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Asian Art.pdf

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    Art of

    South & Southeast AsiaHeekyung Kim

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    Map of South & Southeast Asia

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    South Asia

    Brief History General over view

    Formal Elements Symbols and attributes

    Buddhism

    Hinduism

    Muslim and Hindu Art

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    TimeLine

    Harappa andMohenjo-Daro

    Formativeperiod

    Earlyperiod

    MauryanEmpire

    Early Buddhist

    kingdoms

    ClassicalAge

    Gupta Empire

    MedievalPeriod(smallkingdoms)

    MuslimInvasions

    Mughal Empire

    Contact

    with Europe

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    Over view of South Asia Art

    Religious image dominate thesurviving art

    Walls of sacred structuresenriched with mural paintingand

    textiles

    Secular art existed as well

    Ideal

    Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain deities

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    Metaphors from nature:

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    Formal Elements

    Emphasis on Volume

    a body purified of bonesand muscles filled withspirituality

    Flesh is rounded and the

    skin is taut, stone figures are rarely

    portrayed fully round

    Stone figures =high

    relief: external wallsof religiousstructures=seenfrom only one side.

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    Measured Proportions

    Canons of proportion: create the idealanatomy.

    The figure was divided according to the

    number of tallas in its height.

    Maurya

    Gupta

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    Scale and Placement

    Keyword to know:hierarchyof proportion to clarify

    each figures

    Standard of Ur Ti watching a hippopotamus huntDuccios Madonna Enthronedwith Angels and Prophets

    Mesopotamia

    Ancient Egypt

    Proto-renaissance

    Hierarchy ofScale

    relative spiritual

    importance

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    Surface Contrasts

    intricate details create pleasing contrastswith the smooth prana-filled flesh.

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    Color originally painted

    Marble figures: Only the werecolored

    Many bronze statues =gilded (gold)

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    palm leaf: specific colors = specific deities.

    god had multiple faces!each face: distinctivecolor

    symbolically in Buddhist cloth paintingsofNe al and Tibet

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    Symbol and attributions

    Buddhism Hinduism

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    Buddhist Art

    Buddhist art is heavy with iconography (symbols): The Lion: symbol of Buddhas royalty

    The Wheel: Buddhas law

    Lotus: Buddhas purity Empty throne: Buddhas presence

    Bodhisattvas: helpers who intentionally refuse nirvana tohelp people

    Buddhism also influences rock cut statues and pagodaarchitecture.

    Gandahara Buddhas

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    The Buddha

    did not show theBuddha in humanform

    indicated by symbols

    !enlightenment =transcended human

    form!first century A.D =

    human form begin toappear.

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    Bodhisattva

    Ushnisha(head knot)Wheel of law

    Mudra (hand sign

    Legs and feet in

    lotus position

    Predella

    Elongatedears

    Wheel

    Buddha Preaching the FirstSemon.5thCentury. Sandstone. India

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    his gestures (mudras) convey meaningsto his followers

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    Great Stupa at Sanchi

    Stupa = worship for the Buddhist

    no interior Stupa is a reliquary The stupa acts as an ambulation Stupa = symbol of the cosmic Stuapas !East Asia!

    Pagoda

    East Asia

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    Gandahara Buddha

    Hellenistic style =

    Greco-Bactria Rule

    Greco-Buddhist

    art!synthesis of

    Greece and Buddhist

    artWest +East

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    art of Hinduism

    Identification of the Hindu Gods Attributes they hold, their attendants,

    their color, and their adornment

    lavish jewelry and elaborate hairstyles ofIndian royalty sacred thread. most gods and goddesses have an animal

    or a bird

    Vi h

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    Vishnu

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    Symbols of Vishnu

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    Hindu Temples

    objects of worship typical form: cosmic

    mountain

    ambulation images are arranged to

    aid the viewer

    image of a god containsthe actual living god

    god can see thedevotee and thusbestow blessingsupon him or her.

    The of the

    images are open

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    Hindu Temples

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    Muslim and Hinduism art

    the Delhi Sultanate (1206) Buddhism of India

    Hindu faith continued to be the religion of mostIndians.

    The Muslim invaders brought new forms ofarchitecture and art rooted in Persian courttraditions

    patronageof Muslim and Hindu royal courts:religious !secular realm.

    sculpture and figural reliefs!painting andarchitecture.

