Regions of the World

Asia

Asia, the largest continent, covers 16.8 million sq. miles, about 1/3 of the world’s land surface.

BoundariesWestern- Ural River, the Caspian and Black

seas and the Dardanelles Straits.The Red Sea and the Suez Canal separate Asia

from Africa.Asia is traditionally divided into East,

Southeast, South, the Indian subcontinent, Central, and North Asia.

I. Physical FeaturesA. Asia is a very geologically active continent.

1. Large areas are covered by mountain and volcanic chains.a. Himalayas- the world’s highest mountain range.b. The Indonesian volcanic arc, and the volcanic chains of

Japan and the Philippines.

2. Asia contains some parts of the world’s most ancient formation, in the Indian and Arabian Peninsulas and in Siberia.

B. Mountain ranges, plateaus , and basins lie within Asia’s heartland.

1. The world’s highest plateau is in Tibet, averaging 13,000 ft. in altitude and is bounded to the south by the Humalayas.

Himalayan Mountains

C.Numerous streams and nineteen major rivers, ranging from 1,500 and 3,400 miles in length, flow in Asia.

1. These include the Yangtze and Huang Rivers in China. The Indus and Ganges Rivers of the Indian subcontinent and the Mekong River on the Indochinese Peninsula.

II. Climate and VegetationA. Asia can be broadly divided into a humid monsoon belt

in South, Southeast , and East Asia and an arid to semiarid zone, in Central Asia.

B. During summer, the monsoons blow north, toward the continental margins, while in winter they reverse directions and blow towards the south.

1. Some East Asian areas receive rainfall from both monsoons.

2. The Himalayan Range and adjacent mountain ranges concentrate summer rainfall in parts of South and Southeast Asia.

3. Hot, humid climates prevail in South and Southeast Asia while cold climates, with snowfall during winter, are found in more northern parts.a. The Plateau of Tibet has an extremely cold climate.

C. Tropical rainforests once covered large parts of South and Southeast Asia, but are not being cleared for agriculture and logging, especially of hardwoods.

1. This threatens the plant and animal diversity of these forests, which is very high.

D. Broad-leaf evergreen forests cover parts of subtropical East Asia.

1. There are deciduous forests further north in cool, temperate climates, and boreal forests where the winter are cold.

2. The Plateau of Tibet is an almost treeless tundra, with mosses, grasses, lichens, and a few small shrubs.

E. Grasslands cover areas in the rainshadow belts where rainfall is limited.

1. Tropical grasslands in the Deccan Plateau in India and the Khorat Plateau in Thailand, and temperate grasslands in the semiarid parts of Central Asia.

F. Central Asia is predominantly arid to semiarid, with warm summers and winters where the temperature can fall below freezing.

1. The Gobi Desert, the coldest dry desert, lies in this region.

III. PopulationA. Asia’s vast population (3.94 billion or 60% of the world’s

people) is predominantly found in the monsoon belt. 1. The population explosion within the last fifty years is the

result of advances in agriculture and improved medical facilities.

a. During this period, life expectancies improved throughout Asia.

b. Life expectancy is currently highest in East Asia.i. 72.1 years for males.ii. 76.3 years for females.

c. Lowest life expectancies in South Asia.i. 63.1 years for males.ii. 66.1 years for females.

d. The highest population growth rate has subsided, being currently 0.5 percent in East Asia to 1.5 on the Indian subcontinent.

B. Population indicators for the most developed Asian countries are similar to those for many Western Countries.

1. Low population growth rates and high life expectancies characterize the more industrialized nations such as Japan and Singapore.

2. High growth rates and much lower life expectancies, however, are found in the least developed countries, such as Bangladesh and Nepal. a. These characteristics reflect the enormous differences in

standards of living between the most and least developed countries in Asia.

3. Urbanization is highest in the most developed areas, but despite having a number of large cities and growing urbanization, Asia still has a low urban population – 39.9 percent.

C.Industrialization in most Asian countries has, as elsewhere, centered on major urban areas.

1. Labor from rural areas has drifted to urban centers in search of employment.

2. The ensuring urban population explosion has put pressure on infrastructure, and given rise to problems such as the growth of slum dwellings, traffic congestion, and air and water pollution.

IV. AgricultureA. A high proportion of Asia’s population lives on the alluvial

plains of rivers of the monsoon belt, and is engaged in agriculture.

B. The monsoon belt is noted for its intensive rich and wheat farming.

1. The population explosion created enormous demand for food.

2. The area under cultivation was expanded through deforestation and by farming marginal areas, such as the borders of deserts, but the Green Revolution was more successful: high-yielding seeds, fertilizers and pesticides often tripled grain yield.a. Chemicals used to combat the invasion of insects have

raised a number of concerns.3. With irrigation, cotton is now successfully gown in several

places.

V. IndustrializationA. By the 1980s, several East Asian countries had developed

industrialized economies, largely dependent on imported raw materials, particularly minerals and energy.

1. Manufacturing in Asia ranges from labor-intensive industries such as clothing in the less developed economies to electronics, computers, and motor vehicles in the more developed ones.

2. Japan, the world’s second largest economy, manufactures electronic goods, steel, motor vehicles and ships.

a. Their approach has been imitated by South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore, which have all rapidly industrialized.

i. Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia have followed suit.

B. China and India initially aimed at agricultural and industrial self-sufficiency to support their enormous populations.

1. They possess huge agricultural sectors, but their exports have shifted progressively to industrial products. a. They have considerable scientific expertise in

nuclear and space technology and satellite launching services (China), and computer programming (India).

C. The Central Asian nations, following the break-up of the Soviet Union, are making a slow and painful transition from a state-controlled to a free market economy.

1. There is, as yet, limited industrialization in the counties of Central Asia.a. Kazakhstan produces metals and chemicals and

Azerbaijan, which is rich in petroleum deposits and may establish petroleum-based industries, currently manufactures mining equipment.

VI.LanguagesA. Many languages, belonging to several language

families, are spoken in Asia. 1. Chinese Mandarin, Cantonese, and Wu are the

most widely spoken in East Asia. a. Japanese is increasingly important.

2. In Southeast Asia, Indonesian and Malaysian predominate, while languages of the Chinese-Tibetan family, such as Burmese and Thai, are spoken in the mainland belt.

3. South Asia has two major language families; Indo-Aryan in the north, of which Hindi and Urdu are the most widespread, and Dravidian, which includes Tamil, in the southern areas.

4. In Central Asia, Ural-Altaic languages, several of which are related to Turkish, are mainly used.

B. Russian is widely spoken in the former Soviet republics, and of the colonial languages, only English is still important, and continues to spread.

VII.Boundary disputes and WarsA. Armed conflicts continued after the Second

World War in Asia, especially during the decolonization phase.

1. Wars resulted in the division of both Korea and Vietnam into two nations: communist North and democratic South.

a. The Vietnam war ended in 1975, when the country reunified.

b. North and South Korea remain technically at war.

B. Following the division of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, there was armed conflict over the divided Himalayan state of Jammu and Kashmir; the issue is still unresolved.

1. War between India and Pakistan resulted in 1971 in the creation of Bangladesh.

C. Armed conflicts along the disputed boundaries of China have taken place between China and India along the Himalayas, between China and Russia along the Amur River, and between China and Vietnam along their common border.

D. Indonesia incorporated the former Portuguese colony of now independent East Timor.

E. The ownership of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea is causing tension between China, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Taiwan.

F. The “War on Terror” in Afghanistan and Iraq has dominated affairs throughout the region since late 2001.

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