excavation summaries in Archaeology 27 (1974) 138-39 and TiirkArkDerg 20:1

(I973) 89- 105; and the 1972 report in BASOR 211 (i973) 14- 36. Volume III of the Sardis monographs is Rober- to Gusmani, Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse aus Sardis (I975). G.M.A. Hanfmann discussed a Persian funeral pediment from the Pactolus area in Melanges Mansel I, 289-302.

Pergamon. Dr. Wolfgang Radt kindly reports the following results of the excavation campaign in 1974:

"Habitation area on the citadel (N of Demeter terrace): The entire complex of Odeion and the hall with pilasters (see AJA 78 [1974] 125-26) was excavated (text ill. i). Next to the Hellenistic Odeion stood a Hellenistic hall of ca. 8 x 8 m.; these two units had a joint anteroom along the street. Some remodelling took place in late Hellenistic


PERGAMON 1974 2 WOHNSTADT

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ILL. I. Pergamon. Plan of habitation area

times; in the early Empire the Odeion was given a new W wall and two piers setting off the orchestra; the hall at this time was equipped with marble reliefs along three walls (pl. 44, fig. 25). The reliefs

projected in pilaster fashion, crowned by rosettes and

mouldings; over these ran a narrow architrave, tri-

glyph frieze and floral sima at mid-height in the hall. Above this order the walls were probably stuc- coed. The Hellenistic niche in the rear wall was at this time transformed into an apse crowned by a

pediment. On the raised floor of the apse stood the foundation for a statue base, the latter was found fallen nearby as was the head of the statue (pl. 43,

fig. 23). The proposed date of the hall-Augustan- agrees with the style of the portrait and the newly found orthostat of a victorious rooster (pl. 44, fig. 26). Newly found inscriptions (on the base and the architrave) are being studied for chronological clues.

"Of the 18 orthostat reliefs, 4 have been found in this excavation (see AJA 78 [1974] pl. 31, figs. 22-24). The upper part of the cuirass relief has long been in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin; another cuirass relief now seems to be lost (Altertiimer von

Pergamon VII.2, 278f, Beibl. 38, No. 348A, 348B). Perhaps other reliefs will still be found reused in


Byzantine walls. More fragments of the statue of a

youth (AJA 78 [1974] pl. 31, fig. 25) were recovered. This statue had been set up in a marble- framed niche, W of the apse, above the entablature of the orthostat course. The floor has a border mosaic with crenellations which may be Hellenistic; the center has marble paving of Roman date. In the anteroom of the complex traces of earlier occupation (Hellenistic, classical, archaic pottery) occurred but no coherent architecture.

"Baths. In F-G/4-5, on higher ground, a Roman

bathing establishment was almost completely excavated (pl. 44, figs. 27-28). It probably extended S to the ancient street, with the rooms in E-F-G/6 serving as basements. The main entrance was in

E5. The hall measured 9 x 13 m., with a basin in the central N apse, originally revetted with marble. The mosaic in front was recessed below the paving and served as a foot basin; to the right stood a round marble basin for hand washing; the niche above had a statuette of an Eros, the head of which was found (pl. 43, fig. 24). A bronze coin of Trajan came from the building (pl. 44, fig. 3oa, 3ob). The monolithic marble columns, found fallen on the

pavement, had originally stood on an older stylobate of trachyte, probably a remnant of a Hellenis- tic peristyle court. Doric capitals of trachyte and other reused architectural members confirm this

hypothesis. "The complex of Odeion-hall of pilasters-

baths may be interpreted as a small gymnasium. A protective roof was built over the Odeion and adjoining hall in 1974; casts of the reliefs, bases, and

capitals were installed in the hall. Further restoration is planned.

"Excavation of a cistern in E/6 is proceeding gradually. So far it has yielded a rich harvest of well preserved Hellenistic pottery (pl. 44, fig. 29) and terracottas (pl. 45, fig. 32).

"Clearing of the vaulted substructure of the Tra- janeum has started. Many architectural fragments came to light, also the foot of a colossal marble statue with elaborately decorated shoe. The city walls are being studied for a new recording and publication. The 'Red Hall' (Kizilavlu, the Ro- man temple of Egyptian gods) was measured with the aid of photogrammetry in the spring of I974."

