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Art of
South & Southeast AsiaHeekyung Kim
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Map of South & Southeast Asia
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South Asia
Brief History General over view
Formal Elements Symbols and attributes
Buddhism
Hinduism
Muslim and Hindu Art
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TimeLine
Harappa andMohenjo-Daro
Formativeperiod
Earlyperiod
MauryanEmpire
Early Buddhist
kingdoms
ClassicalAge
Gupta Empire
MedievalPeriod(smallkingdoms)
MuslimInvasions
Mughal Empire
Contact
with Europe
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Over view of South Asia Art
Religious image dominate thesurviving art
Walls of sacred structuresenriched with mural paintingand
textiles
Secular art existed as well
Ideal
Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain deities
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Metaphors from nature:
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Formal Elements
Emphasis on Volume
a body purified of bonesand muscles filled withspirituality
Flesh is rounded and the
skin is taut, stone figures are rarely
portrayed fully round
Stone figures =high
relief: external wallsof religiousstructures=seenfrom only one side.
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Measured Proportions
Canons of proportion: create the idealanatomy.
The figure was divided according to the
number of tallas in its height.
Maurya
Gupta
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Scale and Placement
Keyword to know:hierarchyof proportion to clarify
each figures
Standard of Ur Ti watching a hippopotamus huntDuccios Madonna Enthronedwith Angels and Prophets
Mesopotamia
Ancient Egypt
Proto-renaissance
Hierarchy ofScale
relative spiritual
importance
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Surface Contrasts
intricate details create pleasing contrastswith the smooth prana-filled flesh.
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Color originally painted
Marble figures: Only the werecolored
Many bronze statues =gilded (gold)
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palm leaf: specific colors = specific deities.
god had multiple faces!each face: distinctivecolor
symbolically in Buddhist cloth paintingsofNe al and Tibet
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Symbol and attributions
Buddhism Hinduism
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Buddhist Art
Buddhist art is heavy with iconography (symbols): The Lion: symbol of Buddhas royalty
The Wheel: Buddhas law
Lotus: Buddhas purity Empty throne: Buddhas presence
Bodhisattvas: helpers who intentionally refuse nirvana tohelp people
Buddhism also influences rock cut statues and pagodaarchitecture.
Gandahara Buddhas
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The Buddha
did not show theBuddha in humanform
indicated by symbols
!enlightenment =transcended human
form!first century A.D =
human form begin toappear.
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Bodhisattva
Ushnisha(head knot)Wheel of law
Mudra (hand sign
Legs and feet in
lotus position
Predella
Elongatedears
Wheel
Buddha Preaching the FirstSemon.5thCentury. Sandstone. India
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his gestures (mudras) convey meaningsto his followers
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Great Stupa at Sanchi
Stupa = worship for the Buddhist
no interior Stupa is a reliquary The stupa acts as an ambulation Stupa = symbol of the cosmic Stuapas !East Asia!
Pagoda
East Asia
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Gandahara Buddha
Hellenistic style =
Greco-Bactria Rule
Greco-Buddhist
art!synthesis of
Greece and Buddhist
artWest +East
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art of Hinduism
Identification of the Hindu Gods Attributes they hold, their attendants,
their color, and their adornment
lavish jewelry and elaborate hairstyles ofIndian royalty sacred thread. most gods and goddesses have an animal
or a bird
Vi h
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Vishnu
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Symbols of Vishnu
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Hindu Temples
objects of worship typical form: cosmic
mountain
ambulation images are arranged to
aid the viewer
image of a god containsthe actual living god
god can see thedevotee and thusbestow blessingsupon him or her.
The of the
images are open
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Hindu Temples
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Muslim and Hinduism art
the Delhi Sultanate (1206) Buddhism of India
Hindu faith continued to be the religion of mostIndians.
The Muslim invaders brought new forms ofarchitecture and art rooted in Persian courttraditions
patronageof Muslim and Hindu royal courts:religious !secular realm.
sculpture and figural reliefs!painting andarchitecture.