    Types of Art

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    Types of Art:The Art of book

    the Quran: adorned with beautiful calligraphy,geometric patterns, and vegetal designs

    The depiction of humans and animals wastaboo

    Persia = books about the adventures of mythicheroes

    Muslim invaders brought this art of the book tothe courts of South Asia

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    The Hindu courts were influenced by thesetrends

    The Hindu (Rajput) courts made unboundmanuscripts of traditional texts

    Mughals created bound volumes

    illustrations of everyday life became

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    Textiles

    o textiles are called MuslimsoMuslims introduced the carpet technique

    in the fifteenth century

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    Palace Decor

    Muslim kingdoms of India: surviving stonepalaces

    Personal Art objects

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    Personal Art objects

    Tradition: give elaborate gifts toimpress and gain favor at court

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    The Mosque and Calligraphy

    Inspired by Persian architecture, theMuslim sultanates constructedmosques

    arch and dome!unknown in India. rounded shapes + rectangular walls =

    harmonious and balanced geometricalarrangements.

    Jama Masjid mosque of OldDelhi

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    Taj Mahal

    tombBuilt by Emperor

    Shah Jahan for hiswife

    geometricarchitecturalshapes+symmetricalarrangement =harmony andgrandeur.

    white marble walls

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    South East Asia

    Brief history General over view Functions Styles

    TimeLine

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    TimeLine

    Prehistoric

    Contact with India

    Rise of Southeast Asiankingdoms

    KhmerEmpire

    Latekingdoms

    Colonization ofMuslim and Europe

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    General over view of Southeast Asian Art

    A Religious Content

    stone and metal dominate the surviving art from the classicalperiod (7th13th century)!due to climate other materials donot survive

    The South Asian Connection:

    The iconography of Southeast Asian sculpture strongly reflectsIndian influence

    Buddhism and Hinduism were adopted

    Narratives

    Royal courts commissioned extensive narrative reliefs for

    temple walls e isodes from the Buddhas life and scenes + Hindu le ends

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    Functions of Southeast Asian Art Worship

    exterior oftemples that wereviewed for

    worshipSculptures of

    deities placed in

    the interior oftemples andshrines

    Hindu temples

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    To Glorify the King In Khmer Cambodia and

    in Java:

    the devaraja (god-king) cult: the livingking = relationshipwith a particular god

    deitys image in thetemple = godsapproval of the kingsdivine right to rule

    representations ofthe monarch

    Angkor Wat

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    To Teach" extensive narrative

    reliefs on templewalls

    " depictions of theBuddhas life andthe compassion of

    bodhisattvas.

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    PreciousPossessions

    ancient goldsurvives: hoards ofjewelry, ritualvessels !found in

    Indonesia,Cambodia andVietnam.

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    Styles of Southeast Asian Art

    Idealized Human Forms visualize the spiritual perfection of the gods in idealized human form

    Anatomical Structure The sculpture: sensual forms + Egyptian sculpture

    surface flesh inflated by prana (inner breath but not as tense)

    Beneath the skin surface!sense of muscle and bone.

    The sensuality and fecundity not as exaggerated

    Later Southeast Asian sculptures !more abstracted + direct relationship to the humananatomy

    Pose sculpture by an erect posture, frontal pose, and balanced forms

    Serene expressions: the compassion, purity, and introspection of transcendent beings.

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    Surfaces less emphasis is placed on adornment

    Smooth areas contrast with: the rich patterns of the figureshairstyle + the pleats of the garment + elaborate way it is worn.

    Some adorned with actual jewelry.

    Sculpture in the Round and in Relief Southeast Asian deities were often carved fully in the round.

    A tradition of low-relief sculpture also flourished.

    Scale represented on a superhuman scale: express the power and

    complexity of the gods or kings

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    Artists & Materials

    Artists of India

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    Artists of India

    Artists in the Classical Period of Indian Art

    trained in family guilds followed detailed instructions, outlined in texts and given by

    monks and priests

    Temple( Hindu, Buddhist, or Jain ) did not seem to matter.

    employed to create secular buildings, few of which survive.

    Artists rarely signed their works purposeful (perhaps for religious reasons) or related to the

    craftsmans rather low position in the social hierarchy

    erecting a sacred structure accrued merit (good karma) for thepatron in this life and in future lives!patrons name

    Artists after the Muslim Invasions manuscript commissions = great honor to the artist. The Mughal emperor : Shah Jahan!painters of illustrated books

    and album leaves !famous artists moved to the Hindu courts from Muslim !indigenous

    Indian + Mughal styles.

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    Artists in Southeast Asia written records in temple and court

    accounts !artists = merely craftsmen andartisans not worthy of mention Sculptors, painters, and metalworkers

    probably worked in court workshops orregional centers

    Materials

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    Materials

    Metals

    paints

    Terracotta

    stone

    wood

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    Work Sited

    The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A resource for Educators. Kossak,Steven M. and Edith W. Watts. Ed. Mariani, Philomena. The Metropolitan

    Museum of Art: New York, 2001.

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    Thank you


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