For a report on the 1972 campaign, see AA 1973, 260o-69.

Assos. Excerpts from Francis H. Bacon's Assos journals appeared in Archaeology 27 (i974) 83-95.

Marmara-Prokonnesos. Dr. Nusin Asgari kindly reports that the open air museum, arranged by her, Dr. Nezih Firath and Revza Ozil, now contains 149 inventoried items representing the working techniques in the ancient quarries. Among them are many half worked architectural pieces, e.g. a Corinthian capital (pl. 45, fig. 33) partly in quarry state, partly finished: "The detail shows an acanthus leaf the right half of which is in the point-stage, on the left half work with the drill has already formed the tips of the leaf. The whole surface of the leaf is in the claw-chisel stage. P1. 45, fig. 34 shows a

fragment of a gabled sarcophagus lid, in a stage of

near-completion; the medallion with the Medusa head is still at the point-marked stage; details of the hair are unfinished."

Dr. Asgari continued her studies of marble quarries with travels in other parts of Anatolia in the summer of 1974 (Afyon, Denizli, Aphrodisias, Ephesus-Belevi).

Salmydessos (Thrace)-Kiyikoyii. Dr. Nezih Fi- rath kindly reports that among antiquities brought to the Istanbul Museum from this site is a marble statuette of Kybele in a naiskos (pl. 45, fig. 35) of archaic type; this was found in an area with Roman tumuli (Toplaronii district), height 0.45 m.

Ainos-Enez. In 1971-1972, Prof. Afif Erzen of the University of Istanbul undertook investigations and soundings at Ainos-Enez on the Thracian shore. The soundings went through Byzantine and Hel- lenistic levels to strata which contained Kertsch style vase fragments and, further down, East Greek painted wares and gray monochrome ware. Tiirk- ArkDerg 20:2 (I973) 29-37; 2I : (1974) 25-30.

Gemlik. The tumulus and built chamber tomb at Gemlik-Kios on the Propontis (AJA 71 [1967] 173) was discussed in detail by Arif Milfid Mansel in Belleten 150 (1974) 181-89.

Daskyleion. Further comments on the style and date of the Graeco-Persian stelae are made by Ekrem Akurgal in Melanges Mansel II, 967-70.

Aezani. In IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) R. Naumann reports on his investigations of the heroon on the agora the site of which became accessible after the earthquake of I970, see also TiirkArkDerg 20:I (1973) 155-62.

Eskisehir. The Kocakizlar tumulus E of Eskise-

hir is published by Stimer Atasoy in AJA 78 (i974)

255-63? Pessinus. Prof. Pierre Lambrechts, the director and initiator of the Pessinus excavations who had


completed his seventh campaign in 1973, died on June 21, 1974. The work at Pessinus, to which he devoted great energy and enthusiasm, has revealed a large complex of previously unrecorded monuments; the results of the excavations will be of basic importance to the study of later Phrygian architecture, history, and religion.

For interim reports see TiirkArkDerg 20:1 (1973) o107-15 with sections and elevations of the temple

area. Galatian Forts. Stephen Mitchell makes a case

for the identification of a fortress near Tabanlloglu as Peium, the treasury of Deiotarus (AnatSt 24 [1974] 61-75). For Karalar-Blucium and Peium also see the new Ankara Guide (1974) published by the Ankara Society for the Promotion of Tourism, Antiquities and Museums (publication No. 5).

Galatian Pottery. K. Bittel discusses the nature of the so-called Galatian ware and its regional distri- bution in Melanges Mansel I, 227-37.

Ereli-Herakleia Pontike. Dr. Nezih Firatll kindly reports that in 1974 a large funeral marker was found in the necropolis when the road from Istan- bul was widened at the entrance to the city. The monument is made of a single block of Proconne- sian marble. It has the form of a pillar supporting an ostotheke with pedimental facade (pl. 45, fig. 36). In the niche, a bust of the deceased would have been placed; in the rear were two compartments for skeletal remains. A long metrical inscription is carved on the pillar. Dr. Firatli and Dr. Asgari will publish this monument which they compare to the Bithynian funeral monuments in the shape of sarcophagi on high bases.