Types of Art
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Types of Art:The Art of book
the Quran: adorned with beautiful calligraphy,geometric patterns, and vegetal designs
The depiction of humans and animals wastaboo
Persia = books about the adventures of mythicheroes
Muslim invaders brought this art of the book tothe courts of South Asia
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The Hindu courts were influenced by thesetrends
The Hindu (Rajput) courts made unboundmanuscripts of traditional texts
Mughals created bound volumes
illustrations of everyday life became
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Textiles
o textiles are called MuslimsoMuslims introduced the carpet technique
in the fifteenth century
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Palace Decor
Muslim kingdoms of India: surviving stonepalaces
Personal Art objects
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Personal Art objects
Tradition: give elaborate gifts toimpress and gain favor at court
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The Mosque and Calligraphy
Inspired by Persian architecture, theMuslim sultanates constructedmosques
arch and dome!unknown in India. rounded shapes + rectangular walls =
harmonious and balanced geometricalarrangements.
Jama Masjid mosque of OldDelhi
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Taj Mahal
tombBuilt by Emperor
Shah Jahan for hiswife
geometricarchitecturalshapes+symmetricalarrangement =harmony andgrandeur.
white marble walls
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South East Asia
Brief history General over view Functions Styles
TimeLine
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TimeLine
Prehistoric
Contact with India
Rise of Southeast Asiankingdoms
KhmerEmpire
Latekingdoms
Colonization ofMuslim and Europe
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General over view of Southeast Asian Art
A Religious Content
stone and metal dominate the surviving art from the classicalperiod (7th13th century)!due to climate other materials donot survive
The South Asian Connection:
The iconography of Southeast Asian sculpture strongly reflectsIndian influence
Buddhism and Hinduism were adopted
Narratives
Royal courts commissioned extensive narrative reliefs for
temple walls e isodes from the Buddhas life and scenes + Hindu le ends
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Functions of Southeast Asian Art Worship
exterior oftemples that wereviewed for
worshipSculptures of
deities placed in
the interior oftemples andshrines
Hindu temples
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To Glorify the King In Khmer Cambodia and
in Java:
the devaraja (god-king) cult: the livingking = relationshipwith a particular god
deitys image in thetemple = godsapproval of the kingsdivine right to rule
representations ofthe monarch
Angkor Wat
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To Teach" extensive narrative
reliefs on templewalls
" depictions of theBuddhas life andthe compassion of
bodhisattvas.
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PreciousPossessions
ancient goldsurvives: hoards ofjewelry, ritualvessels !found in
Indonesia,Cambodia andVietnam.
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Styles of Southeast Asian Art
Idealized Human Forms visualize the spiritual perfection of the gods in idealized human form
Anatomical Structure The sculpture: sensual forms + Egyptian sculpture
surface flesh inflated by prana (inner breath but not as tense)
Beneath the skin surface!sense of muscle and bone.
The sensuality and fecundity not as exaggerated
Later Southeast Asian sculptures !more abstracted + direct relationship to the humananatomy
Pose sculpture by an erect posture, frontal pose, and balanced forms
Serene expressions: the compassion, purity, and introspection of transcendent beings.
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Surfaces less emphasis is placed on adornment
Smooth areas contrast with: the rich patterns of the figureshairstyle + the pleats of the garment + elaborate way it is worn.
Some adorned with actual jewelry.
Sculpture in the Round and in Relief Southeast Asian deities were often carved fully in the round.
A tradition of low-relief sculpture also flourished.
Scale represented on a superhuman scale: express the power and
complexity of the gods or kings
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Artists & Materials
Artists of India
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Artists of India
Artists in the Classical Period of Indian Art
trained in family guilds followed detailed instructions, outlined in texts and given by
monks and priests
Temple( Hindu, Buddhist, or Jain ) did not seem to matter.
employed to create secular buildings, few of which survive.
Artists rarely signed their works purposeful (perhaps for religious reasons) or related to the
craftsmans rather low position in the social hierarchy
erecting a sacred structure accrued merit (good karma) for thepatron in this life and in future lives!patrons name
Artists after the Muslim Invasions manuscript commissions = great honor to the artist. The Mughal emperor : Shah Jahan!painters of illustrated books
and album leaves !famous artists moved to the Hindu courts from Muslim !indigenous
Indian + Mughal styles.
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Artists in Southeast Asia written records in temple and court
accounts !artists = merely craftsmen andartisans not worthy of mention Sculptors, painters, and metalworkers
probably worked in court workshops orregional centers
Materials
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Materials
Metals
paints
Terracotta
stone
wood
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Work Sited
The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A resource for Educators. Kossak,Steven M. and Edith W. Watts. Ed. Mariani, Philomena. The Metropolitan
Museum of Art: New York, 2001.
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Thank you