Kastamonu, Task6prii district. Between the vil- lages of Dedekaraaga? and Haciahmet a number of tumuli have recently been disturbed. One of them had a barrel vaulted tomb chamber; it also produced a limestone model of a doorway made of five separate blocks, still in working order so that the door pivots in its frame. Coins found in the tumulus suggest a date in the first century B.C. The coins are from Sinope, Amisos, Neocaesarea, Gaziura. The stone model of the doorway is now in the Istanbul Museum, as Dr. Nezih Firatli kindly reports.

Sanddklk-Afyon. In the village of Klrka (Alia) a torso of a large imperial cuirass statue was found. This has been taken to the museum at Afyon.

Aphrodisias. For the season of 1974 Prof. Kenan Erim kindly reports the following:

"Theater area: Excavations in the North theater area concentrated on uncovering the layout N of the piazza and revealing the buttressed fortification wall. The precise function of this wall, which was eventually cleared down to its foundation, is still difficult to determine. Its original construction date is surely late Hellenistic and contemporary with the theater. The uneven surface of its large blocks appears to have been reworked at a later time. An inscription extolling the dedication of part of the theater by Artemidorus Molossus was surely cut in the second century. The surface reworking, however, was done in Byzantine times when the acropolis was transformed into a fortress. Soundings were made in the North portico of the piazza. In a deep pocket several archaic sherds and early Iron Age material were identified. It is likely that these belonged to a fill and resulted from building operations that took place here in Roman times.

"Two trenches were dug to the East of the South post Scaenam area. They were aimed at the contin- uation of the S portico of the piazza. Its stylobate proved to be well preserved, but no column bases were found in situ. Re-examination of the walls of the irregular oblong room in front of the S half of the Byzantine stage-blocking wall betrayed the re- use of many sculpture fragments. The pieces per- tained to a nude Aphrodite and to a lifesize draped female figure, including part of the artist's signa- ture.

"Exploration of the aula termale complex focused on the large hall, once labelled nymphaeum. Large amounts of marble revetments were recovered in the excavation, among them well preserved corner Corinthian capitals as well as fragments bearing monumental lettering. Many of the latter involved two different inscriptions carved on opposite sides of the slabs. This obviously implied re-use. One group of inscribed fragments cut in a later hand seemed to include part of the name Ampelius. A Flavius Ampelius of the fourth (?) century is already recorded in Aphrodisias as responsible for the rebuilding of the West, or Antioch Gate, and of the Odeion. It may be he, again, who helped restore or transform the aula termale bathing complex. It seems plausible that the complex was built in the second or early third century. The most interesting sculpture find was a small head of Helios. Its almost intact face was highly polished. Stylistic con- siderations suggest a fifth century date.

"The state of preservation of the aula termale


complex, or Theater Baths, is remarkable. Most of its walls stand to a height of 20 to 30 feet. Only a

portion of it has so far been excavated. "Work was continued in the restoration program

in the theater, specifically on the stage and the N

parodos area. The consolidation of the W wing of the archive wall was begun. The purpose is to

strengthen the walls in order to reset the architrave blocks of the proskenion colonnade bearing the Zoilos dedicatory inscription.

"Acropolis. The trench on the N slope, intended to determine Iron Age and archaic occupation, was continued down to Late Bronze Age levels. The archaic material included Lydian type sherds as well as local variations. In an adjacent sondage a

segment of the Byzantine fortification wall was cleared. A round bronze box was found secreted at its foot with a cache of gold and silver jewelry, ten-

tatively dated to the thirteenth century. "Surveying along the western portion of the city

wall led to the discovery of three large reliefs. Two of these represented sphinxes in frontal position. The third and best preserved portrayed a male figure in barbarian or Persian dress, grasping a tragic mask in his right hand and holding out his left in a hailing gesture. All three panels probably be-

longed to the same building, a monumental tomb or heroon, and were dismantled to be re-used in

building the city wall." Interim reports have appeared in TiirlArkDerg

20:1 (1973) 63-87 and 21:I (1974) 37-57. A Lydian inscription from Aphrodisias was published by O. Carruba in JHS 90 (1970) 195-96; numismatic evidence by D.J. MacDonald in AJA 78 (1974) 279-86. Kenan T. Erim published Satyr and Dionysos groups from Aphrodisias in Melanges Mansel II, 767-75. In Belleten 151 (i974) 351-60 Siimer Atasoy discusses four late Hellenistic-Roman tumuli in the

vicinity of Aphrodisias. Hierapolis. The restoration and excavation pro-

gram is reported upon by Prof. Paolo Verzone in

TiirkAr(Derg 20:1 (i973) I95-99 and AnatSt 23

(1973) 40-41? Cilicia. A study of the date of the temple of Zeus

Olbios by Caroline Williams appeared in AJA 78 (i974) 405-14. Alois Machatschek discussed a group of Roman funeral monuments in Dosene N of Silifke, Milanges Mansel I, 251-61, see also Max

Wegner, 575-83. A fourth century B.C. funeral stela from Soloi is published by Almut von Gladiss in IstMitt 23-24 (1973-1974) 175-81.

Cilicia. Anavarza. The site of Anazarbus-Ana- varza in the NE of Cilicia was studied in 1949-1951 by Michael Gough, see AnatSt 2 (1952) 85-150. The cemetery near the modern village of Anavarza has been under excavation by the staff of the District Museum of Adana since 1972 under the direction of Dr. Aytu' Tasyiirek. He kindly reports that among the rockcut chamber tombs explored in 1973, one was remarkable for its wall paintings. The chamber measured 3.1o x 1.90 m. with an aver- age height of about i m.; the door was in the long side. The five burials in the tomb date to the Ro- man period, first century A.D., as presumably do the wall paintings which are in a popular local style. They represent human and animal figures in a landscape of plants and trees, including a palm tree. Peacocks flank the door; the opposite wall has, in a landscape with plants, trees, and birds, a female figure on a pedestal and a Hermes with kerykeion and rhabdos. More human figures appear on the right wall. Another cemetery near Anavarza has built stone tombs of the third century A.D. See AnatSt 24 (1974) 26-27.

Roman Roads. Dr. David H. French is continuing his study and exploration of the Roman road system in Anatolia. He discusses the Roman road from Caesarea (Kayseri) to Tavium (Biiyiik Nefes) in AnatSt 24 (1974) 143-49 and compares the results of his explorations with the preserved ancient itineraries. Part of the Kayseri-Tavium road was also studied by the Italian expedition of Prof. Luigi Polacco; see a recent article by Maria Trojani in AttiVen 132 (1973-1974) 141-54-

Kiiltepe. In Belleten 152 (1974) 583-95 Saadet Taner published 18 Hellenistic and Roman coins from the recent excavations at Kiiltepe.

Erzurum. The 1965 excavation of three Hellenis- tic tumuli at Ikiztepeler is reported by Dr. Halmit Z. Kosay and Hermann Vary in Tiir/Ar/Derg 21:1 (1974) 75-101.

Keban Area. Asvan. The results of the 1968-1972 excavations in the Asvan area are discussed in an interim report in AnatSt 23 (1973). Asvan kale (121-51) has Hellenistic and Roman levels, see the hoard of 47 silver coins of Cappadocian kings Ari- obarzanes I (96-63 B.C.) and Ariarathes IX (ior- 87 B.C.) published by Anthony McNicoll (181-86).

Keban Area. Haraba. Prof. Baki Opiin kindly reports that excavations continued in 1973. In level III a Late Hellenistic or Early Roman building with column bases was further excavated; among


the Hellenistic pottery from level IV were black- glazed Attic sherds; extrusive Iron Age ware also occurs in these levels.

Commagene. R.D. Sullivan discusses Comma- genian coinage and matters related to Nemrud Dag in NC Seventh Series 13 (1973) 19-39.

Samosata-Samsat. A report on Theresa Goell's excavations of 1967 appeared in the series of 1967 projects of National Geographic Society Research Reports (1974) 83-109.

BYZANTINE SITES

Marmara-Prokonnesos. On the island of Mar- mara Dr. Nusin Asgari and Dr. Nezih Firath found architectural decorative members of a sixth century Byzantine church.

Yalova-Engin. A report on an investigation by Mehmet I. Tunay appeared in TiirkArkDerg 20:1

(1973) 185-93. A seventh century (?) building was

partly exposed. Iznik-Nicaea. The early Christian hypogaeum

with frescoes discovered in 1967 is published by Nezih Firath in Melanges Mansel II, 919-32.

Pergamon. In the habitation area on the citadel, Dr. Wolfgang Radt found several Late Byzantine building levels with remnants of sizable residen- tial complexes including courts, storage rooms, and staircases. They date to the thirteenth-twelfth centuries B.C.; there is no evidence of Islamic occupation.

Sardis. A Byzantine brass lamp from Sardis was published in AJA 78 (I974) 291-94.

Herakleia Under Latmos. Dr. Anneliese Pesch- low reports the presence of "many remnants of late antique and Byzantine habitation along the shores of the lake. Among the hitherto unrecorded structures are well preserved remnants of houses below tower 29 and, at the foot of the Byzantine castle, the partly submerged foundations of a Christian basilica datable to the fifth-sixth centuries by its ornamental mosaics."

Selfikler. Dr. Nezih Firath kindly reports that the excavation of the large church continued in 1974. This sixth century church was built over a Roman structure, Baths rather than a temple to judge by recently discovered water conduits and

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ILL. 2. Selhikler. Large church, plan and drawing of ambo by Olkii Izimirligil


heating installations. The plan of the church was drawn by architect Olkii Izmirligil. Text ill. 2 shows the plan and elevation of the ambo, see also pl. 46, fig. 37. The church was destroyed in a con- flagration and temporary squatters' huts were built over its ruins. In the tenth century a new church was erected on the site. Many fragments of sculpture have been found in the church and in the village (pl. 46, fig. 39); a remarkable piece has part of an incised relief of a semi-nude male figure with a chlamys around his shoulders (pl. 46, fig. 38, from the later church).

Acmonia-Ahat k6yii. For this site, ca. 35 km. E of Usak, Byzantine architectural and sculptural fragments were reported by Dr. Nezih Firatli, see MAMA VI. P1. 46, fig. 41 gives a sample of the newly found relief ornament. The site of Eldeniz (Palaeosebaste), 7 km. N of Selgikler, has several Byzantine churches.

Herakleia Pontike. A sample of the Byzantine sculpture fragments from the cave of Herakles, reported by Dr. Nezih Firath AJA 78 (1974) 129, is shown here in pl. 46, fig. 40.

Lycia. Dereagzi. Dr. James Morganstern kindly reports that he resumed work on the Byzantine church in 1974; previous work was done in 1967- 1969. "The church was restudied. An important hoard of nineteen lintels, jambs and thresholds

probably from the church was discovered in a modern graveyard. The major object of our investigations, however, was the fort. This was built by the Lycians or Persians and altered and expanded in the Byzantine period. Eleven fragments of Byzan- tine architectural sculpture were recorded."

Lycia. Limyra. Dr. U. Peschlow kindly reports the following on the third and final campaign of excavation in the Bishop's church in the East part of the city. "The apse and bema were cleared. In the synthronon the foundation of a cathedra came to light. The base of the altar table and the revetment of the bema are largely preserved. The room on the N side of the apse had a well preserved floor with ornamental mosaics and inscription. Among the architectural members are two pillar capitals, four column capitals of a smaller order, fragments of parapet slabs, partly inscribed along the upper edge, also of wall revetment slabs and leaf mouldings. Soundings in the Bishop's palace showed that it is preserved to a height about 6 m. above that of the church."

Myra. In IstMitt 23-24 (1973-I1974) 225-31 Dr. U. Peschlow published fragments of a marble sarcophagus of late second century A.D. date, re-used in the church of St. Nicholas quite probably for the inter- ment of the famous Bishop of Myra himself.

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FIG. 6. Norquntepe. Early Bronze I painted ware, level XIV

FIG. 7. Norguntepe. Late Chalcolithic house

FIG. 8. Norguntepe. Bivalve mould FIG. 9. Miletus. Lentoid FIGc. o. Miletus. Mycenaean sherd for axe, level VIII vessel, Late Bronze Age

PLATE 40 MELLINK

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MELLINK PLATE 41

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PLATE 44 MELLINK

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MELLINK PLATE 45

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PLATE 46 MELLINK

FIG. 37. Selikler. Large church, ambo

FIG. 39. Selikler church. Part of screen wall

FIG. 38. Selgikler church. Incised relief fragment

FroIG. 40. Herakleia Pontike. Parapet fragment FIc. 41. Akmonia. Iconostatis fragment

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